The cultivation technology of Agaricus bisporus--Small greenhouse cultivation method

Agaricus bisporus is one of the favorite mushrooms with white and tender color, tasty flesh, and rich nutrition. The cultivation of Agaricus bisporus is a good way for farmers to get rid of poverty and become rich, with rich raw materials, simple technology, low investment, quick effect and high benefit. The current cultivation of Agaricus bisporus mushrooms used in mushroom houses, solar greenhouses or plastic greenhouses and other facilities cost more. According to the survey, it costs about 20,000 to 30,000 yuan to build a 100m2 mushroom house, 3,000 to 4,000 yuan to build a 200m2 solarium, and 800 to 1,000 yuan to build a 200m2 plastic greenhouse, which is not easy to promote on a large scale in the countryside. In order to further improve the economic benefits of mushroom farmers, looking for a more economical, affordable cultivation methods, combined with the characteristics of the city, Fugou, Xihua and other places to design and promote a small greenhouse cultivation method, through two years of large-scale practice, we believe that this method of low cost (per 600m2 only 500 to 600 yuan), high yield, good benefits, welcomed by mushroom farmers, is worth vigorously promoting, is introduced as follows:

I. p>I. Construction of small arched shed

1. Site selection When cultivating Agaricus bisporus mushrooms on a large scale, the shed should be built in a place with convenient transportation, windward and sunny, high and dry terrain (conducive to heat preservation in winter), convenient drainage and irrigation, and open and well ventilated, and it should be far away from the chicken sheds, poultry sheds and garbage dumps, so as to avoid triggering diseases and pests.

2. The specifications and construction of small arched shed small arched shed width 2.5m, 40 ~ 60m long, the middle of the high 1.5m. shed longitudinally made into two beds, bed width 1m, the middle of the 50cm for the aisle, under the 40cm deep digging, digging out the soil on the bed. Two small arches in the middle of the trellis to stay 50cm as a walkway or drainage ditch, with a diameter of 2 ~ 3cm bamboo or bamboo pieces for arch skeleton, 1m apart, the middle and both sides were longitudinally connected to strengthen the trellis, severe weather areas, the middle of the aisle can be set up on both sides of the columns with a height of 1.2m. Arch covered with thick film, film should pay attention to the use of three film method, the bottom of the two sides of the first 1m wide film, the lower part of the buried in the soil 20cm, the top 30cm and the middle of the 3.5m wide film was imbricated pressure. Ventilation, you can open the bottom vent ventilation and open the gap between the two pieces of film through the waist wind. The two ends of the shed were sealed with three pieces of film, which can be opened to ventilate the upper, middle and lower films respectively. Outside the shed on both sides of the standing corn stalks or sorghum stalks, the center cover wheat straw shade.

Two, cultivation technology

1. The arrangement of the production season The meteorological factors in the small greenhouse change relatively quickly, it is easy to be affected by the external climatic conditions, so choose a good cultivation season can save labor, save time, but also high-yield, stable yield. According to the climatic condition of Zhoukou city: the pile of materials should be at the end of July to the end of August, seeding should be in mid-August to the end of September, and mushroom harvesting in October to December. The climate in this period is more suitable for the growth and development of Agaricus bisporus. At the same time, in order to ensure the demand for temperature in the late stage of Agaricus bisporus growth, low-temperature varieties should be selected for cultivation.

2. Second fermentation method of heap material Cultivation material is the premise of Agaricus bisporus good or bad growth, choose a good formula, carry out scientific heap system, improve its conversion rate, is the foundation of Agaricus bisporus high yield and stable yield. It is better to choose natural feces and grass culture material formula: 1000kg of wheat straw or rice straw, 1000kg of feces (chicken manure and pig manure), 20-25kg of calcium superphosphate, 15-20kg of gypsum powder, 20kg of quicklime, 10kg of urea, and 20kg of grass ash.

