Cucumber, also known as cucumber, cucumber, belongs to the cucurbit family. It is widely distributed throughout China and is one of the main greenhouse products. Cucumber is brought back to the Central Plains by Zhang Qian during his mission to the Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty, known as hu melon, five hu sixteen kingdoms after the Zhao Emperor Shi Le taboo "hu" word, the Han ministers of the Xiangguo county magistrate Fan Tan will be changed to "cucumber". The stem of the cucumber is covered with hairs and is rich in juice, and the leaf blade has 3-5 lobes and is covered with downy hairs.

Growth habit

Temperature

Cucumber prefers warmth and does not tolerate cold. The fertile temperature is 10～32℃. General daytime 25 ~ 32 ℃, 15 ~ 18 ℃ at night the best growth; optimal ground temperature of 20 ~ 25 ℃, the lowest is about 15 ℃. The optimal day and night temperature difference of 10 ~ 15 ℃. Cucumber high temperature 35 ℃ photosynthesis is poor, 45 ℃ high-temperature obstacles, low temperature -2 ~ 0 ℃ freezing, if low-temperature refining can withstand a low temperature of 3 ℃.

Light

South China-type varieties of short sunlight is more sensitive, while the North China-type varieties of sunlight length requirements are not strict, has become sun-neutral plants, its light saturation point of 55,000 lux, the light compensation point of 1,500 lux, the majority of varieties in the 8 to 11 hours of short sunlight conditions, good growth.

Moisture

Cucumber production is high, water demand. Suitable soil humidity is 60 to 90%, the seedling period should not be too much water, soil humidity 60 to 70%, the result of the period must be supplied with sufficient water, soil humidity 80 to 90%. Cucumber suitable air relative humidity of 60 to 90%, air relative humidity is too large is easy to disease, resulting in yield reduction.

Soil

Cucumber prefers wet and does not tolerate flooding, prefers fertilizer and does not tolerate fertilizer, it is advisable to choose a fertile soil rich in organic matter. Generally like pH 5.5 to 7.2 between the soil, but to pH 6.5 is the best.

Planting Methods

Seedling Bed Management

Spring and summer cucumber hole tray light substrate nursery seedlings short age, generally 1 leaf 1 heart, 15 to 17 days to transplant, the nutrients in the substrate to basically meet the needs of the growth of cucumber seedlings, generally do not need to supplement the fertilizer. Spring and summer rain, easy to sudden collapse disease, available green henry one or polymyxin and other common fungicide control. Disaster prevention and resilience Cucumber summer nursery is high temperature and rainy season, both to prevent high temperature water shortages, but also to prevent heavy rainfall to destroy seedlings. After sowing in the sunny days to adhere to the water 1 times a day, and set up a good stent covered with a sunshade net, sunshade net 9 a.m. cover, 5:00 p.m. mortgage (the advantage of doing so is that the female flowers are more differentiated, low-temperature and short sunlight conducive to the differentiation of the female flowers). Cover the film on the support before heavy rain. Before planting seedling refining, planting after watering enough live water, if necessary, moisture transplanting.

Base selection

Cultivation of cucumber base, it is advisable to choose the soil PH value of 6.5 to 7.5, the terrain is a little low, but drainage, irrigation is convenient, the soil is deep and fertile, and at least 2 years have not planted squash vegetables plot. If it is a drought and water crop rotation, you should turn the soil and open the ditch in October to prepare the land, plant a season of winter crops, and then plant cucumbers in the following spring.

Fixing the ground to make the border

Fixing the ground according to each border 1.2 meters, border ditch width of 0.3 meters, ditch depth of 0.2 meters of the requirements of the operation, and to do the bottom of the ditch is smooth and smooth, rain stops the ditch does not accumulate water.

Cover film

April 10 before transplanting or live, it is appropriate to choose white polyethylene film; April 10 after transplanting or live, it is appropriate to choose black polyethylene film. Before covering the film, the soil should be watered thoroughly or wait for the next rain to drench the soil before covering the film.

If you cover the white film, you should spray a pre-emergence herbicide such as acetamiprid on the soil surface before covering the film to prevent weeds; if you use the black film, you don't have to spray a pre-emergence herbicide because the black film has the function of preventing weeds.

Covering the mulch should be tightened with soil around it.

Sowing seedlings

Sowing in early spring January-March, summer and fall planting June-August. Spring sowing seedling or film cover direct seeding after germination, summer and fall seed direct seeding or dry seed direct seeding can be.

