Illicium verum is a treasure all over the body, and its fruit is used as medicine, which has the effect of warming the stomach to stimulate appetite and dispel cold. Its peel, seeds and leaves all contain aromatic oil, with fresh fruit peel containing 5%-6%, seeds containing 1.7-2.7%, leaves containing 0.75-0.9%, and fennel as the main component. Mainly used in food, beer, medicine and daily necessities (such as soap, toothpaste, tooth powder, perfume, etc.).
In addition, after 3-5 years of planting, Illicium verum will be closed and become a forest, and it will be fragrant. There are four colors of safflower, pale safflower, white flower and yellow flower, and the flowering period is long, which can play a role in greening barren hills and maintaining ecological balance. Excellent wood (not moth-eaten) is a good material for making all kinds of furniture. Therefore, Illicium verum can be developed as an economic tree species with dual purposes of fruit and wood.
There are abundant varieties of Illicium verum in China. At present, the classification is mainly based on color, and Illicium verum is divided into 4 varieties groups *** 17 farm varieties in combination with tree shape, fruit, leaves, branching habits and growth characteristics.
One,
A, safflower Illicium verum variety group
1, common star anise, evergreen tree, tree height10-16m, DBH 23-40cm. Red flowers, 8 fruits, about 200 fresh fruits per kilogram, 700-1000 dried fruits per kilogram, distributed in various producing areas of Guangxi.
2, the soft branch safflower octagonal, the trunk is obvious, the crown width is narrow, generally 2.9-3.0 meters. The crown is approximately cylindrical, with small branching angle, slender and dense branchlets, soft and drooping like willow branches, thin leathery leaves, long oval leaves, long shelf life, fat and regular fruits, and insignificant age. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao, Longzhou and other places.
3. The difference between red calyx Illicium verum and common safflower Illicium verum is that the flower stalk, calyx, petals and fruit ridge are red. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao and Longzhou.
4. Illicium verum, with a fruit diameter greater than 4 cm and a fruit thickness of more than 1. 1 cm, has about 500 fresh fruits100-140 per kilogram. Distributed in Fangcheng, Debao and Longzhou.
5, Polygonum safflower octagonal, fruit 9-13 petals. The size of fruit petals is uneven, and the characteristics are the same as those of common safflower and octagonal, and they are distributed in Fangcheng, Shouming and Longzhou.
6. Hawk-billed red star anise, which is different from ordinary red star anise in that there are 8 fruits, and the fruit tips are gradually pointed and hooked inward, which looks like an eagle's mouth and is distributed in Lingyun, Debao and Fangcheng, Guangxi.
7, small fruit safflower octagonal, the leaf length is 6.1-8.2 cm, the width is 2.1-3.0 cm, the fruit shape is eight petals, the color is fresh and the fragrance is strong, and there are about 400 fresh fruits per kilogram. Distributed in Natao Township, Ningming, Guangxi.
8. Illicium verum Thunb. with thick leaves, the leaf thickness is more than twice that of common Illicium verum Thunb. It is grassy, dark green, sparse and bears few fruits. It is distributed in Debao and tengxian.
9, short safflower octagonal, orange plants naturally dwarf, the tree height is less than 8 meters, the branches are low, the crown is large, the lateral branches are developed, and the branchlets are dense. Leaves are thin and herbaceous, distributed in Debao and tengxian.
Second, the variety group of Illicium verum
1, common star anise, evergreen tree, tree height10-17m, DBH 23-41cm. The flowers are reddish or the edges are white, and there are 8 fruits, which are distributed in various octagonal producing areas.
2. Illicium cornutum with reddish flowers and 9-13 fruits. Distribution Fangcheng, Ningming, tengxian and other green forest farms.
3, thick leaves and light flowers, octagonal flowers, reddish flowers, oval main obovate leaves, leaf thickness is more than 2 times that of general octagonal leaves. Distributed in tengxian and other green forest farms.
