First, ratooning rice
Ratooning rice is the focus of late autumn production and has become a late autumn grain crop in eastern Sichuan. In addition, the commodity rate and economic value of ratooning rice are obviously higher than that of middle rice. Therefore, developing high-quality ratooning rice is an important way to adjust rice quality structure and increase farmers' income. We should focus on the following key technologies:
1. Do a good job in pest control in the middle and late period of one-season rice.
Recently, according to the investigation and forecast of the plant protection department, in 2009, rice blast, rice stem borer, rice scab, rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, rice corn borer, rice ear neck blast and rice sheath blight will be more serious than in 2008, showing a trend of recurrence. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of pests and diseases in the field, determine the key points and critical periods of prevention and control, select appropriate pesticides, and timely prevent and control rice blast, Chilo suppressalis, rice sheath blight, rice planthopper and other pests and diseases.
2. Scientific fertilization is the basis of stable and high yield of ratooning rice. Germination-promoting fertilizer is generally applied after full heading of one-season rice 15 ~ 20 days, and urea per mu 10 ~ 15 kg. Seedling fertilizer should be applied with 3 ~ 5 kilograms of urea per mu within 3 ~ 5 days after the first season rice harvest. When fertilizing, a certain water layer should be kept in the field. In case of high temperature and drought and no water in the field, foliar spraying can be used.
3. The harvest of one-season rice is to see the bud harvest, keep the proper height of rice pile, harvest one-season rice at the right time, keep the height of rice pile and strive to make dormant buds become ears, which is beneficial to the rapid elongation of dormant buds, enhance stress resistance, and promote the early maturity, stable and high yield of ratooning rice. The height of stumps of general rice varieties in the first season should reach 33 ~ 40 cm.
4. Spraying gibberellin (920) at the early heading stage of ratooning rice, using1.5 ~ 2g of "920" per mu, dissolving with a little white wine and spraying seedlings with 60kg of water to promote the neatness of ratooning rice ear layer.
Second, autumn potatoes (covered with straw)
Straw mulching cultivation of autumn potato not only has the functions of saving labor and time, keeping warm and keeping moisture, preventing waterlogging and weeding, saving cost, increasing yield and increasing efficiency, but also has great significance in increasing soil organic matter, improving soil structure, improving soil fertility, promoting the adjustment of grain and oil structure in autumn in eastern Sichuan, developing autumn potato production and increasing farmers' income. We should focus on the following technologies:
1. Standardize shallow rice stubble when harvesting rice in the whole field, and ditch immediately after harvesting rice. A deep trench with a high compartment of 2.25m, a compartment surface width of 2m, a trench width of 0.25m and a trench depth of 0.3m is adopted. A side trench with a width of 0.25m and a depth of 0.3~0.4m is opened around the ridge1m.. The car surface keeps the same height, and the car groove pattern is fixed for a long time.
2. To popularize early-maturing virus-free varieties of autumn potatoes, we should first choose virus-free potatoes with strong stress resistance, especially high temperature resistance, short dormancy period (30-40 days) and strong disease resistance as early-maturing and extra-early-maturing varieties of seed potatoes. Vegetable varieties can be popularized, such as Zhongshu No.2, Zhongshu No.3, Chuanyuzao, Chuanyu No.4, Chuanyu No.56, Chongqing Potato 1, Nanzhong 552, etc. They can all be harvested 60 days after emergence, and some can be harvested 45 days after emergence.
3. It is better to plant small whole potatoes, and the weight of each small whole potato is about 25g. If large potatoes are used as seed potatoes, they should be cut into pieces to accelerate germination before germination.
(1) Cut into pieces 7 ~ 10 days before sowing, select a single potato with a disease-free weight of 70 ~ 80g as seed potato, and cut it into 3 ~ 4 pieces longitudinally along the terminal bud with a sharp knife, leaving 1 ~ 2 buds for each piece.
(2) Seed soaking with gibberellin can break dormancy and promote germination. The method is: soak the seeds with whole potatoes or cut into pieces. The whole potato seeds can be soaked in gibberellin of 10 ~ 20 mg/kg for 30 minutes, and the cut potato seeds can be soaked in gibberellin of 1mg/kg for 5 ~ 10 minutes.
(3) Put the seed potatoes soaked by accelerating germination indoors, spread wet straw on the top and bottom, and put the seed potatoes in the middle. When the bud grows to 0.5 ~ 1 cm, you can sow in the field.
4. Sow potatoes early in time, which likes cool climate, and the sowing date should be when the daily average temperature drops below 25℃. The suitable sowing date is from late August to early September in Pingba hilly area below 500 meters above sea level in eastern Sichuan. In the low mountain area with an altitude of 500 ~ 800 m, the suitable sowing date is late August.
