Ghosts are one of the six living beings in Buddhism, and they are different. There are good news and bad news. They are called ghosts without money and often have no food, so they are also called hungry ghosts. Some people have a diet, but it is not enough, which is called money and less ghosts; Some people are blessed with great rewards and often eat and drink, so they are called rich ghosts.
Ghost, Sanskrit Ficus pumila, Preta, old translation of hungry ghost. New translation ghost. The second set is called:' Poshayun: Ghosts are afraid, which means they are afraid of nothing. It's awesome. It makes him awe. He also wants to be a ghost, call him a hungry ghost, and keep asking others for food and drink to live. "The sentence is written everywhere:' Ghost, nonsense, pear-shaped (misspelled), Grandpa Qin Gui. All sentient beings were born like that at first, hence the name grandfather. Later generations are also called ancestors. I am greedy for this interest, which makes me hungry. Also driven by heaven, I also want to eat and drink, so I am called a hungry ghost. "There are many kinds of ghosts, such as Luo Cha, Hag, Qi Xin, or people who are often hungry and thirsty like a hungry ghost. A ghost in six breaths is a hungry ghost. See the hungry ghost.
Ghosts and gods have extraordinary power and can freely realize their own lives. In other words, although it belongs to ordinary beings, its ability is stronger than that of ordinary spirits. There are good ghosts and gods who protect Buddhism and defend the country, as well as evil ghosts and gods who destroy Buddhism, endanger the people and destroy the country. Some are good-looking, some have animal faces, and some are horrible. There are many kinds of departments. Its actions are unpredictable and looming. Buddhist scriptures mainly refer to hags, and occasionally refer to gods who live in trees. Among many ghosts and gods, many have been believed since the Vedas. By the rise of esoteric Buddhism in later generations, all ghosts and gods had become the symbols of Buddha's nature and virtue and entered Datura. In Buddhist scriptures, the following are common:
(1) Pis/A CA: transliteration is also called pishesheg, which translates into meat-eating ghosts, soul-sucking ghosts and crazy ghosts. It's an evil spirit that eats people's essence or flesh and blood. It is said that he is a family member of the eastern countries.
(2) Bhu ta: transliteration is negative. It's a metazoan ghost.
(3) ghost (preta): also translated as hungry ghost. The original refers to the spirit of the deceased; In ancient India, it refers to the spirit of the father and ancestors, who suffered so much that their descendants could not sacrifice them. In Buddhist scriptures, it refers to all beings who are trapped in the hungry ghost road and are constantly hungry.
(4) Veta la: literally translated as a corpse. Refers to a spirit that can make a corpse stand and use it to kill an enemy.
(5) Yak! A): also translated as medicine fork, which means agile, brave and healthy. In ancient India, it was regarded as a god or a demigod with supernatural power. In Buddhist scriptures, banshees are evil spirits who live on the ground or in the air and eat human flesh, and sometimes they are good gods who protect Buddhism. Among the eight sects of ghosts and gods and the eight sects of dragons, it is the Pishamton family.
(6) Luo Cha (ra^ks! Asa): It is an evil spirit flying in the air, confusing people with magical power and eating their flesh and blood.
In addition, there are the so-called Eight Ghosts, which refer to eight kinds of ghosts and gods, such as hag, Luo Cha, pigeon dish tea, Vishnu, Fu, Birido, Manna and Dragon. In addition, there are ten kinds of ghosts in the eighth volume of Shurangama Sutra. There are ten kinds of ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts, ghosts. It is the karma of those who violate the precepts of Bodhisattva, destroy Buddha's nirvana and engage in all kinds of evil deeds after burning aluminum fire.
◎ Attachment: Notes on Buddhism in China by Yin Shun (from Hua Yu Wen Ji Si)
Speaking of ghosts, Buddhism makes a clear distinction based on India's inherent beliefs. The primitive people of ghosts closed violence and generally translated as hungry ghosts. Indian legends (abbreviated) mostly refer to the possession of fathers or grandfathers. This is the same as the legend in China. When people die, they return to their ancestors. Later, the Ghost King was called the King of Yan (or translated by Yamaraja and Yan Moluo). There are also two types of criminals who are closed by ghosts: (1) Those who live in the world are governed by the king. (2) Most scattered people live in the Woods, so the Woods are called' ghost villages'. These ghosts can be divided into three categories: ghosts without money, ghosts with less money and ghosts with more money. Ghosts with no money and ghosts with little money have no food, or they don't get much benefit. This is a veritable hungry ghost. Some rich ghosts enjoy themselves very much, just like immortals. This is similar to what our country says, people die as ghosts, and if those who have meritorious deeds are gods, the meaning is similar. This is about' people die as ghosts', so there are many names.
Buddhism believes that only such a hungry ghost will accept the sacrifices of his descendants. As far as the six divisions in Wheel of Karma are concerned, ghosts are not necessarily ghosts when people are dead (people are not necessarily ghosts when they are dead), but may also come from hell, animals and heaven. There are many kinds of ghosts. Some are related to astronomical phenomena, such as wind, clouds, thunder and rain, and some are related to the earth, such as mountains, rivers, lands, forests and valleys. Some are advanced and called Heaven (God), and some are extremely humble. These names include Hager, Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha, Ganlu Po, Kinnara, Kupantuo, Wei Schet, Fodana, Jiayu Fodana and so on. Hag is holding a diamond pestle; Luo Cha men are very violent and evil, and women are lustful to death; Women who fuck donkeys like music; Kinnara has a horn on his head; Pigeon Pan Tuo looks like a wax gourd and lives on human nature. This kind of ghost (commonly called ghosts and gods) is called heaven, for example, the Four Kings and Heaven, some ghosts and Heaven, and Heaven is a ghost (there are also animals and Heaven, such as dragons, Geruda and Mahoraga). ). Such ghosts and gods, if good, should also believe in Buddhism and protect the three treasures; Evil is harmful to people and hinders Buddhism, so Buddhism has the legend of subduing these ghosts. This kind of ghosts and gods are close to the ghosts, charms, ghosts, Raytheon, Hebo, dragons and phoenixes in China. It is different from' people die as ghosts'.