(1) 1st fermentation (pre-fermentation) Firstly, the straw should be drenched or soaked so that the water content is up to about 70%, the feces should be dried in the sun. 70% or so, the manure should be sun-dried, broken in advance, pile smothered for 2 to 3 days, and sprayed to kill insects. Generally, the pile of materials into a rectangle, width 1.8 ~ 2.0m, height 1.5 ~ 1.8m, the top of the turtleback shape. First pile a layer of wheat straw, 20cm thick, and then sprinkle a layer of manure and auxiliary materials, and then a layer of wheat straw a layer of manure and auxiliary materials, build a pile to the required height. From the third layer, depending on the moisture situation, the side of the heap and add enough water, generally less added to the lower layer, more added to the upper layer. The top layer is covered with dry straw or grass curtains, covered with plastic film in case of rainy days, and removed after the rain to facilitate ventilation. Build a pile of the 6th day, the first turn the pile, and then 5 days for the second turn the pile, and then every 3 to 4 days to turn the pile 1 time, **** 4 to 5 times. Turning the heap must be the upper, outer and bottom layer of the material turned to the middle, the middle of the heap turned to the upper, outer and bottom layer, each time the turnover of the heap will also be depending on the material to make up for the moisture to ensure the quality of fermentation.

(2) secondary fermentation (post-fermentation) To prevent the presence of germs and insect eggs in the shed, which can cause a large number of pests and diseases, the shed should be disinfected 1 to 2 times before feeding. First of all, the shed is sprayed with 800 times of phoxim emulsion to kill the underground insect eggs, and then fumigated and sterilized with 0.5kg of formaldehyde solution per 20m2. The method is to put coal fire in the shed, every 1kg formaldehyde plus 1kg water heating fumigation, after the end of the open vent ventilation, no formaldehyde odor can be fed. After the first fermentation, the raw material will be quickly moved into the shed in a bed (should be completed in one day), the use of high temperatures in this season, coupled with the warming of the plastic shed, so that the temperature in the shed quickly rose to 50 ~ 55 ℃, maintain this temperature and maintain 3 ~ 5 days, the second fermentation. After the end, a large ventilation and cooling, when the temperature drops to below 28 ℃, adjust the pH value and water content to the appropriate, you can spread the raw materials in the bed, the material thickness of 20 ~ 25cm, to be sown.

3. Sowing and post-sowing management Sowing, using wheat seed. Sowing method is: 2 bottles of strains per m2, spread 1/3 of the strains on the surface of the culture material, and then gently shake with a clean manure fork, so that the strains fall into the middle layer of the culture material, and then 2/3 of the strains on the surface, flatten the surface of the material, appropriate compaction, and then cover the bed with newspaper or plastic film. After sowing, temperature and humidity management should be strengthened to promote rapid germination. Can increase the cover, sprinkle water, ventilation and other measures to control the material temperature at 20 ~ 26 ℃, air relative humidity 60% ~ 80%, pH value control at about 7 (can spray dilute lime water to adjust). When the mycelium ate material 1/2, should pry the material in order to aeration, promote the growth of mycelium. 20 days after the mycelium can be basically full of culture material.

4. mulch and mulch management mulch material according to the following formula: fertilizer soil 4m3, add 0.5 ~ 1m3 cinder, calcium superphosphate 17kg, gypsum 17kg, fermented wheat bran 50kg, lime 15kg, add water. 3 days before mulching all kinds of materials mixed well, with 800 times dichlorvos side spray pile, covered with plastic film for 24h, and then pre-wet with lime, adjust the pH value of 7.5 ~ 8. When the mycelium grows full of 2/3 of the material in a timely manner to choose a sunny day mulching, with a dustpan to hold the coarse soil in 2% lime water to soak a little bit, to be the surface of the soil particles to dry, to the 3cm thickness of the material spread on the material. 3 ~ 4 days to use light spraying hard spraying Methods to adjust the humidity, 5 ~ 7 days after the mycelium climbed on the coarse soil covered with fine soil thickness of 1.5cm, 2 ~ 3 days with light spraying and spraying methods to adjust the humidity, spraying water in time after the big ventilation. Keep the temperature 22 ~ 25 ℃, air relative humidity 80% ~ 85%.