5. Reasonable close planting, net potatoes after rice stubble are added with base fertilizer, and the sowing density per mu should reach 1 ~ 1. 1 10,000 nests, the row spacing is 0.33m, and the nest spacing is 0. 16 ~ 0. 18m ... When sowing potatoes, Autumn potato has a short growth period, and it is difficult to topdressing after straw mulching, so it is generally cleaned with base fertilizer. Generally, sufficient organic fertilizer 1 100 ~ 1 500 kg, urea 10 ~ 1 5 kg, calcium superphosphate 25 ~ 30 kg, plant ash 1 50 kg (or potassium chloride/kloc) Potatoes can be sprayed with 0.35% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50kg twice in full bloom, with an interval of 7 ~ 10 day each time.
6. The best straw mulch for autumn potato after rice stubble is straw, and the best coverage is per mu 1 000 ~ 1 300 kg dry straw. Specific practices: After sowing and fertilizing potatoes, immediately cover the whole surface of the box body with straw in a vertical and tip-to-tip manner, so that the covering thickness of straw can reach 10 ~ 15 cm.
7. Pest control The most serious pests to potatoes are aphids and grubs. Spraying 2.5% deltamethrin with 2 500 times of water at the early stage of aphid occurrence; In order to control grubs, 500 grams of 90% trichlorfon crystals were dissolved in water, sprayed on 35 kilograms of fine soil, and scattered on the surface of the compartment when sowing. The main diseases that harm potatoes are late blight, bacterial wilt, ring rot and virus disease. In the early stage of late blight, that is, when the potato enters the early flowering stage, if the central diseased plant appears in the field, 25% metalaxyl WP500 times solution or 100g potato insect repellent should be sprayed immediately, and 1 time every 7 ~ 10 days, for 2 ~ 3 times in total.
Third, autumn waxy corn
Waxy corn has high nutritional value. In addition to covering the early-maturing supply market with plastic film in early spring, it can also be cultivated in late autumn. As long as the cultivation management is proper, the yield per mu can generally reach more than 500 kilograms. If it is listed in autumn after the National Day, it will get better benefits. Cultivation techniques of autumn waxy corn are as follows:
1. The land selection and planting scope are arranged in plots with good water source conditions, deep soil layers and convenient drought resistance and seedling protection; Suitable for planting below 550 meters above sea level in eastern Sichuan.
2. Breeding waxy corn varieties with good quality, short growth period, strong drought resistance and strong disease resistance. At present, Yunuo No.7, Yunuo No.8, Zunnuo 1, Jin Nuo 1, Lunuo No.8, Zhongnuo 1 and other high-quality waxy corn varieties are mainly popularized in eastern Sichuan.
3. Sow in areas with early sowing period before "beginning of autumn" (below 350m above sea level). From July 20 to August 5, sow in a place with deep soil layer that can resist drought and protect seedlings. Medium-mature areas (below 550 meters above sea level) must be sown before July 15 until the end of July.
4. The planting density is 3 000 ~ 3 200 plants per mu. Row spacing 1m, nest spacing 40 ~ 43cm. Sow 4 ~ 5 seeds in each nest, 3 ~ 4 seedlings and 5 ~ 6 seedlings among leaves after emergence, with 2 plants in each nest, with seeds per mu 1.5 ~ 2 kg. In the suitable sowing period, early sowing should be dense and late sowing should be sparse.
5. The base fertilizer of formula fertilization is mainly organic fertilizer, and the topdressing is combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, and it is per mu 1500 ~ 2000 kg of human and animal manure. When applying 3-4 leaves after emergence, apply urea 1 500 kg or ammonium bicarbonate 2 0 kg, calcium superphosphate 30 kg, potassium chloride 10 ~ 15 kg or plant ash 1500 ~ 2000 kg per mu. If the drought is serious from emergence to heading and flowering, use manure to fight drought and protect seedlings; After the drought, topdressing should be done in time, that is, 20kg urea or 50kg ammonium bicarbonate should be used per mu at the big bell mouth stage, and 1 500kg human and animal manure should be sprayed.
6 pest control and promotion of high efficiency, low toxicity and low residue biological pesticides. Spraying biological agent Qian Sheng 1 bag or monosultap 1 bag or 200 grams of bisultap on 3-5 leaves of maize after emergence; Use Qian Sheng 1 to wrap 7-8 leaves (big trumpet stage) or pour 200 grams of insecticide into 45 kilograms of water to control corn borer. Sow in August 10. After emergence (big trumpet stage), 7-8 leaves are irrigated with Qian Sheng 1 bag of 45kg water to control corn borer. If aphids and midges are found after heading and flowering, dimethoate 100g should be sprayed with water in time. Varieties with strong disease resistance and light diseases are generally not controlled.