4. The soft branch is light red and the flowers are light red, and the branching characteristics are similar to those of the soft branch. Distributed in Fangcheng, Ningming, Debao and Lingyun.
Three, Illicium verum varieties group
1, common Illicium verum, white flowers, 8 fruits, thin grassy leaves, long oval, red tender leaves, dark green and shiny adult leaves. Ye Ji gave birth to branches and distributed in Fangcheng, Ningming, Debao, Lingyun, Longzhou and Jinxiu.
2. The fruit characteristics of Illicium verum Bunge are similar to those of Illicium verum Bunge. Distributed in Ningming County, tengxian and other green forest farms.
3. Illicium verum, with white flowers, has similar branch characteristics to Illicium verum, and is scattered in Debao, Fangcheng, Longzhou and Ningming, Guangxi.
Four, Illicium verum varieties group
Illicium verum, yellow flowers, 7-10 fruits, young leaves are red and dark green, and branchlets are stout, erect or spreading. Distribution Fangcheng Dalu Township.
It has been proved by many practices that the unit area and yield per plant of Illicium rubrum are the highest, and Illicium rubrum with large fruit and large leaves is the best among the safflower types. Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum, Illicium verum and Illicium verum, which are six excellent varieties, are widely distributed, with large area, high yield, strong resistance and no obvious age, so they are developed as the main varieties for planting Illicium verum at present.
Second, the growth characteristics of Illicium verum and its requirements for environmental conditions
I. Growth characteristics of roots, branches, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds
1, root is an extremely important part of plants, which plays the role of absorption and fixation. Illicium verum is a shallow-rooted tree species with few lateral roots and underdeveloped main roots. The regeneration ability of Illicium verum root is very strong. When the main root or lateral roots at all levels are damaged, secondary roots will be generated under it to replace the original lateral roots and continue to extend forward. Therefore, reasonable reclamation or intercropping in Illicium verum forest land is beneficial to root growth.
2. The main branches of Illicium verum L. are sprouted 2-3 times a year, and the leaf buds of spring shoots germinate in mid-February, and the Ye Sheng stage is in early March, while the summer shoots germinate in late April and the autumn shoots are sprouted in early August. Generally, the lateral branches (long fruit branches) are sprouted only in early March 1 time.
3. The leaves of Illicium verum are alternate leaves, often clustered or spirally arranged at the top of the branches, without stipules. The new leaves are fleshy, the old leaves are semi-leathery to leathery, light green to green, oblong or lanceolate, the apex is acute or tapering, the base is wedge-shaped, the leaves are waxy, shiny and hairless, and there are some transparent oil spots. The back of the leaves is light green, and the veins are reticulate, and the veins are not obvious and normal.
4. Flowers are bisexual and solitary in leaf axils, with long pedicels, sepals of 2-3 years old, separated, corolla spherical, petals reddish, crimson, yellowish or white, covered with mutual arrangement, usually 7-8 petals.
5. Fruit is a star-shaped fruit, with eight petals aggregated in an octagonal shape, hence the name octagonal, and the fruit is green. When it is ripe, it is purplish red, dark and dull. When it is ripe, the fruit stalk is bent, and the ventral surface of the fruit is cracked longitudinally. There are seeds 1 grain in each petal, and the dried fruit is brownish red. After picking, processing and baking, it is red or reddish brown, with rich aroma.
6, seeds Illicium verum seeds are hidden in the octagonal petals, which are broadly oval and brown or brownish yellow; The seed surface is smooth and shiny, and the seed shell is horny. The horny shell is covered with a layer of silver-gray membranous seed kernel, and the 1000-seed weight is 0.15-0.2 kg, and 4.5-6 kg seeds can be taken for every 50 kg of fresh fruit.