Submerged seed germination in cucumber sowing is commonly used, with 50-55 ℃ warm water scalded seed disinfection for 10 minutes, constantly stirring to prevent scalding. Then about 30 ℃ warm water immersion 4 -6 hours, scrub clean, flooded up and drained, in the 28-30 ℃ thermostat or a warm place to moisturize germination, 20 hours to start germination. Early spring greenhouse insulation nursery, nursery cups or seedbed nursery, seedling age 15-20 days (2 true leaves) when planting, in the evening on a sunny day, pay attention to the protection of the root system, before starting the seedling drenched with water, start the seedling in accordance with the order to do so with the soil planting, in order to prevent injury to the roots.

Fertilizer management

Autumn and winter seasons in the application of sufficient fertilizer based on, generally do not chase fertilizer. Watering is in the case of watering enough seedling water, such as root melon sitting and then watering, generally 7 days to 10 days watering. The late winter season according to the growth of cake fertilizer or bean flour, put in the shed tank fermentation with the water flushing, 10 days to 15 days watering. Watering depends on the seedling condition, see the soil water shortage, but also look at the weather forecast first, should be carried out in the morning of sunny days after the cold snap watering small water. Early spring season from late February to mid-April, is to take the yield of the key period, to timely fertilizer, per 666.7 square meters of diammonium phosphate or ternary compound fertilizer 15 kg ~ 20 kg, or rotted human urine 800 kg with water, 5 days ~ 7 days watering. Late spring season from late April to the end of June, in the strengthening of fertilizer management at the same time pay attention to cooling, to promote the improvement of turn back melon production.

Fixing transplantation

Reasonable dense planting

Planting 2 rows per soil, 1 plant per hole, plant spacing is generally 25 to 30 cm.

Planting time

Early spring in the greenhouse or small arches covered production, can be around March 20 to choose the cold end of the warm head of the sunny days transplanting.

Methods

First planting holes, the diameter and depth are more than 1 cm larger than the nutrient bowl, transplanting, selecting seedlings of uniform size, should be gently held and put to ensure that the root system is intact, which is conducive to shorten the period of slowing down, improve the survival rate.

Watering root stabilization water

The configuration of root stabilization water: 250 grams of urea, 60 grams of Bacillus subtilis, 60 milliliters of seaweed rooting agent per 50 kilograms of water. Fully mixed and applied, 250 grams of water per plant. After watering, use soil to close the planting hole.

Harvesting

Spring cucumbers take about 55 days from planting to first harvest, and 35 days in summer and fall. Harvesting can be done in about 10 days after flowering. That is, the skin color from dark green to bright green glossy, petals do not fall off when the harvest is best. The first melon should be harvested early, so as not to affect the growth of the subsequent melon, or even hinder the growth of the plant, the formation of deformed melons and early plant failure, thus affecting the yield.

Cucumber planting method soil selection and land preparation

Select pH between 6.0-7.5, rich in organic matter, good drainage and irrigation, water retention and fertilization of the clayey sandy loam, avoiding continuous cultivation of melons and crops, the previous crop is preferably rice paddies. The whole land using deep ditch high bed, bed width of 1.8 m -2.0 m (even ditch), bed height of 30 cm, north-south, double row planting, plant spacing 30 cm.

Fertilizer management and soil cultivation

Sufficient basal fertilizer is one of the keys to stable and high yield. Cucumber responds well to the base fertilizer, deep plowing and applying decomposed organic fertilizer, 2000 kg-3000 kg per mu, 50 kg of gross fertilizer, 30 kg of calcium superphosphate as base fertilizer. When the plant has 2-3 true leaves, start fertilizing. Cucumber root absorption is weak, sensitive to high concentrations of fertilizer response, fertilizer to "diligent, thin application" as the principle, every 6-8 days fertilizer 1 time, mu of urea 5 kg -6 kg.

The tendrils appeared when combined with plowing and weeding soil fertilization, harvesting the first batch of melons and then soil fertilization 1 time, mu Shi peanut bran 15 kg -20 kg, 30 kg of compound fertilizer, potash 10 kg.

Summer and autumn due to high temperatures, rapid growth and development, aging is also fast, coupled with heavy rainfall, fertilizer loss, in addition to adequate basal fertilizer, early fertilizer. 1-2 true leaves period and harvesting of the first batch of melons after each soil fertilization 1 time, to pay attention to phosphorus and potash fertilizer in order to avoid the steep growth, early decline.