5. Management of mushroom and mushrooming period 15～20 days after soil covering, mycelium growth should be controlled to promote the formation of the original base. The temperature should be controlled at 14～18℃, and the relative humidity of air should be kept at about 90%. At this time, the mushroom should be sprayed with water 2～3 times a day, and 0.8kg of water per m2 should be sprayed each time. Spray 2 times in a row at night, and ventilate greatly after spraying water. The temperature should be controlled at 15～20℃, and the fruiting body will be formed after 3～5 days. When the fruiting body grows to the size of soybean, then spray 1 time to keep the water. Spray quality water using light spraying and spraying method, keep the mulch particles can be pinched flat, not crushed, not sticky hand shall prevail. The fruiting body grows to 2 ~ 4cm can be harvested. After harvesting, stop the water for 1 to 2 days to clear the bed and replenish the soil, and then adjust the humidity, spray turn tide water. In order to make the fruiting body grow robustly, high yield and stable production, and enhance the resistance to disease, it is necessary to fertilize appropriately during the growth of the fruiting body, and it is good to take Mushroom Fitness No. 1 and No. 2.

Three, the effect and analysis

The use of small greenhouse cultivation of Agaricus bisporus further reduces the cost of production, increases the flexibility of production, so that the mushrooms in advance of the market, to a large extent, to improve the economic benefits of mushroom farmers. According to the survey, in our city, the cost of cultivating Agaricus bisporus with solar greenhouse is about 25-30 yuan per m2, the output is 15-20kg, and the benefit is 45-60 yuan; the cost of cultivating Agaricus bisporus with plastic greenhouse is about 10-15 yuan per m2, and the output is 10-15kg, and the benefit is 30-45 yuan; and the cost of cultivating Agaricus bisporus with small arched shed is about 6-8 yuan per m2, and the output is 8-10kg, and the benefit is 24-45 yuan. ～The cost per m2 of Agaricus bisporus cultivation in small greenhouses is about 6~8 yuan, the yield is 8~10kg and the benefit is 24~30 yuan. In the comparison of the three methods, the cultivation method of Agaricus bisporus in small greenhouses has the highest benefit conversion rate. At the same time, the meteorological factors of small greenhouses are easy to adjust, simple technology, convenient operation, labor-saving and time-saving, which makes the production of Agaricus bisporus more effective and universal. It is a cultivation technology suitable for the decentralized production of Agaricus bisporus by farmers.

Chapter 5: Cultivation of Agaricus bisporus

Overview

The Agaricus bisporus is commonly known as Agaricus bisporus, or simply mushroom. It belongs to the order Umbelliferae, family Umbelliferae, genus Mushroom.

The countries that grow the most mushrooms in the world are the United States, China, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

II. Biological Characteristics

1. Morphology of Mushroom

Mushroom is a typical umbrella-shaped fungus, and its fruiting body is umbrella-shaped, which consists of fleshy cap, gill, ring, stipe, and rhizoidal mycelial cord. The surface of the whole fruiting body is white and smooth, and the gills are inserted on the opposite side of the cap, which is in the form of sheet, light pink at the beginning, and dark brown at maturity, and many stretcher and staminodes are inserted on the two sides of each piece of gill.

Mushroom Agaricus bisporus

2. Life history

The life history of Mushroom Agaricus bisporus is a representative of the secondary homologous combination of mycorrhizal fungi without locking union. The two nuclei of the original stramonium cells within the fruiting layer merge ----- nucleosome ------ syncytium ------ syncytium divides ------ to form four nuclei ------- primary mycelium ------ plasmodesmata ------ secondary mycelium ------- organizing ------- tertiary mycelium ------- substrate.

3. Morphogenesis and mechanism of ascospores

(1) Differentiation and development of ascospores

Mycelium forms ascospores from primary, secondary and tertiary mycelium to physiological maturity of mycelium. The substrate is formed by binucleate mycelium.