Second, flowering characteristics
The flowers of Illicium verum were planted in the axils of branches of last year, and each axil has the possibility of sprouting flower buds and leaf buds. Among them, the number of flower buds accounts for about 90% at most, while the number of leaf buds is less than10%. Not all the flower buds on the branches are open, and some flower buds lurk because of the lack of water, nutrients and sunshine, and they will not bloom until the next year. On the same tree, the early and late flowering of different branches are also very inconsistent, thus forming the phenomenon of flowering one after another and the same period of flowers and fruits.
The phenomenon of flowering and fruiting of Illicium verum is complicated, and there are different opinions. Most people think that Illicium verum blooms and bears fruit twice a year. The first flowering period is February-March, and it matures in August-September. When the fruit matures, it blooms twice, and the fruit matures in the first flowering period of the following year. The output is mainly for the first time, accounting for about 3/4 of the total output.
Iii. Requirements for environmental conditions
1, temperature and temperature are important factors for the growth, development, flowering and fruiting of Illicium verum, which requires strict temperature. Generally, it is required that the average annual temperature is18-23℃, the coldest average monthly temperature is not lower than 10℃, the absolute lowest temperature is above-6℃, the extreme highest temperature is 39.5℃≥ 10℃, and the effective accumulated temperature of 6500-8000℃ is suitable for Illicium verum growth, and 0℃ is the chilling injury of Illicium verum. It is required that the monthly average temperature of Illicium verum should be above 15℃ from thunder to fruit ripening, and it is most suitable that the monthly average temperature should be above 20℃ for flowering. If the temperature requirement is not met, the production will be reduced or no harvest will be obtained.
2. Illicium verum is a shallow-rooted tree species, which is not drought-tolerant. At the same time, its leaves are leathery and have a large amount of transpiration water, which makes it easy to wither. Therefore, it requires particularly high rainfall and humidity, and the distribution should be even. Generally, it requires annual rainfall of1200-2800 mm, and annual rainfall in some areas is 4000 mm. It is most suitable for Illicium verum to grow, and it can only grow in mountainous areas with relative humidity above 80%.
3. Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, and its requirements for light vary with the age of the tree. The young forest vulnerable to sun burning in the seedling stage (5 years old) requires short light time and likes to scatter light. Forest requires sufficient light to improve its yield and quality, and suitable light conditions are conducive to flower bud differentiation, improve flower setting rate, and facilitate the accumulation of substances and the formation of aromatic substances. General annual sunshine hours are1200-2000 hours.
4. Illicium verum is native to the south subtropical region at low latitude, with high temperature and heavy rainfall, strong land weathering, serious leaching of base and silicic acid in the land, and low PH value, thus forming the habit of adaptability to acidic land and lack of buffering power to alkali. The soil PH value is between 4.5 and 5.5, and the pressure is mostly red and yellow acid soil developed by weathering of granite, shale, sandstone and other parent rocks. It requires deep soil, good drainage, rich organic matter, loose sulfur, moisture and ventilation.
5. Other Illicium verum roots are shallow, the main roots are underdeveloped, the lateral roots are shallow, and the branches are slender and fragile. Strong winds not only directly affect the growth of Illicium verum, but also are unfavorable to the flowering and fruiting of the tree itself. Because Illicium verum blooms twice a year, during the flowering and fruiting period, strong winds will blow off flowers and young fruits, which will seriously affect the harvest. Therefore, Illicium verum should not grow in places where strong winds are often blowing at the top of mountains, mountain passes and ravines, and it should be planted in places where it is seriously affected by typhoons, and shelter forests can be built to keep out the wind if necessary.
In addition, it is better to plant Illicium verum at an altitude of 500-1000 meters, and choose the middle, lower or low hilly soil zone with a slope of15-30 degrees.
Third, the cultivation techniques of Illicium verum
I. Selection of Illicium verum Forest Land
The site selection should be based on the specific requirements of the development of Illicium verum on environmental conditions. Illicium verum is a negative tree species, which should be selected in the leeward, with loose and deep soil, slightly acidic, well-drained flat land and gentle sloping land, and the slope is below 30 degrees. It is necessary to do a good job in supporting facilities such as roads and pools. It can be seen that the slope and topography of mountainous areas determine the size of forest land area according to local conditions.
