A, seedling sowing
1, seed treatment:
***1*** The seeds will be drying in the sun for 4-5 days, do not dry on the iron plate or cement floor.
***2*** Soak the seeds in 50-55 ℃ warm water, the amount of water is 5 times the amount of seeds can be soaked for 8-12 hours, panning without spicy flavor, can be sown.
2, sowing time: sowing can be around March 20th. The latest should be sown before the end of March, that is: nursery bed soil 10 cm depth stabilized by 10 ℃ above can be sown.
Two, seedling management:
1, temperature: sowing to seedling, indoor temperature in the shed 28-30 ℃, after the emergence of seedlings, the daytime in 20-25 ℃, the highest not more than 28 ℃, more than 28 ℃, can be appropriate wind refining. In case of low temperature, the film should be covered at night to prevent frost damage. 10-15 days before planting, to refining, to prevent growing, 7 days before planting, the best indoor temperature close to the outdoor temperature.
2, water management: seedlings 2-3 true leaves before, do not water.
After 3 true leaves, the bed soil is wet and dry. Before planting l-2 days can be poured through the water.
3, fertilization: seedlings grow to 4-5 true leaves, with 0.2% concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and humic acid leaf fertilizer for foliar spraying. 4, pest control: ***1*** control of mole crickets, root-knot nematodes, grubs and other seedling underground pests, available 40% of the nematode phosphorus or 90% of trichlorfon mixed or made into poisonous bait. ***2***The main pests and diseases in the seedling stage are sudden collapse, standstill blight, viruses, etc., which can be used as seedling fungus enemy or Radomir, Boya quick effect spray or watering roots.
Three, fixed value
l, the whole land to do bed:
***1*** Requirements for soil fertilizer live loose white flowers soil or light loam, strictly prohibited saline and alkaline land. After tilling the soil, the stubble will be cleaned.
**2***The four-meter field is made into a rectangular flat bed.
**3***Mu of potash diammonium phosphate 15-20kg plus potassium sulfate 10-15kg, or content of 40% of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer 25-30kg, 2000kg of high-quality farmyard fertilizer.
**4***With the herbicide Shidian supplement fluridone for weeding.
2, transplanting
***l*** transplanting time: after the final frost period, the average daily temperature reaches 15 ℃ does not offend the wind can be transplanted. Suitable date in May 15-25 days.
***2***Transplanting density: mu keep seedling 4500-5000 plants / mu, because the variety of early fruit and fruit concentration, should not squatting seedlings, to ensure adequate nutrition and water supply.
***3***Drugs dipping root: use transplanting spirit per 15kg of water plus 1000 times liquid Xin Phosphorus solution to do dipping root, can improve the survival rate of seedlings and control of pests and diseases.
Four field management
1, water management: transplanting water a seedling. After slowing down the seedling published roots, you can water once. Door pepper grows to Button size before, should be appropriate squatting seedling plowing weed. Flowering, fruiting season, according to soil moisture and weather conditions appropriate watering, to ensure that the field is moist but not too much, otherwise prone to a variety of diseases and drop flowers and fruits.
2, fertilizer management, door pepper expansion period, mu of urea 10 kg or Shi Bifeng punch fertilizer, should be properly sprayed leaf surface fertilizer and regulator *** such as cloud 120 ****, to ensure that the leaf function. 3, disease control: red pepper in the whole life cycle of the main diseases are bacterial *** scab ***, fungal **** disease, brown spot disease, epidemic and virus diseases, physiological umbilical rot, day burning disease.
The control methods of red pepper are as follows:
***1***Physical control: take crop rotation, cultivate strong seedlings, choose disease-resistant varieties, and increase the application of farmyard fertilizer.
***2***Chemical control: If bacterial diseases occur, available 72% agro-streptomycin 3000-4000 times liquid or 1000 times liquid or DT fungicide 600 times liquid for field spraying, generally 7 days between successive prevention and control of 2-3 times, the virus can be used 20% Virus A 400-500 times liquid plus the appropriate amount of foliar fertilizer spraying intervals of 5-7 days, successively! Use 2-3 times: **** disease available 80% **** Fomei 800-1000 times concentrated liquid or metribuzin 600 times liquid every 7 days to control; epidemic disease available 75% Chlorothalonil, 25% Redomil Dupont Klu 800 times liquid interval 5-7 days to control 2-3 times consecutively.
Five, harvesting, drying, picking
l, fresh fruit harvest: market acquisition of fresh pepper, can be picked when the fruit is fully ripe, picking fresh fruit to be sold in time.
2, dry pepper harvest; a strand to the beginning of October into the harvest, the plant uprooted, and drying in the field, 5-7 days to turn once, to be pepper fruit drying to the hand grip gas, hand twisting does not slip, according to the requirements of graded picking.
Red pepper planting conditions
1, germination temperature of 25 ℃, below 15 ℃ germination difficulties. Plant growth period daytime temperature of 22 ~ 28 ℃, 15 ~ 20 ℃ at night, below 15 ℃ or higher than 35 ℃, flowering and pollination is not normal, often resulting in the fall of flowers and fruits.
2, short-term sunshine crop, in the light conditions of 10-12 hours a day, flowering and fruiting early and normal, longer sunshine there can also adapt. Requirements for medium intensity light, insufficient light will reduce the rate of fruiting; strong direct light, plant growth slowed down, the fruit is prone to sunburn.
3, shallow root system, neither waterlogging, nor drought tolerance, need to supply water often to grow well. However, the field can not be waterlogged, the field waterlogged for a few hours, the plant will wilt, serious pieces of death.