Spring cucumber seedlings to control water. Flowering and fruiting period requires the most water, sunny days generally a day drenching 1 time, dry conditions 3-5 days irrigation 1 time. When it rains, do a good job of preventing flooding.

Scaffolding, trailing, and branching

Generally, when tendrils appear, insert a bamboo scaffolding to lead the trailing, and build a "herringbone frame". The trailing starts after the tendrils appear, every 3-4 days trailing once,

To make the plants evenly distributed, in the evening on a sunny day. Cucumber whether or not the whole branch depends on the variety, the main vine results generally do not need to be rectified; the main side of the vine results or the side of the vine results, to remove the top of the whole branch, generally 8 sections of the side of the vine below the cut all, more than 9 sections of the side of the branch to stay in 3 sections of the top of the top of the main vine of about 30 sections of the top of the top of the picking.

The greenhouse cucumber falling essentials

Cucumber falling can make the leaves evenly distributed, to maintain a reasonable light position, to maintain the optimal coefficient of leaves, to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, which can make the growth potential to strengthen, the melon period extended. However, drop vine to master the correct method, in order to ensure that the greenhouse greenhouse cucumber quality and high yield. The main points are:

1. In the plant growth point close to the roof of the plant, the bottom of the plant leafless stems and vines from the ground more than 30 centimeters in a timely manner, drop vines should choose a sunny and warm afternoon, so that it is not easy to damage the stems and vines. Remember not to fall in the morning of high water content, morning or after watering, so as not to damage the stem, affecting the normal growth of the plant.

2. 7 days before the fall of the best not to water, which is conducive to reducing the water content of the stem and vine tissues, enhance flexibility, but also reduce the source of disease.

3. First remove the disease, old leaves, brought to the shed burned, to avoid falling vines near the ground after the fruit, leaves due to the wet environment.

4. will be entangled in the hanging rope on the stem trailing loose, along the trend of the stem trailing on the ground, do not pull hard, the stem trailing in an orderly manner to the same direction and gradually coiled in the cultivation of both sides of the ridge. Coiling stems and vines, to bend the stems and vines along the curvature of the stems and vines, do not hard to bend or bend in the opposite direction to avoid twisting or breaking the stems and vines in the opposite direction. The beginning of the fall, the stem is thin, short intervals, small circle, the stem is thick, the fall time interval is a little longer, the circle is large, can be a one-time fall of the length of the stem 1/3 to 1/4.

5. Keep the leafy stem from the surface of the ridge 13 cm or so, and keep the function of the leaves of each plant in more than 20. 6, harvesting Spring cucumber from planting to the beginning of the first harvest of about 55 days, summer and fall of 35 days. The flowering can be harvested in about 10 days. That is, the skin color from dark green to bright green glossy, petals do not fall off when the harvest is best. The first melon should be harvested early, so as not to affect the growth of the subsequent melon, or even hinder the growth of the plant, the formation of deformed melons and early plant failure, thus affecting the yield.

Pot planting method soil selection

Select pH between 6.0-7.5, rich in organic matter, good drainage and irrigation, water retention and fertilization of clay sandy loam or gardening soil.

Sowing seedlings

Sowing in early spring from January to March, summer and fall planting from June to August. Spring sowing using seed germination after seedling or mulch cover direct seeding, summer and fall seed direct seeding or dry seed direct seeding can be. Seed dipping germination is commonly used in cucumber sowing, with 50-55 ℃ warm boiling water scalding seed disinfection for 10 minutes, constantly stirring to prevent scalding. Then about 30 ℃ warm water immersion 4 -6 hours, scrub clean, flooded up and drained, in the 28-30 ℃ thermostat or warm place moisturizing germination, 20 hours to start germination. Early spring small arched greenhouse insulation nursery, with nursery cups or seedbed nursery, seedling age 15-20 days (2 true leaves) when planting, in the evening on a sunny day, pay attention to the protection of the root system, before the start of the seedlings drenched with water, the order of starting the seedlings, to do so with the soil planting, in order to prevent injury to the roots.

Scaffolding, trailing and pruning

Generally, when tendrils appear, bamboo is inserted into the scaffolding and trailing, and a "herringbone scaffolding" is erected. The trailing starts after the tendrils appear, every 3-4 days trailing once, so that the plants are evenly distributed, in the evening on a sunny day. Cucumber whether the whole branch depends on the variety, the main vine results generally do not need to straighten; the main side of the vine results or the side of the vine results, to remove the top of the whole branch, generally 8 sections of the side of the vine below all cut, 9 sections of the side of the branch to stay more than 3 sections of the top of the top of the main vine about 30 sections of the top of the top of the picking.

