Major festivals
form
Chinese traditional festivals are diverse in form and rich in content, and they are an important part of the long history and culture of the Chinese nation. It is the legal system of "a civilized society ruled by law". It is the basic framework of regional civilized countries.
The origin and development of festivals is a "cultural process of gradual formation and perfection" of human society, and it is the product of the evolution and development of civilization from apes to humans.
The traditional festivals in China are loaded with myths, legends, astronomy, geography, magic numbers, calendars, and other humanistic and natural cultural contents.
Documentary records can be traced back at least to Xia Xiaozheng and Shangshu. By the Warring States Period, 24 solar terms were divided in a year, which was basically completed. Later traditional festivals were all closely related to these solar terms.
Every Chinese traditional festival has its own origin and necessary conditions for its formation.
develop
Solar terms provide a prerequisite for the emergence of festivals. Most festivals have already begun to appear in the pre-Qin period, but the richness and popularity of customs still need a long development process. The earliest custom activities are related to primitive worship and life taboos; Myths and legends add a bit of romance to the festival; There is also the impact and influence of religion on festivals; Some eternal memorials to historical figures have infiltrated into festivals, all of which are integrated into the content of festivals, giving China festivals a deep sense of history.
By the Han Dynasty, the main traditional festivals in China had been finalized. It is often said that these festivals originated from the Han Dynasty, which was the first great development period after the reunification of China. The political and economic stability and scientific and cultural development greatly provided good social conditions for the final formation of the festivals.
The festival has developed into the Tang Dynasty, and has been liberated from the mysterious atmosphere of primitive worship and taboo. Turn into an entertainment etiquette type and become a real festive occasion. Since then, festivals have become cheerful and festive, rich and colorful, and many sports and pleasure activities have appeared, which soon became a fashion. These customs have continued to develop and endure.
impart and inherit
It is worth mentioning that, in the long history, scholars and poets of past dynasties have written many famous works for festivals. These poems are well-known and widely praised, which makes China's traditional festivals permeate with profound cultural heritage, wonderful romance, elegance and elegance. Festivals in China have strong cohesion and extensive inclusiveness, and the whole country will celebrate them as soon as they are celebrated, which is in the same strain as our nation's long history and is a valuable spiritual and cultural heritage.
Editors of major traditional festivals
On the 24th, it was learned from the press conference of seven traditional festivals logo in China that seven traditional festivals logo in China, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Chongyang Festival, were officially released. It is reported that this is one of the actions initiated by the Festival China Cooperation Association of the China Cultural Promotion Association to connect seven traditional festivals and package the application for the World Heritage. Guo Daorong said that the traditional festivals in China, which have lasted for thousands of years, have accumulated profound cultural connotations, but because there is no image logo system, it is not conducive to the promotion and dissemination of traditional festival culture in modern society.
The release of China's seven traditional festival images logo will help China's traditional festival culture to go global. At the same time, the "Measures for the Administration of Traditional Festival Image logo" was also drafted on the same day. According to the requirements of the "Measures for the Administration of Traditional Festival Image logo", the China Council for the Promotion of Culture has the copyright of the traditional festival image logo collected and evaluated this time, and any unit or individual should ensure its legal use when using the traditional festival image logo.
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
That is, the summer (lunar) New Year.
Time: the first day of the first lunar month in the narrow sense, and the first day to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month in the broad sense.
English: The Spring Festival
Ancient names: Yuanri, New Year's Day, Yuanzheng, Yuanchen, Yuanshuo, Suidan, Suishou, Suichao, Xinzheng, Shouzuo and Sanyuan ("Zheng" means "Zheng" in the first month).
Commonly known as "New Year"
Introduction of Spring Festival
Spring Festival is the first day of the first lunar month, also known as the lunar calendar, commonly known as "Chinese New Year". This is the most grand and lively traditional festival among Chinese people. The Spring Festival has a long history, which originated from the activities of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors at the beginning and end of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. According to the Chinese lunar calendar, the first day of the first month was called Yuanri, Yuanchen, Yuanzheng, Yuanshuo, New Year's Day, etc., commonly known as the first day of the first month. In the Republic of China, it was changed to the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the Gregorian calendar was called New Year's Day, and the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar was called the Spring Festival.
origin
The Spring Festival refers to the traditional Chinese New Year in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. The traditional names are New Year, New Year, and New Year, but they are also verbally called New Year, Celebrating New Year, and New Year. In ancient times, the Spring Festival used to refer to beginning of spring in the solar terms, which was also regarded as the beginning of a year. Later, it was changed to the first day of the first lunar month as the New Year, and it was generally believed that it would not end until at least the fifteenth day of the first lunar month (Shangyuan Festival). The concept of Spring Festival and New Year originally came from agriculture. In ancient times, people called the growth cycle of the valley "year". Hebe: "Year is ripe.". It is hard to know when the Spring Festival (New Year in the summer calendar) originated, but it is generally believed that it originated from the activities of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors at the end of the year in China's Yin and Shang Dynasties (La Worship).