Second, the technical points of forest land
1, soil preparation is an important technical measure to change the ecological environment and soil conditions of afforestation areas to suit the growth of trees. Due to the shade tolerance of young Illicium verum trees, Illicium verum species usually use it to shade under natural miscellaneous forests, so only vines, shrubs and lower small trees are cut off when clearing the forest land. Make unified planning, engage in full reclamation or strip soil preparation.
2. The planting density is 50 plants/mu within the planting density of fruit forest land, and the plant spacing is 3× 4m or 4× 5m. Rectangular planting, the row spacing is larger than the plant spacing, which has good ventilation and light transmission, is suitable for close planting, is convenient for management, and the plants are closed quickly, forming a shady microclimate, which can reduce evaporation, inhibit weed breeding, be beneficial to the growth of Illicium verum, and prolong the time of intercropping between rows. It is a widely used way.
3. The planting time can be in both spring and autumn, but early spring is better. Planting is the easiest way to survive before new sprouting from late February to late March in spring.
4. The big hole of base fertilizer is 50×50×40 cm, each hole is applied with compound fertilizer of 0.5-1kg, and the released fertilizer and topsoil are mixed well.
5. seedling size requires that the root system is complete, and the annual seedling is more than 40 cm high and the ground diameter is more than 0.4 cm; Two-year-old seedlings are more than 50 cm high and have a ground diameter of 0.8 cm; Three-year-old seedlings are above 100 cm in height and above 1 cm in ground diameter.
6. Planting in rainy days can greatly improve the survival rate. The planting depth is 2-3 cm from the soil surface to the root neck.
Fourth, the integrated management technology of Illicium verum
I tending management of young Illicium verum forest
After the Illicium verum is planted, it is the young forest stage until the plants generally blossom and bear fruit (leaves can be picked and oil can be steamed). The length of young forest stage is closely related to site conditions, water and fertilizer conditions and management level. Therefore, it is the key technology to ensure the high yield of Illicium verum by doing well the young forest tending management and creating good habitat conditions to meet the conditions of water, fertilizer and light for the growth and development of Illicium verum. The goal of young forest tending management is to strive for 1 year, 2 years old and 3 years old.
1, do a good job in shading trees and moisturizing Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, with thin bark and thick leaves, which is easy to die in summer. Covering most of the open space is an important work of young Illicium verum forest management. Natural plants such as miscellaneous forests and weed bushes can be used as shade trees and mulch. This vegetation has the functions of shading the soil, keeping the woodland moist, balancing the soil temperature, reducing soil erosion and preventing sunburn.
2, intertillage weeding due to rainfall and human factors, it is easy to harden the soil, which is not conducive to soil permeability and microbial activities. At the same time, due to wet and warm, it is easy to grow weeds and consume soil nutrients and water. Carry out intertillage weeding at least 1-2 times a year, with1-2 times in February and/kloc-0 times in May-June, or use glyphosate for chemical weeding.
3. Fertilization is an important measure to ensure the normal growth and development of Illicium verum and achieve high and stable yield. Generally, point clearance fertilization or whole garden fertilization is used. The best time to apply fertilizer every year is February and June. Because spring fertilizer grows long shoots, summer fertilizer promotes the vigorous growth of Illicium verum. Fertilization is mainly based on nitrogen fertilizer, and some compound fertilizers can be applied to young forests over three years. For trees of the first1-2 years, 50-150g of urea is applied to each tree every year, and for trees of the third year, 50-250g of urea100-200g of compound fertilizer is added to each tree. The young Illicium verum forest bears fruit 2-3 years earlier than that without fertilization.