Fourth, autumn soybeans.
Autumn soybean is a one-season soybean planted in autumn fallow land before and after harvesting big spring crops such as rice and corn (July 20th to August 15) and before sowing small spring crops. Developing autumn soybean can not only improve the land utilization rate and increase farmers' income, but also has great significance for adjusting agricultural structure, improving fertile soil, developing sustainable agriculture and ecological agriculture, and alleviating the contradiction between supply and demand of soybean. The key points of autumn soybean cultivation techniques are as follows:
1. Select good varieties. Choose early-maturing varieties Zhechun No.3, Chengdou No.9, Gong Dou 10, Chuandou No.6, Ningzhen 1 and Yudou 1 with excellent quality, high yield and short growth period.
2. Choose paddy field or dry land in early-maturing area below 400m above sea level, and rice can be harvested before August 10, especially in oily sandy land, semi-sandy land and semi-muddy land.
3. Grab the wet (drought-resistant) time, sow without tillage and cover with straw to ensure that the best sowing date of soybean in autumn is before August 15. Immediately after the rice is harvested (cutting the rice pile in situ), the paddy field is ditched to grab moisture, no-tillage sowing is carried out, and straw is covered to keep moisture. When planting autumn soybeans in dry land, it is necessary to ensure that the soil is fully moist, sow after rain at the appropriate sowing date, and cover with straw to ensure the emergence of seedlings.
4. Strict Planting Density The suitable planting density of Zhechun No.3, Chengdou No.9, Gong Dou 10, Chuandou No.6 and Ningzhen 1 is 3-4 seeds per hole and 2-3 plants per seedling per mu 1.2 ~ 1.5 million holes. Yudou 1 0.8 ~ 1 10,000 nests, with 2 ~ 3 seedlings per nest.
5. Mixed bacteria fertilization is the key technology to obtain high yield of autumn soybean. Before sowing, rhizobia is used to add a small amount of sediment or calcium magnesium phosphate to mix with the seeds evenly. Sow in white nest, and cover the seeds with 800 ~ 1 000 kg decomposed ash fertilizer (composting for more than half a month) and 25 ~ 40 kg phosphate fertilizer. If the soil is dry or the summer drought is serious, manure water plus phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be used as the base fertilizer, or manure water plus phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can be used for watering immediately after the emergence of the white nest. After sowing 10 ~ 15 days, topdressing 2000 kg of water and fertilizer and 5 kg of urea. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate on leaves twice before and after flowering.
6. Weeds in autumn soybean field are harmful, so intertillage or chemical weeding is needed in time. Gramoxone is used the day before sowing, acetochlor is used before seedling after sowing, and high-efficiency covering grass (or fine grass) is used to control weeds after emergence.
7. Pest control is the key technology of autumn soybean, and 10% imidacloprid must be used to control soybean stem fly and leaf miner 7 ~ 10 days after sowing. Pay attention to control the damage of soybean leaf roller about 25 days after sowing. Control borers and aphids in time at the end of flowering period, and pay attention to rodent control in the field when entering the filling stage. In case of rainy weather, attention should be paid to rust prevention.
Five, autumn sweet potato
In the soil below 500 meters above sea level in eastern Sichuan, it is best to choose early-maturing varieties, plant them as early as possible and plant them reasonably close. The main cultivation techniques of autumn sweet potato are as follows:
1. Select improved varieties and prepare for strong seedlings. Autumn sweet potato has a short growth period, so varieties with early fruiting should be selected, such as Chuanshu 10 1, Nanshu 99, Chuanshu 383, Chuanshu 294 and Mianshu 7.
2. Timely early planting, reasonable close planting and straw mulching are one of the key technologies to improve the yield of sweet potato. The effective way to increase the yield of autumn sweet potato is to increase the number of plants and potatoes per mu. So hurry up and plant early. Autumn sweet potato can be planted in dry land from late July to early August. When sowing rice seeds in rice fields, autumn sweet potato should be ditched and drained as soon as possible. Rice should be ridged and sown in time after harvest, and the sowing date should be before August 20. Generally speaking, the planting density of high-yield fields in autumn is 6 000 ~ 7 000 plants per mu. Strong seedlings should be planted deep, cutting seedlings should leave 6 ~ 7 leaves, and 4 ~ 5 leaves should be planted in the soil. In case of drought, drought-resistant planting should be carried out. First, water is poured along the ridge back, then seedlings are planted in the nest, and manure is sprayed while planting. At the same time, pay attention to covering the seedlings with straw or corn stalk for 3 ~ 4 days after planting, so as to shade, cool down, moisturize, prevent drought and protect seedlings and improve the survival rate.