Soil conditions are not very strict, in the not very fertile, but rich in potassium soil conditions, the cultivation of pepper plants are small and compact, the results are few and concentrated, the pepper fruit color and lustre, high capsaicin content, good quality.
Cultivation techniques of red pepper
A, botanical characteristics
There are obvious main roots and many lateral roots and root hairs, the main root is injured, the lateral root occurs faster, so the transplant survival rate is higher. It is not easy to produce adventitious roots on the stem. Branches from the 12th-14th nodes, the first branch is mostly 2, the second branch is mostly 4-6. Leaves are ovoid or oblong-ovoid, simple and alternate, with obvious veins and smooth surfaces. Corolla white, the fruit is ramrod-shaped, 8-15cm long, fresh pepper green, red or dark red after maturity.
II. Requirements for environmental conditions
1. Temperature. Germination temperature is 25 ℃, below 15 ℃ germination difficulties. Plant growth period daytime temperature of 22-28 ℃, 15-20 ℃ at night, below 15 ℃ or higher than 35 ℃, flowering and pollination is not normal, often resulting in the fall of flowers and fruits.
2. Light. Is a short-day crop, in the light conditions of 10-12 hours a day, flowering and fruiting early and normal, but also adapt to longer days. Requirements for medium-intensity light, insufficient light will reduce the rate of fruiting; strong direct light, plant growth slowed down, the fruit is prone to sunburn.
3. Water. Root system is weak, neither drought nor waterlogging tolerance, need to often supply water to grow well. But the field can not be waterlogged, the field waterlogged for a few hours, the plant will wilt, serious pieces of death.
4. Soil. Yidu red pepper is not very strict on soil conditions, sandy soil, loamy soil, sand ginger black soil can be planted. In not very fertile, but rich in potassium soil conditions, the cultivation of pepper plants small and compact, results in fewer and concentrated, the pepper fruit color and lustre, high capsaicin content, good quality.
Three, cultivation technology
1. seedling transplantation. Spring planting seedling time in the equinox to Qingming, summer planting seedling time in the Qingming to the rain. The use of plastic film cover nursery, seedling age 45-60 days. Seedlings in the 2 true leaves and 4 true leaves before and after the inter-seedling 1 time, the standard is about 3-4cm to stay 1 seedling, per square meter to stay about 600 seedlings. Seedling height 6-7cm should be gradually ventilated after refining, reduce the height of seedlings, improve the resistance to adversity, to ensure the survival rate of transplanting. Seedling height 10-13cm, 6-7 true leaves, flower buds appear when the transplanting began, spring planting of the valley rain to the summer transplanting; summer planting of the transplanting time should be early rather than late, early planting of high yield, in Shanxi Province to June 20 before planting is preferred. Before transplanting pepper field deep plowing 30cm, leveling and harrowing, every 667 square meters into the quality of stable fertilizer 4000kg, calcium superphosphate 30-40kg, three compound fertilizer 50kg. stable fertilizer evenly into the field, phosphate fertilizer, compound fertilizer concentrated in transplanting ditch. According to the size of the row ditch, large row spacing 80cm, small row spacing 60cm, plant spacing 20cm, every 667 square meters planted 4500-5000 plants. Chili pepper seedlings are afraid of injuring the roots, before starting the seedling beds should be watered thoroughly, start as much as possible with the soil, immediately after planting water, after covering the film or mulch.
2. Field management. In the plot not covered with mulch, agricultural film, pepper slow seedling that should be continuously hoeing 3-4 times, in order to improve the ground temperature to promote the root under the root. Door pepper flowering before and after the door pepper below the old leaves and branches all removed, in order to facilitate field ventilation and light and prevent the pepper below the branches. Before the onset of the rainy season, the soil should be cultivated to support the ridge, in order to facilitate drainage. Depending on the moisture condition, timely watering, timely drainage after the rain. Immediately after the rain, you should pour 1 well water to reduce the ground temperature and air temperature, called "flood watering garden". Yidu red pepper production fertilizer to base fertilizer, such as insufficient base fertilizer, fertilizer, should be carried out before soil cultivation, per 667 square meters with 250kg of broken soil fertilizer mixed with ternary composite fertilizer 25-30kg, planing **** Shi in the chili pepper on the one side, cover compaction, but should pay attention to try not to injure the root system.
3. Pest control. The main diseases during the growth of chili pepper *** disease, virus disease. *** disease can be prevented with 1:1:160 Pollardo liquid after the first flower, sprayed every 7-10 days. After the discovery of disease spots can be sprayed with 80% of Dyson Manganese Zinc 800 times liquid or 70% of Thiophanate-methyl 600-800 times liquid to prevent and control. Virus disease should be prevention-oriented, in the timely prevention and control of aphids, gray lice and other vectors at the same time, in the seedling period and planting timely spraying 20% of the virus a wet powder 500 times liquid or 20% of the virus Koxing 400-600 times liquid prevention and control, sprayed once every 5-7 days.
4. Harvest. Yidu red pepper's normal ripening time before the frost, such as in the case of drought years, the harvest time can be advanced to around the autumnal equinox. Harvest standards should be mastered in 80% of the chili pepper red. The harvesting method is to dig out the roots and lay them out in the field to dry for 2-3 days, then transport them to the village head field and put them vertically into a piece. Repeatedly inverted sun, until the leaves fall clean, and then the pepper plant stacking. Stacking first padded bottom of the stack, generally 1.2m wide bottom of the stack, 30-40cm above the ground, the length depends on the number of chili peppers. Chili pepper plants two plants opposite each other, root inward, tip outward, flat, stack height of 2m or so, the upper part of the cover to prevent rain. In the well-ventilated conditions of natural wind drying, to be pepper fruit dry, from the plant off, grading, packaging, sale.