The summer calendar produced in Xia and Shang Dynasties takes the period of the moon's waning and waning (now called the first lunar month) as the month, and a year is divided into twelve months, with the day when the moon is not seen (the first lunar month) as the head, and the period of the return movement of the winter solstice (now called the tropic year or the solar year, later called the "sunny year") as the year, and a leap month is set to adjust the lunar year. The year begins at midnight on the first day of the first month, that is, the beginning of a year. At the end of the year and the beginning of the year, the harvest of the old year will be celebrated and the harvest of the new year will be prayed, so a series of activities such as offering sacrifices to gods, ancestors, celebrations and prayers will be produced.
The name "nian" began in the Zhou Dynasty. As for the determination of the time of the beginning of the year (in other words, the arrangement of the month order), it is also related to the astronomical calendar (as mentioned above). It is said that Xia was in the Yin month (the first month of the current lunar calendar), Shang was in the ugly month (the December of the current lunar calendar), Zhou was in the Zi month (the November of the current lunar calendar, that is, the month of the winter solstice), Qin was in the Hai month (the October of the current lunar calendar), and Xia Zheng was restored in the Western Han Dynasty.
However, the first day of the first month in ancient times was called New Year's Day, Yuanri, Xinzheng, etc. Until the victory of the Revolution of 1911 in modern China, in order to conform to the agricultural season and facilitate statistics (in fact, it was the solar calendar part of the summer calendar that guided the agricultural season-the twenty-four solar terms), it was stipulated that the summer calendar (lunar calendar) should be used among the people, and the Gregorian calendar should be implemented in government organs, factories, mines, schools and organizations (the chronological method of the Republic of China should be used instead of the AD method). On the eve of the founding of New China,1September 27th, 949, China People's Political Consultative Conference officially designated the Lunar New Year as the "Spring Festival", so many people still call it the Spring Festival.
In fact, the ancient "Spring Festival" refers to the "beginning of spring" in the 24 solar terms of the lunar calendar.
Related legends
In ancient China, there was a monster called Nian, which had long tentacles and was ferocious. Nian lived at the bottom of the sea for many years, and climbed ashore every New Year's Eve, devouring livestock and hurting people.
Therefore, every New Year's Eve, people in villages and villages fled to the deep mountains to avoid the harm of "Nian" animals.
On New Year's Eve this year, people in Taohua Village were taking refuge in the mountains, when an old beggar came from outside the village. He was walking on crutches, with a bag on his arm and elegant silver whiskers, and his eyes were on Matthew. Some villagers sealed windows and locked doors, some packed their bags, some herded cattle and drove sheep, and people shouted hiss everywhere, which was a scene of panic. At this time, who has the heart to take care of the begging old man?
Only an old woman in the east of the village gave the old man some food and advised him to go up the mountain quickly to avoid the "Nian" beast. The old man smiled and said, "If my mother-in-law lets me stay at home for one night, I will definitely drive the" Nian "beast away. The old woman was surprised to look closely, and saw that he was handsome, energetic and extraordinary. But she continued to persuade and begged the old man to laugh without saying a word. Mother-in-law had no choice but to leave home and take refuge in the mountains.
At midnight, Nian beast broke into the village. It found that the atmosphere in the village was different from that in previous years: the old woman's house in the east of the village had red paper posted on the door, and the candles in the house were brightly lit. "Nian" beast shook all over and gave a long cry. "Nian" glared at her mother-in-law's house for a moment, and then screamed and rushed over. As we approached the door, there was a sudden explosion in the courtyard. Nian trembled and dared not go forward again.
It turns out that Nian is most afraid of red, fire and exploding. At this time, my mother-in-law's door was wide open, and I saw an old man in a red robe laughing in the hospital. "Nian" was frightened and ran away in confusion.