3. Early management, intertillage and topdressing. Remove the plastic film immediately after 3-4 days, intertillage and topdressing for 5- 10 days, and use decomposed pig manure water per mu.
Topdressing 1 000 ~ 1 500 kg urea 5 ~ 10 kg promoted early seedling, early branch and premature delivery of potato. Plant ash 100 ~ 150 kg was applied when the vine leaves were sealed in the middle stage to promote the tuber swelling.
Six, autumn buckwheat
Buckwheat has short growth period, strong adaptability, moderate yield and rich nutrition. It is a kind of miscellaneous grains with multiple health care functions. At present, the market demand for buckwheat is increasing day by day. East Sichuan has a history of planting buckwheat, and developing autumn buckwheat farmers can increase production and income. The key technical links are as follows:
1. Popularize bitter buckwheat varieties Chuanqiao 1, Chuanqiao No.2 and Xiqiao 1 with strong cold resistance, early fruiting and high yield in East Sichuan. It is best to choose buckwheat 1, buckwheat 2 and other varieties with many branches, concentrated seed setting and high seed setting rate in hilly and gully areas of eastern Sichuan. It is best to use new seeds harvested in the same year, and carefully select and dry the seeds to improve the germination rate.
2. Fine soil preparation requires fine soil preparation, and the tillage depth is about 20cm, which is not suitable for shallow tillage or no-tillage. Removing the stubble and weeds of the previous crop is beneficial to sowing and seedling emergence, and pay attention to ditching and drainage. Buckwheat avoid continuous cropping.
3. Sow in time. Sow as early as possible in competition with other crops to avoid late freezing injury. Seeding should be done before beginning of autumn in East Sichuan, and not later than August 20th in other areas of East Sichuan.
4. The reasonable planting density is 6 ~ 8kg per mu. Under the condition of general water and fertilizer, the hole spacing is 18 ~ 24 cm, and each hole is sown with 10 ~ 12 grains; The drilling is empty 12 ~ 18 cm, and the sowing distance is 9 ~ 12 cm. Seed selection should be dry before sowing. Soak the seeds in warm water at 35℃ 15 minutes, and mix the seeds with plant ash after soaking. Soak the nest with dung before sowing, and cover the seeds with compost, plant ash and residual fertilizer after sowing.
5. Scientifically fertilize the soles of feet and increase the application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. 750 ~ 1 000 kg of farmyard manure, 0/5 ~ 30 kg of calcium superphosphate/kloc-0, 25 kg of plant ash as base fertilizer. If 3 ~ 4 leaves are weak at the true leaf stage, 2.5 ~ 5 kg urea should be used per mu to raise seedlings. At the initial flowering stage, 0. 15 ~ 0.2 kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.5 ~ 1 kg of urea can be topdressing per mu of 60 ~ 75 kg of water. Ensure sufficient nutrient supply in the later stage, reduce bud falling and flower falling, and improve seed setting rate.
6. Tian Tuan management
(1) In the true leaf stage of 3-4 seedlings, seedlings should be planted evenly and intermittently in plots and lots where seedlings are too dense, so as to remove the weak and retain the strong, and remove the dense and retain the sparse. Ensure about 200 plants per square meter.
(2) Intertillage weeding: when the seedlings grow to 6-8 cm, the first weeding is done manually, and the second weeding is done before flowering, combined with soil cultivation.
(3) Promote branching and control vigorous growth under the condition of high level fertilization. Spraying 40-50 kg paclobutrazol solution at the initial stage of budding can reduce plant height, increase branches, resist lodging and increase yield, which can increase yield by more than 65,438+05%.
(4) Insect control at flowering stage is the main method, and insect control at seedling stage is the auxiliary method. Use kung fu, killing enemies and other pesticides to prevent and control.
(5) Artificial pollination during pollination and flowering can improve the seed setting rate.
7. Harvest buckwheat in time. Before it matures, the impurities in the field should be removed in time to ensure the purity. The whole plant can be harvested when the seeds are 70% mature, and early morning harvesting is advocated. When harvesting, cut gently and put down gently. After cutting, it will be cooked in the shed for a few days and threshed nearby to reduce losses.
(Tonglian: Agriculture Bureau of Wusheng County, Sichuan Province 638400)