Autumn cucumber cultivation techniques

1, land preparation, fertilization and variety selection. Cucumber like temperature and fear of wet and fear of crop, generally should choose more than 3 years have not planted melon crops of the field. At the same time, we should choose a higher terrain, closer to the source, convenient drainage and irrigation, loose soil, fertile loam is good.

2, careful land preparation. Melon field selected to plow over the sun, the soil should be broken, up and down to be uniform and consistent, cooked on the layer to reach 4-5 inches is appropriate. The compartment should be flat, the grass should be picked up. Generally live or transplanted 3-5 days ago, made into a compartment width of 80cm, ditch width of 50cm, ditch depth of 30cm or so.

3, full base fertilizer. Cucumber fertilizer, combined with the ground, per acre of rotting soil fertilizer 30-40 quintals, imported three elements of compound fertilizer 35-40 kg, 40 kg of vegetable cake, urea 10-15 kg, soil fertilizer should be applied to transplanting or live in the melon hole. Cake, urea ternary fertilizer combined with plowing evenly applied within the soil, fertilizer can not be directly in contact with the seeds and seedlings, to prevent burning seeds and seedlings.

4, variety selection. Currently focusing on the selection of Jinchun 4, 5, JinYou 1, 2 and other JinYan series of varieties.

Cultivate strong seedlings

1, equipped with nutrient soil. Seedling transplantation should be strongly advocated, because the live easy to cause heavy rainfall impact, high temperature melon seedling futile, susceptible to pests and diseases, resulting in the lack of seedlings broken ridge. Generally in the nursery 1-2 months before the use of rainy season and summer heat, the implementation of high-temperature composting, nutrient soil requirements nutrient full, fertile, loose and no pests and diseases of the soil miscellaneous fertilizer. Each square of soil fertilizer plus imported three elements of compound fertilizer 3-5 pounds, 10 pounds of grass ash, rotting vegetable cake 6-7 pounds, mixed heap cover, above the old plastic skin cover tightly, high temperature inside the pile of soil temperature up to 60-70 ℃, can kill some germs, do bowl before the nutrient soil mix and once, so that the soil fertilizer Fully integrated, to eliminate the use of old wall soil as nutrient soil, to prevent burning seedlings.

2, soak the seed germination. Generally use 55 ℃ warm water to soak the seed 10 minutes seed or 50% polymyxin 1500 times soaked seeds for an hour, and then wash with water and then germination, the method focuses on killing germs on the seed, summer germination is better catalyzed, soaking time depending on the temperature, the temperature in 30-35 ℃ soak the seed for about 1 day and a half, less than 30 ℃ soak the seed for 1 day and a half. Seeds should be washed before soaking seed surface mucus, seeds soaked well after drying to slightly dry to be sown.

3, fine seedbed. Seedbeds should be selected from the field near, not planted melon, near the water source, easy to manage the field is appropriate. Seedbed should be leveled, the soil should be broken, up and down to be uniform, so as to facilitate loose air, conducive to water infiltration and rise, increase the ability of the seedbed drought, and then carefully do bowl. Before making the bowl, the seedbed should be 130-140cm wide, ditch width 50cm easy to operate. Seedbed compartments should be flat, compartments are done with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution for sterilization, while attention should be paid to the control of underground pests.

4, seedling. The general use of 10 × 10cm plastic set of bowl is appropriate, and then do the bowl. Water thoroughly before sowing, and then each bowl lightly inserted 1-2 seeds, be careful to insert downward. Seeds sown, covered with soil, generally covered to invisible seeds appropriate, and then depending on the nutrient mantle moisture status to determine whether to water, if the cover of the seed soil above the soil ate moisture, do not water; if it is dry and then watering with a spray bottle. Seeds sown, in the seedbed frame covered with film, grass curtains or shade net, to prevent rainstorms rushing seedlings or high temperature burn seedlings.

5, seedbed management. When the melon seedlings out of all, to properly control water and fertilizer control, prevention and control of melon seedling futile, while gradually remove the shade refining seedlings, in case of heavy rainfall or especially high temperature should be covered in a timely manner, refining to the refining to the leaves of the old healthy, the base of the thick roots developed as well, transplanting a week before the control of water, otherwise melon seedlings grow green, planted into the field, the slow period of delayed planting long. Seedling period should pay attention to the control of pests and diseases, mainly sudden collapse disease (inverted seedling), standing blight, etc., with seedling fungus enemy, Radomil and 50% carbendazim prevention and control; melon fly and melon wild borer with lego plus high efficiency cypermethrin prevention and control; red spider control with gramicidin and so on.