The next day was the first day of the first month, and the people who came back from refuge were very surprised to see that the village was safe and sound. At this time, the old woman suddenly realized, and quickly told the villagers about the promise of begging for the old man. The villagers flocked to the old woman's house together, only to see red paper on her mother-in-law's door, a pile of unburned bamboo still exploding in the yard, and a few red candles in the house were still glowing ... The ecstatic villagers changed their clothes and hats one after another to celebrate the auspicious arrival, and visited relatives and friends. The story soon spread in the surrounding villages, and people knew the way to drive away the "Nian" beast.
Since then, every year on New Year's Eve, every family has posted red couplets and set off firecrackers. Every household is brightly lit by candlelight, and it is better to wait for the new year. In the early morning of the first day, I have to say hello to my relatives and friends. This custom spread more and more widely and became the most solemn traditional festival among the people in China.
Applicable area
The Spring Festival is the most important festival of the Han nationality, but more than a dozen ethnic minorities, such as Manchu, Mongolian, Yao, Zhuang, Bai, Gaoshan, Hezhe, Hani, Daur, Dong and Li, have also had the custom of the Spring Festival, but the form of the festival has its own national characteristics and is more meaningful.
custom
Set off firecrackers at the end of the year, paste Spring Festival couplets, eat sausages in jiaozi, and watch the Spring Festival Evening with bacon (only in recent years)
folk song
La Qi La Ba porridge sweet dust to remove the old and welcome the new year.
Candied melons are sacrificed in front of the kitchen king from the 23rd to the next year.
Twenty-four ancestral homes worship the incense money used in the early years
Twenty-five posted great blessings to the door to worship the sages.
Post Spring Festival couplets to celebrate the happy year.
Twenty-seven new clothes, new clothes, formal clothes, Lu Shouqi.
Ershiba stick grilles Yuyi Jixiang Dafa
There are cakes and fruits on the table for a long time
Jiaozi, who celebrated the New Year's Eve in the 30th year of the old year, was full of dishes.
On the first day of the new year, the first day of the new year, "one yuan initial" was built ~
Related poems
Tianjia New Year's Day-Meng Haoran
Last night, I fought back to the north and started to live in the east.
I'm already a strong official, but I'm still worried about agriculture.
Mulberry field plows father and hoe follows shepherd boy.
Tian Jiazhan said that the climate was abundant this year.
Yuanri (Yulouchun)-Maopang
One year, the lotus drops out of the blue well, and Tu Su freezes the wine.
Han Xiao is cold and deceives others. He is slim in spring and arrives at Liu first.
Beautiful women urge thousands of longevity cypress leaves, peppers, flowers and delicate sleeves
I don't know each other well in the depths of my hometown, but I am only old with Dongjun.
Wang Anshi in Yuan Dynasty (Song Dynasty)
In addition to the sound of firecrackers at the age of one, the spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su;
Thousands of families always change new peaches for old ones.
Try writing on New Year's Day (choose one)-Chen Xianzhang
When the clouds in the sky celebrate, the temple struggles for the knowledge of grass and grass
Adjacent to the wall, whirling to entertain guests, drinking wine, singing songs together and enjoying New Year's poems.
When you get old, you will have better flowers when spring comes.
Where is the evening breeze when the flute on the river floor blows to the east moon?
Ding Mao Yuan Ri-Qian Qianyi
One-year-old wine worships the court, except for the young child who leads the clothes to comfort the screen.
Serve your mother's heart, eat meat, occupy the year, and prefer to dream about fish.
Fishing curtain wants to welcome the new nest, Yan Di inkstone also sparse old books
I didn't have anything to do with my neighbor's chicken and millet.
Jiawu New Year's Day-Kong Shangren
Xiao Shu's white hair is not full, and the stove is ruined.
Cut the candle and dry night snack wine, and buy spring money all over the place
Listening to firecrackers, childlike innocence, watching the change of peach characters, old and biased.
Drum horn plum blossom adds a five-watch laugh and worship the New Year.
Selling Dementia Words-(Tang) Fan Chengda
On new year's eve, people don't sleep, and they are tired of being sluggish and forcing the new year;
Children call to take the long street, and clouds have dementia to call people to sell.
In addition to the night-(Tang) Laigu
Is a matter of solidarity has become empty, Wan Li lovesickness overnight.
Worry until the crow dies, and you will see the spring breeze again.
Except Night-(Southern Song Dynasty) Wen Tianxiang
Gankun is empty, and the years go to the hall;
The end of the road is stormy, and the poor side is full of snow and frost.