Ghosts and gods in Buddhist legends are concerned by China people, and people are ghosts in hell when they die. Influenced by Confucian filial piety, everyone cares about the life of hungry ghosts such as parents after death, hoping to get some relief and comfort filial children and grandchildren. First of all, there appeared a mistranslation of Thanksgiving Sutra in the Western Jin Dynasty (translated into Mahayana Sutra in China). The scripture says: the mother of the venerable fell into a hungry ghost and asked the Buddha for liberation. Buddha said: On July 15th, when the monks wholeheartedly provided for the monks, the seventh parents, the sixth relatives and their families, they could be freed from the "three evils"-the three evils. This is an Indian custom, but in China, it has been greatly developed, spreading the story of Manglietia to save her mother, and it has evolved into a famous' Manglietia Drama'. But Mulian is just an arhat, and Mahayana Buddhism in China finally discovered the Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha related to the "land". According to the Ten-Round Sutra of Dizang, Dizang Bodhisattva became a monk in a filthy world. Declare all kinds of evil deeds of falling into hell and advise family members not to violate them. This is to focus on all beings and not fall into hell, not to save all beings from falling into hell. Of course, the divine power of the Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha is revealed, as well as "the body of Yan Luowang" and "the body of the underground jailer". In this way, Buddhism in China developed the method of saving the hungry ghosts in hell by the Bodhisattva Ksitigarbha.
(1) The Merits of the Earth-hidden Bodhisattva translated by Tang. However, there is no such book in the records of Tang and Song classics. There were no Song Zang, Li Zang, Zhaisha Zang and Yuan Zang, but it was only in Ming Zang that it was doubtful. According to the Prayer Sutra, a Brahmin woman supported the stupa with filial piety, called chanting Buddha's name, and made her dead mother born in hell. He also said: life's core monuments, a blind woman of the Tibetan Bodhisattva, made a big wish to spend all the living beings such as hell and then become a Buddha; In this way, the mother who is about to fall into hell will be relieved of her pain. Paying more attention to filial piety is more important than freeing all beings in hell (hungry ghosts), which is suitable for China people and can be said to be the Mahayana of saving the mother.
(2) The origin of the Ten Kings Classic is the Tibetan Bodhisattva (continued in Tibetan), and the legend is Tibetan by Song Zhao. Yamaraja has ten kings, namely the legendary Yamaraja. After death, people will be judged by ten kings here. Afraid of their unfair trial, ksitigarbha bodhisattva will also come to participate in the ruling. The ten halls of hades, together with the ghosts of judges, look like the yamen between people. According to Buddhism, "if you do something bad today and don't do something good, you will be rewarded." "Self-inflicted", you don't need to be tried if you report to the industry. According to the Ten Kings Classic, it is nothing more than referring to the political system of human beings and making it up to educate the ignorant; Most of the top ten temples in Yamaraja were shaped in the folk Town God Temple.
The legend of the Ten Kings in Tibet was mixed with Mulian's theory of saving mother, and finally July in the lunar calendar was called' Ghost Moon'. "Ghost Return", after the death of China's ancient "evocation", there is a legend of "soul return". Yin and Yang believe that people will come back within a certain period of time after death, so they have the custom of "avoiding evil spirits" and "receiving evil spirits". A mage said,' After death, people will always return to their house (body), just like traveling. This is not Buddhism, but an inherent folk belief in China. July 15, Taoism called Mid-Autumn Festival; Just as Buddhism says July 15th-offering sacrifices to monks at will can relieve the suffering of hungry ghosts. Then it was mixed with the theories of Ksitigarbha and Yan Luowang, and there was a presumption that the end of July was the birthday of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. China's folk (and Buddhist) beliefs, July is an open day, and all ghosts in hell go back to their hometown to visit relatives. Siksananda and Bukong in the Tang Dynasty both translated the tripitaka "Saving Hungry Ghosts from Craters". Not empty, there is also a "flame mouth ceremony." The mouth of a flame is the mouth of a hungry ghost, so the translation is natural (burning). This is the "tantric Mahayana" method to save the hungry ghosts in the later period of Indian Buddhism, which can save countless hungry ghosts. Suitable for China's belief that "people die as ghosts", in July, people set fire to save their parents' ghosts; Some people call it' Purdue', which is also very appropriate. In July, a large number of ghosts swarmed in and set fire everywhere (some recited the Wishing Sutra of Tibetan Bodhisattva in July); Yes, I think it means distributing food to the hungry. The seventh month of the China lunar calendar is "teaching filial piety" and "saving the ghost moon", which can also be said to be "ghosts go home for the holidays", which is very lively. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism-the blending of the three religions in July seems to be getting farther and farther away from the original intention of hell and ghosts and gods in Buddhism!