4. Requirements for environmental conditions

(1) Nutrition

Mushroom is a kind of saprophytic fungus, nitrate nitrogen can't be utilized as far as nitrogen source is concerned. The optimum C/N for mycelium growth=17:1, and the optimum C/N for the development of the substrate=14:1. According to this requirement, the C/N of raw material is 33:1. The main mineral elements needed by mushrooms are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, etc. The ratio of N:P:K is 4:1.2:3 which is more ideal.

(2) Temperature

Temperature is an important factor in the growth and development of mushrooms,

A. Temperature of spore dissemination: 18-20 ℃, the temperature is more than 27 ℃, even if the fruiting body is quite mature, it can not disseminate spores.

B. Temperature of spore germination: about 24 ℃, too high or too low will delay the spore germination time.

C, mycelial growth temperature: temperature range of 5-33 ℃, the optimal mycelial growth temperature of 24-25 ℃.

The temperature of the reproductive of the substrate: it can grow under 4-20℃, but 14-16℃ is the most suitable. Higher than 19 ℃ rapid growth of the substrate, easy to open umbrella, poor quality; lower than 12 ℃ slow growth, mushroom large, good quality, but low yield; temperature for a long time more than 22 ℃, the buds and young mushrooms will die.

(3) Moisture

Keep the moisture content of culture material about 65%, the relative humidity of air about 70%, when the mycelium enters the reproductive growth stage, the relative humidity of air should be increased to 85-90%. Insufficient moisture in some varieties will lead to increased scales of the substrate or the phenomenon of hollowing out of the mushroom stalk.

(4) Air

Mushroom is aerobic, the most suitable CO2 concentration for mushroom mycelium growth is between 0.1-0.5%

(5) Acidity and alkalinity

Mushroom mycelium can be grown between pH 6.0-8.0, and the optimal pH is 6.8-7.5

(6) Light

Mushroom mycelium growth and substrate development process are not suitable. The growth of mycelium and development of mushroom substrate do not need light, and the substrate formed in the dark environment is white and of high quality

Three, mushroom room setup

1, the location of the mushroom room: it is best to sit in the north and face the south

2, the arrangement of beds and frames

Mushroom room and beds should be vertically aligned, i.e., east-west direction of the mushroom room and beds are aligned in the north-south direction.

3. Ventilation equipment

4. Cultivation technology

1. Selection of varieties

Mushrooms are white in color, rounded and fat, with short and thick shanks that are not easy to open and have strong resistance.

2, culture material stacking technology

(1) Types of culture material

① straw ② livestock and poultry manure

(2) Calculation of nitrogen content of culture material before fermentation

Total nitrogen = raw material nitrogen content × total dry weight

Generally speaking, it is believed that the nitrogen content of the culture material should be 1.6% at least after fermentation, and the maximum nitrogen content should be not more than 1.85%

The nitrogen content of culture material should not be more than 1.85%. Not more than 1.85%

(3) Formulation of culture material

① pig, cow, sheep manure (dry weight) 57%, wheat straw or straw 40%, gypsum powder, lime, calcium superphosphate 1% each.

② Pig, cow, sheep manure (dry weight) 1000kg, wheat straw or straw 2500kg, human urine 500kg, calcium carbonate 50kg, calcium superphosphate, ammonium sulfate 3kg, gypsum powder 50kg, urea 10kg.

③ Pig, cow, sheep manure (dry weight) 3000kg, straw or straw 2000kg, gypsum powder, lime, calcium superphosphate 75kg, cake fertilizer 250kg. 75kg each of gypsum powder, lime, calcium superphosphate, 250kg of cake fertilizer.

4) 6400kg of rice straw, 2000kg of wood chips, 4800kg of cow dung, 120kg of urea, 120kg of ammonium bicarbonate, 120kg of calcium superphosphate, 200kg of gypsum powder, 120kg of calcium carbonate, 360kg of lime (for 400m2)

5) 4750kg of rice straw, 540kg of dried cow dung, 540kg of calcium carbonate and 540kg of dried cow dung, 360kg of lime. Cow dung 540kg, ammonium bicarbonate 189kg, calcium superphosphate 142kg, gypsum powder 135kg, lime 135kg.(can be used for 400m2)

(4) Piling method of culture material

① Conventional fermentation technology of culture material

A. Piling period: 25~30 days before planting. The southern region can be carried out around mid-September.

Heap method: first pre-wet wheat straw, straw. Dry cow dung, pig manure, etc. also need to water and mix pre-wet half a day. When building a pile, the first layer of grass, after a layer of manure, urea, ammonium sulfate and other fertilizers to be used up in the construction of the pile, the late use of the material will produce ammonia. This cycle of stacking, the top of the pile is turtle-back shape, to manure top.