Life is dying with the years, and the body is forgotten;
There is no such thing as killing Su Meng, and night is still young is burning the lamp.
Happy New Year-(Ming) Wen Zhiming
I don't want to meet each other, but I want to talk, and the famous papers are full of us.
I also throw a few papers with people, and the world is too simple and not too empty.
You are new and correct-(Ming) Ye Pian
The wind and frost in heaven and earth are exhausted, and the weather in Gankun is harmonious;
Add new years, and spring is full of old mountains and rivers.
Mei Liufang is full of pride, loose and old;
Tu Sucheng was drunk and laughed at the white clouds.
It's New Year's Eve.-(Qing) Huang Jingren
A thousand laughs are delayed,
Worry is hidden from the outside,
People who stand quietly in Shiqiao don't know,
Watch a week like a month for a long time.
Fengcheng New Year Speech-(Qing) Cha Shenxing
Cleverly cut and try Silla, painting colorful gold as a moth;
Since then, scissors have been idle for a month, and there are more needles and thread in the boudoir before the age of 20.
On New Year's Day, the mouth occupied Liu Yazi with charm-Dong Biwu
* * * Celebrate the New Year with laughter, and Hongyan ladies give plum blossoms;
Everyone toasts each other in a toast, expresses the new year's wishes, after all the people are still not satisfied, and together taste this victory tea, talk about current affairs.
Only loyalty can serve the country, and there is no paradise for home;
Song and dance with the capital to welcome the festival, watching Yan' an scenery from a distance.
Spring Festival-Jiangnan Jingshi
Temporary solution to the ban on fireworks in urban areas, Zhaofeng Snow Ji was years ago.
Streets are decorated with colorful decorations, and every family dusts them, sweeping away peach symbols and changing couplets.
Dragon Head-Raising Day (Longtaitou Festival)
Dragon Head Raising (February 2nd), also known as "Spring Farming Festival", "Farming Festival" and "Spring Dragon Festival", is a traditional folk festival of Han nationality. Dragon raising its head is on the second day of the second lunar month every year, commonly known as the Qinglong Festival. Legend has it that it is the day when dragons raise their heads. It is a traditional festival in urban and rural areas of China. People celebrate the "Dragon Head Festival" to show respect for dragons and pray for rain, so that God can help ensure a bumper harvest.
Winter solstice festival
The winter solstice is a very important solar term and a traditional festival in the Chinese lunar calendar, and there are still many places where the custom of the winter solstice festival has been held. The winter solstice is commonly known as "winter festival", "long solstice festival" and "sub-year-old". As early as the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,500 years ago, our country had determined the winter solstice by observing the sun with Tugui, which was the earliest one of the 24 solar terms. The time is between the Gregorian calendar1February 22 or 23 every year.
The winter solstice is the shortest day and the longest night in the northern hemisphere all year round. After the winter solstice, the days will get longer day by day. The ancients said about the winter solstice: when the cathode arrives, the yang begins to grow, the sun goes south, the day is short, and the shadow is long, so it is called "winter solstice". After the winter solstice, the climate in all places has entered a coldest stage, which is often called "entering the ninth year". In China, there is a folk saying that "the cold is in the third nine years and the heat is in the dog days".
According to modern astronomical science, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn on the winter solstice, and the sun is the most inclined to the northern hemisphere. The northern hemisphere has the shortest day and the longest night. After this day, the sun gradually moves northward.
In ancient China, great attention was paid to the winter solstice, which was regarded as a big festival. There was a saying that the winter solstice was as big as a year, and there was a custom to celebrate it. "Han Shu" said: "The sun is shining on the winter solstice, and the monarch is long, so congratulations." People think that after the winter solstice, the days are getting longer and the sun's spirit is rising, which is the beginning of a solar cycle and an auspicious day and should be celebrated. It is recorded in the Book of Jin that "the Winter Solstice of Wei, Jin, was congratulated by all countries and hundreds of people ... its appearance was inferior to that of Zhengdan." Explain the importance attached to the winter solstice in ancient times.
Now, some places still celebrate the winter solstice as a festival. The northern region has the custom of slaughtering sheep in the winter solstice, eating jiaozi and wonton, while the southern region has the habit of eating rice balls and long noodles in the winter solstice on this day. There is also the custom of offering sacrifices to heaven and ancestors on the winter solstice in various regions.