6, direct seedling seedling management. Direct seeding field can be done in the compartment, directly hit the dang watering seeding, and then heap muffled good nutrient soil sprinkled into the melon dangzi, some farmers will be fertilizers as fertilizer under the basal fertilizer is not in the fertilizer, the melon road and the dangzi is not on the old pro-fertilizer pro, which affects the quality of the melon seedling. At the same time, we should do a good job of inter-seedling work, other management with the management of the seedbed, to pour a good seedling fertilizer 2 times or so, usually with human urine plus urea pouring.

Transplanting

When the seedlings grow to two leaves and one heart to three leaves for transplanting, transplanting should be selected in the evening or cloudy days, generally planted in two rows of a compartment, spacing of 5-6 inches, 3,500-4,000 or 3,000 or so per acre. After planting, pour good root water root fertilizer, generally 20-30 quintals of dilute human urine manure per acre plus about 10 pounds of urea pouring. Transplanting field ditch to keep water, increase field humidity, transplanting the next morning but also re-watering once, the conditions can be set up shelves shade, 3-5 days after planting to remove the shade, so as to facilitate the whole seedling and reduce the period of slow seedling.

The field management

1, timely plowing and loosening. After the slow period should be timely plowing and loosening the soil, as the saying goes: hoeing under the water, hoeing the field can cut off the soil surface capillaries, reduce evaporation, while eliminating grasses. As long as you can hoe melon field, a heavy rain after a plow hoe. Plowing and hoeing from shallow to deep.

2, the whole branch hanging vine. Cucumber grows rapidly under high temperature conditions, some varieties such as Zin research, Zin miscellaneous series of cucumber, lower branches more, Zin spring, Zin excellent lower branches less, more branches of the varieties should be timely to knock off the side branches, pinch off the tendrils. 4-leaf period in the outside of the melon to build a height of 2 meters or so of the "human" frame, and tie the trailing frame, the middle and upper varieties of branching habit, to be Melon vine grows to 3-4 feet, can leave 2-3 side branches above, each side branch to stay a melon, stay melon 4-5 leaves before centering. Branching habit is not strong varieties, the main with melon should be in 10 sections below, no matter what varieties can not stay in a cumbersome root melon, in the middle and upper with melon. Melon length, melon straight, melon uniformity, big belly melon, curved melon less, pay attention to big belly melon and fertilizer also has a certain relationship, big belly melon should be removed in time.

3, water and fertilizer management. Reasonable watering, fall cucumber pre and mid-county in my county are in the hot and dry season, water demand is greater, but not the more water the better. Too much water is easy to cause disease, so pay attention to seedling drought, in principle, do not water life-saving water, general melon seedlings at noon with the phenomenon of hitchhiking leaves, topsoil dryness, the forecast of the recent no rain by the morning of the second day should be watered to eliminate the midday and afternoon watering. In the melon season water to be sufficient, so that the melon elongation and expansion, drought so that the big belly melon increase, but can not be flooded, to use a small pump watering ditch irrigation is good. At the same time, serious diseases, if the melon seedlings have disease, we must first cure the disease, every 2-3 days and then watering, watering 1-2 days and then cure the disease; if encountered in rainy years, to deep ditch leaching, especially low-lying pike area.

4, scientific fertilization. About 7 days after planting a seedling fertilizer, preferably 10-15 quintals of manure per acre, plus urea 4-5 pounds, water splash water, build a good abundance of semi-productive shelves, if it is a live broadcast, according to the seedling situation in the case of the two leaves, four leaves, six leaves, to pour a seedling fertilizer, the growth of the less or not applying. When the young melon in 5 inches or so, must not be dehydrated off fertilizer, generally combined with watering drought per acre of imported ternary compound fertilizer 15-20 pounds. Seat melon season and then apply ternary fertilizer 25-30 pounds. In order to improve the late yield, picking 2 times fertilizer 1 time to ensure that the cucumber on the demand for fertilizer.

5, reasonable application of micro fertilizer hormone. When a large number of seated after the melon, water and fertilizer requirements of high yield, you can often spray amino acid composite micro-fertilizer or multi-element composite micro-fertilizer, Huimanfeng, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc., so as to both improve yield, but also improve the quality of the disease to reduce the degree of disease occurrence.