1. bottom of the chin to the nipple line = nipple line to the umbilicus = 1 head length
2. the greater trochanter to the knee = knee to the root of the foot = 2 head lengths
3. distance between the shoulders = 2 head lengths
The hand structure consists of three parts: the wrist, the palm, and the fingers. The wrist connects the hand to the forearm. The bones of the wrist are connected to the other bones of the hand to build a piece of volume and the wrist and hand move together. The back of the forearm, wrist, palm and fingers are in a "descending order". Pay attention to the shape of the wrist as it moves. The ratio of the hand is:
Palm length of the front hand: middle finger length of the front hand = 4:3
Three stops and five eyes of the head
●Eyes are one-half of the head. Eye length= Distance between eyes= Nose width.
●Three stops: hairline to brow line= brow line to bottom of nose= bottom of nose to chin line.
●Five eyes: as shown in the picture. Width from the outline of the left side of the head to the outer corner of the left eye = Width of the left eye = Width of the distance between the eyes = Width of the right eye = Width of the outer corner of the right eye to the outline of the right side of the head.
The shape of the head is summarized in geometric shapes based on the anatomical structure of the head. The structure and combination of these geometric shapes is the basic structure of the head. First of all, we can understand the head as a rectangular hexahedron, the upper part of the head as a sphere, and the face as a trapezoid.
The drawing of the five senses is very important to the image shaping. Sketching of the five senses in the drawing method, compared with a longer period of sketching has its own characteristics, sketching is mainly a line to portray the five senses, drawing to concentrate on the size of the object to see the location and personality characteristics, put the pen straight to seize the structure, to achieve not only to reflect the characteristics of the personality, but also the effect of lively and god-like.
The contraction of the facial muscles causes subtle changes in the shape of the face, resulting in a variety of expressions. Most of the changes in expression are reflected in the corners of the mouth, the corners of the eyes and between the eyebrows. When portraying expressions, it is important to pay attention to the changes in these key areas.
-Line-based sketching
Because of the candidates to pursue different, some line robust, some line soft, some line clumsy, some line smooth; some painters focus on the relationship between the lines of sketch to thick, solid, heavy, hard line to express the front of the object and the prominent place, to fine, false, light, soft line to play a role in the back, attenuate the role of the artist; some painters are just thick and thin, heavier and heavier line, the same, the same line, the same as a thick, thin, light and soft line, the same as a thick, thin and heavy line. Some painters just use the same thick and thin lines, without considering the subtle spatial relationship, and use the perspective position of the line to determine the front and back of the form.
Line-based sketches sometimes do not completely exclude points and surfaces, some painters often like to use some points to liven up the picture, and some surfaces (color) to assist the form.
Line-based sketches to pay attention to:
1. Line to be consistent, whole; avoid broken, avoid broken.
2. The line should be pertinent and simple; avoid floating, avoid slippery.
3. The line should be lively, loose spirit; avoid dead, avoid board.
4. The line should be strong and sturdy; avoid frivolous and weak.
5. The use of line should be varied, rigid and flexible, between the real and the virtual.
6. The line should be rhythmic, staccato, ups and downs.
Of course, when drawing sketches, it is impossible to take care of these many principles, it is often easy to lose sight of one or the other, a pursuit of solid will be easy to dull, the pursuit of lively and easy to float, which is normal. It takes years of practice to reach the point of mastery.
-Sketching in light and dark-
Sketching in light and dark as a means of expression is suitable for three-dimensional representation of the physical structure of the object under the light its strengths have a strong contrasting effect of light and dark, can show very subtle spatial relationships, there are rich tonal changes in the hierarchy of vivid intuition, it is suitable for the study of oil painting, printmaking students to master.
Doing sketching to request, it has to depict the light and dark tone of course much more concise than sketching. So the five tones of light and dark, basically only need the bright side, dark side and gray side of the three main factors is enough. To pay attention to the intersection of light and dark lines, and appropriately weaken the middle level, in order to sketch the main dark and light, because often omit the background, some places still can not be separated from the line of assistance, some of the bright side of the contour line is mostly with the line to the tip.
To the dark sketch, in addition to capture the object of light and shade of this factor, but also note that the object of the inherent color of this factor. Beginners in sketching, should be flexible to use the relationship between dark and light tone and the object's inherent color, do not deal with rigid.