Customs: After thousands of years of development, the winter solstice has formed a unique seasonal food culture. Such as wonton, jiaozi, glutinous rice balls, red bean porridge, millet and rice cakes, etc. can all be used as New Year's food. There were many names of the once fashionable "Winter Solstice Sub-Year Banquet", such as eating winter solstice meat, offering winter solstice plates, offering them to winter solstice groups, and worshipping winter with wonton.
There is a common custom of eating wonton on the winter solstice. As early as the Southern Song Dynasty, people in Lin 'an ate wonton on the winter solstice. At first, it was to offer sacrifices to their ancestors, and then it gradually became popular. There was a saying among the people that "wonton on the winter solstice and noodles on the summer solstice". Up to now, wonton has become a famous snack with many names, different productions, delicious flavor and spread all over the country, which is deeply loved by people. Wonton has many names, such as Wonton in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Wonton in Guangdong, Noodles in Hubei, Clear Soup in Jiangxi, Wonton in Sichuan, Ququ in Xinjiang and so on.
Eating dumplings is also a traditional custom of the winter solstice, especially in Jiangnan. "Tangyuan" is an essential food in the winter solstice, and it is a round dessert made of glutinous rice flour. "Round" means "reunion" and "perfection", and eating tangyuan in the winter solstice is also called "winter solstice group". There is a folk saying that "eating glutinous rice balls is one year older". The winter solstice group can be used to worship ancestors or to give gifts to relatives and friends. In the old days, Shanghainese were most particular about eating dumplings. The ancients had a poem saying: "Every family beats rice to make glutinous rice balls, knowing that it is the winter solstice of the Ming Dynasty."
In many places in the north, there is a custom of eating dog meat and mutton on the winter solstice, because the weather enters the coldest period after the winter solstice. Chinese medicine believes that mutton and dog meat have the effect of aphrodisiac and complement, and there is a folk custom of tonic on the winter solstice so far.
In Taiwan Province, China, the tradition of worshipping ancestors with nine-layer cakes on the winter solstice is still preserved. Glutinous rice flour is used to knead animals such as chickens, ducks, turtles, pigs, cows, sheep, etc., which symbolize good luck and good luck, and then steamed in layers in a steamer to worship ancestors to show that they do not forget their ancestors. On the winter solstice or at the early date agreed before and after, people with the same surname and the same clan gather in the ancestral temple to worship their ancestors one by one in the order of seniority, commonly known as "ancestor worship." After the ceremony, there will be a big banquet to entertain the clansmen who come to worship their ancestors. Everyone drinks heartily and connects with each other after a long separation, which is called "food ancestor." The ancestors of the Winter Solstice Festival have been handed down from generation to generation in Taiwan Province to show that they have never forgotten their roots.
The winter solstice is a festival with rich contents. It is said that the Zhou Dynasty of the winter solstice in history is New Year's Day, which was once a very lively day. In today's Jiangnan area, there is still a saying that eating the winter solstice night makes you one year older, commonly known as "adding years."
Poetry related to the winter solstice:
Closely related to the winter solstice is the Jiujiu Song, which has been circulating in Beijing for hundreds of years. From the date of the winter solstice, nine days are taken as a unit, and nine days are counted in a row. By the time it reaches 81 days, winter will have passed.
multiplication table
Don't shoot in 1929; Walk on the ice in 3949;
Looking at willows along the river in 5969; The 79 River opens 89 geese;
99 plus 19, plowing cattle everywhere.
Xiaozhi
Du Fu (Tang Dynasty)
Day and personnel, every day changes quickly, and then to the winter solstice, after the winter solstice, the day after the warmer, the spring is coming back.
Embroidering five lines to add weak lines, blowing six tubes to move fly ash.
The bank seems to wait for the last month of the past, let the willow stretch out branches, take out new buds, the mountain also to break through the cold, so that the plum blossom.
Although I am in a strange land, but there is no difference between the scenery here and the hometown, so let the child pour the wine, a drink.
Winter Solstice
Du Fu (Tang Dynasty)
I am a guest from year to day, and I am worried about killing people!
Jiangshang describes me as an old man alone, and the custom of the horizon is self-dating.
After the snow, the staff came to Danhe, and the jade dynasty came to disperse Zichen.
My heart is broken at this time, so where can I look at Sanqin?
Winter solstice night in Handan
(Tang) Bai Juyi
Every winter solstice in Handan post, I am accompanied by the shadow in front of the knee lamp.
If you want to sit at home late at night, you should also talk about travelers.
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