C. Covering materials: straw or film.

D. Turning the heap: the first turning of the heap in about 7 days, add gypsum, lime, cake fertilizer, etc., and add half of the human manure and urine in proportion. The second turn the heap to add the other half of human urine, while adding compound fertilizer.

Turning the heap of moisture regulation, the use of "a wet two moist three see" principle, the material humidity control at about 65% is appropriate, pH 7.5-8.0. ② culture material fermentation technology

Pre-fermentation culture material moved into the mushroom room for a short period of time in the high-temperature fermentation. Fermentation method: pile the material into a heap on the upper layer of the bed frame, close the doors, windows and all the vents, make the temperature rise rapidly to 60 ℃ or more by steam and fire to keep 5-6 hours, the temperature drops to about 25 ℃, maintain 4 days, turn the culture material over the grid (i.e., open the doors and windows for a big ventilation), remove the poisonous gases from the culture material, and then spread out the culture material can be sown.

The standard of high-quality culture material: the material is reddish-brown, tough, without the odor of manure.

(5) The thickness and dosage of the culture material

The thickness of the culture material is closely related to the yield. Thick material has enough nutrients, high yield and good quality; thin material, though picking mushrooms early, has low yield and poor quality, easy to produce small mushrooms, thin skin, easy to open umbrella, not suitable for canning.

3. Disinfection of mushroom room

Fumigation with formaldehyde and potassium permanganate

4. Sowing

(1) Inspection before sowing

Species with the age of about 60 days, no pollution from pests and diseases and with strong living force should be selected. The humidity of the culture material is required to be about 65%, and the pH value of the material is 7.5-8.0. In addition, it is very important that there is no ammonia in the material.

(2) sowing period

All over the world must be based on local climatic conditions, mastered in the air temperature of about 25 ℃, the material temperature of 28 ℃ or less, choose the appropriate sowing period. South China can have mid to late October to early November.

(3) Sowing method and seeding amount

1) hole sowing method ② strip sowing method ③ scattering method ④ mixed sowing method ⑤ seeding amount

5, germination management technology

(1) Close the door to germination method

3 days after sowing, the mycelium of the seed block has already been hitching on the layer of material, and by the 7th day of the mycelium of the bed of the mushroom basically cover, the ventilation of the mushroom room can be gradually increased to exclude the undesirable gases in the room and increase the freshness and the temperature of the mushroom. Ventilation of the mushroom room can be gradually increased to remove the undesirable gases in the room and increase the fresh air, close the doors and windows at noon to strengthen the moisturizing.

(2) Open the door to develop bacteria

After sowing, open the window to let the moist fresh air enter the mushroom room to increase the humidity of the material surface and the oxygen content in the air, which is conducive to the development of the bacteria, and also conducive to the extension of the mycelium to the bottom of the bed.

(3) Timely elimination of pests and diseases

During the fermentation period of the material layer, molds, ghost umbrellas and other miscellaneous fungi as well as mites, fungus maggots and pests such as popping-tailed worms often occur, so check in a timely manner, and strive to eliminate the pests and diseases before covering the soil.

6. Mulching and water adjustment

(1) The role of mulching

1 Mulching can change the concentration of CO2 in the culture material, so that the mycelium of mushrooms can be transferred from the nutritive growth to the reproductive growth period and form the fruiting body, and keep the moisture of the culture material not to be dispersed, which is favorable for the development of the fruiting body and its fatness; secondly, the mulch contains a lot of beneficial microorganisms that can promote the formation of the fruiting body; thirdly, mulching is beneficial for the formation of fruiting body; and thirdly, mulching can help the formation of the fruiting body. Thirdly, the mulch layer has a supporting effect on the substrate, can regulate the rapid changes in temperature and humidity of the culture material, protect the growth and development of the mycelium in the material layer, and has a mechanical stimulation effect, which can promote the formation of the substrate.