In the surface-based sketching, the use of black and white laws to manage the picture. Black and white as a means of expression, commonly used several methods of expression of dark and light to form a unique aesthetic interest, so for beginners in addition to understanding the laws of dark and light, it is also necessary to understand some of the black and white configuration of the proportionality of the law.
Dark and light performance methods:
① black and white to pay attention to the contrast. To pay attention to black and white, avoid gray.
② black and white to pay attention to echo, pay attention to black and white interlaced, avoid falling on one side.
③ black and white to pay attention to the balance, pay attention to the sparse and dense, avoid no connection.
④ black and white to pay attention to rhythm, pay attention to the rhythm of the ups and downs, avoid dull.
The main sketch of dark and light. There are three more commonly used methods of expression of light and dark:
1, with a dense arrangement of lines. Can be drawn accurately.
2, with rubbing block performance, can be drawn vividly and clearly.
3, with a combination of dense lines and block performance, can take into account the strengths of both.
4, with a brush dipped in ink large areas of the paint. And there can be changes in intensity and depth.
A few more commonly used dark and light performance methods:
-Line and dark and light combination of sketches-
For example, when encountering the object has a large dark and light tones, with dark and light method of processing, structure, shape of the obvious, and then use the line to delineate the line, line has a face, this method of drawing people drawing scene are very suitable. Another example, when painting a person, the head to the whole body of all the clothes, outlines are drawn with a variety of different lines, the face of the junction of light and dark and the joints of the human body, and can be chapped with dark and light method.
Another example: when a picture of a scene with someone, you can also use a combination of line and surface method. The back of the scene of the deep places, almost all of the chiaroscuro method to block out, but the front of the figure is to line performance, with a large piece of the surface to set off the front of the person. Scenery and human gestures are very prominent (you can also use the human body with chiaroscuro, clothing with lines).
Painting should pay attention to the following:
<1> can be appropriately weakened by the light of the object caused by the changes in light and darkness, appropriate emphasis on the organization of the object itself, the relationship between structure, there is a focus.
<2>Drawing outlines with lines, using blocks to show the structure, pay attention to the generalization of blocks of light and dark, seize the main points of light and dark, do not analyze the choice of copying the light and dark.
<3> pay attention to the color contrast of the object itself, there is light and heavy, there are real, avoid the average, draw which which is real, the bright part of the outline dark painted surface
The use of the line
① line interspersed
Expression of the line between the line of the line and the line of the relationship between the interspersed and echo is to make the picture rhythmic important factors. At the same time, the interspersed and echoed lines and perspective relationships play an important role in expressing the sense of space and hierarchy of the object. The organization of lines in different directions gives people a different sense of direction before and after, which can directly express the direction of the object's perspective. But sketching is not the same as line drawing, if each place of the drawing like line drawing, so pay attention to the clothes line, line and line between the interspersed echo and lose the rhythm of sketching, fluent flavor.
② line selection and refinement
Sketch training, the basic shape of the affirmative, for the treatment of the line should pay attention to the following points: "clothing line" should pay attention to the taboo parallel, pay attention to the contrast between dense and sparse, reflecting the structure. "Structure line" should be accurate, stick to the skin at the real point, the line should be accurate. "Inertia line" carving do not draw too much, and should not draw too heavy.
③ line contrast
In sketching, through the contrast to find the correct proportion of the object's form, perspective relationships. The sketch emphasizes the use and emphasis on the contrast of the line under the premise of the accuracy of the proportion of the form, dynamics, perspective, etc. There are usually the following contrasting techniques:
The contrast of the line's curvature and straightness, the contrast of the line's thickness, the contrast of the line's reality, the contrast of the line's length, the contrast of the line's sparseness,
the contrast of the line's thickness, the contrast of the line's thinness.
④ On structure
The purpose of sketching is to develop a correct observation method and strict modeling ability. The sketcher must have a solid and skillful knowledge of human anatomy so that he can do well in sketching. The internal structure of the human body does not change, and the only thing that changes is the dynamics of the movement of the human body and the pattern of the clothes, etc. Therefore, the use of line has a great deal to do with structure. Therefore, the use of the line and the structure has an inseparable relationship, the performance method to show the structure of the service.