4. Pruning and shaping The purpose of pruning and shaping is to cultivate a complete crown and a reasonable branch structure, so as to make full use of space and improve the yield and quality of Illicium verum. According to the biological characteristics and practice of Illicium verum, it is proved that the best Illicium verum tree shape is a cylinder with soft and drooping branches, uniform distribution and fullness, followed by a tower or a cone.
The top advantage of Illicium verum is obvious, so both leaf forest and fruit forest should be properly pruned and reshaped in the young tree period. The fruit forest of Illicium verum L. should pay attention to keep the bud in the young tree period, so as to form a strong trunk and thick branches, which is conducive to fruit picking in the future. As Illicium verum is a shade-tolerant tree species, there are fruits up and down the crown, inside and outside, and the lower the height under the branches, the larger the fruit area and the higher the relative yield. Pruning and shaping can generally be done when the young forest is1.5-2 meters high, and only 2-3 branches can be maintained per plant, and the branches that grow vigorously and disturb the upright growth of the tree, too dense branches, delicate branches, pests and diseases, and dead branches are cut off from the base.
Second, the tending management of Illicium verum forest
The tending management goal of Illicium verum forest is high and stable yield, so the following management work must be strengthened:
1, reclamation can change the soil structure of Illicium verum, supplement water sources, and promote flower bud differentiation and normal development of young fruits. In recent years, the masses have summed up the experience that "as long as you dig hard, the octagonal is full of mountains and forests". Taste the sweetness of star anise reclamation, which benefits in the same year, increases production in two years and harvests in three years, generally 3-4 years reclamation 1 time.
2. Fertilization For fruit forests, Illicium verum does not leave flowers and fruits all year round, and the tree consumes a lot of nutrients. It is necessary to strengthen fertilization in order to maintain the nutrient balance in the body. At present, there is a special fertilizer for Illicium verum, which can increase the yield by 25-44% after application. It is suitable for trees over 7 years old and is applied twice a year, from May to Qihe 1 February to the following winter1time. Each plant is 0.5-1kg, and small ditches are dug on both sides of the crown to cover the soil. In addition, applying compound fertilizer1-2 times a year, and applying 0.5-1kg per plant each time, and covering soil in furrow, the yield increase effect is also obvious.
3. Illicium verum with flower and fruit protection is serious, and the main reasons are as follows:
A lack of powder. Illicium verum L. is a plant with both young fruits and new fruits. The fruit ripens in September-1October, and the autumn flowers bloom in August-1October after fruit collection. The accumulated nutrients in the tree consume more, which has certain influence on flowering and fruit setting. It is not enough to rely on the nutrients released by the soil. Illicium verum, like other fruit trees, needs a lot of nutrients to bloom. If the tree is fragile, it will inevitably cause a large number of young fruits to fall off after flowering.
B the pests are serious. Illicium verum L. blooms twice a year and bears fruit twice, that is, it blooms in March-April every year, and the fruit ripens in September-1October (big fruit making), and blooms in August-1October, and the fruit ripens in March-April the following year (small fruit making), with a long flowering period and a long fruit ripening period. The main reasons related to flower and fruit falling are the harm of golden flower insects.
C the wind blows off the flowers and fruits
In view of the above reasons, the following measures should be taken:
A remove weeds and shrubs in the forest and reclaim them comprehensively.
B Formulated fertilization: topdressing 1 time in1-February and May-June each year, and applying fertilizer according to the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium = 0.3: 0.1:0.3, which can significantly increase the yield and benefit.
C Spraying anti-falling agent and foliar fertilizer, when 70-80% of Illicium verum withers, spraying with a bag of anti-falling agent, 0. 15 kg of urea and 60 kg of water.
D pest control, spraying with 500 times dichlorvos or dimethoate solution in March-April and June-July every year.
4, pruning and shaping. For those with less dense fruit, less thinning or no cutting, those with lower inner branches of the crown, those with abnormal growth and development, those with more branches of diseases, insect pests and dry branches, and those with sound growth and development, should be re-cut.