(2) Selection of mulch

The nature of mulch affects the lateness of mushroom production and the yield. Soil with many capillaries, high organic matter content, good granular structure, large water holding capacity and certain nutrients should be selected as mulch material to facilitate the growth of mushroom mycelium through the mud layer. The pH of mulch is 7.5-8.0.

(3) Thickness of mulch

With carbon soil as mulch, the yield is high with 6cm thickness, while the yield is low with 3cm thickness

(4) Mulching period and method

Generally, it is about 20 days after sowing

(5) Spraying of mulch

The spraying of mulch should be carried out after mulching.

7. Management during mushroom emergence

(1) Temperature management

From mulching to mushroom emergence in about 20 days, the temperature should be controlled within 30℃, and the most suitable temperature for mycelium growth is 22-24℃, and the temperature should be reduced to 24℃ during the stage of development of the fruiting body, and the most suitable temperature is 14-16℃.

(2) Moisture management

General water content in the material to maintain 60-65%. Air humidity, mycelium growth stage is controlled at 70~80%, and the substrate formation stage is about 90~95%.

(3) Aeration of mushroom room

Mycelium, substrate and culture material produce CO2 and toxic gases during the growth of mushrooms, which should be ventilated and exhausted in time to introduce fresh air. When CO2 exceeds 0.5%, the formation of substrate is blocked.

(4) Pick the roots and replenish the soil

Timely pick the old roots and old mushrooms left on the bed and replenish the level.

(5) Fertilization

After the second batch of mushrooms is harvested, fertilization should be carried out when the small buds grow to the size of soybeans

8. Diseases and pests control

(1) Common diseases and their prevention and control

Common diseases of Agaricus bisporus include brown spot disease, brown rot disease, soft rot disease, roughness of the mushroom foot disease, and sudden collapse disease, etc. The methods of their prevention and control are that the material should be fermented for a second time, and the soil should be strictly sterilized, and the ventilation should be strengthened. The soil should be strictly sterilized, ventilation should be strengthened, and diseased mushrooms should be pulled out and buried immediately.

(2) Common pests and their prevention and control

Common pests such as mites, mushroom flies, mushroom mosquitoes, nematodes, etc. Strictly disinfect mushroom rooms, bed frames, culture materials and mulch, spray clean water, and install screens on doors and windows of mushroom rooms, so as to prevent adults from entering to lay eggs. For mushroom flies and mosquitoes, black light should be used to trap the adults. Mites can be trapped with bones of burnt incense.

(3) Common stray fungi and prevention

Common stray fungi are walnut flesh-like stray fungi, green mold, white gypsum mold, ghost umbrella, etc., which should be removed, destroyed, sprinkled with lime powder, replenished with new strains or new materials, and ventilation should be strengthened to facilitate mushroom production and growth and development.

(4) Common physiological diseases and their prevention and control

Common physiological diseases include landmine mushrooms, thin-skinned mushrooms, dead mushrooms, deformed mushrooms, etc. Mulching should be moderate, strengthen the ventilation of the mushroom room, reduce the temperature, control the use of water, and apply fertilizers, and the use of drugs during the period of mushroom emergence is strictly prohibited.

9. Harvesting

When the diameter of the cap of the mushroom fruiting body grows to 1.8-4cm, it can be harvested before it opens the umbrella. The first three batches of mushrooms are harvested by rotating method, i.e., pinching the cap with thumb, forefinger and middle finger, gently rotating and harvesting, and the tufts of mushrooms should be carefully cut with a knife in order to avoid affecting the growth of the surrounding mushrooms. After harvesting, use a sharp knife to cut the root in time, and the edge of the knife is perpendicular to the root of the mushroom and flat. Harvesting after three batches of mushrooms can adopt the method of pulling mushrooms, and at the same time bring out part of the old roots, and cut the roots after harvesting.