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Interesting knowledge about high school biology
1. Interesting biological knowledge

A cat has 230 bones.

Cats are more sensitive to hearing than people and dogs. Compared with its size, cats have bigger eyes than any mammal.

The normal pulse of a cat is between 1 10 and 170 beats per minute. The normal temperature of a cat is about 39 degrees.

The vertical jumping height of a cat can reach five times its own height. A cat's nose print is unique. No two cats have the same nose print.

Cats react more strongly to women than men because women's voices are more frequent than men's. The running speed of domestic cats is about 55 to 60 kilometers per hour.

Cats are the most sleepy mammals, sleeping about 16 hours a day. Birds are interesting and have little knowledge. What bird is not easily noticed? When you pass a tree with a woodcock in the forest, you may not notice that there is a woodcock in the tree. The woodcock is not a very small bird, but a big bird, but its beautiful feathers look like fallen leaves in autumn, so it is not easy to be noticed because it pretends to be motionless.

The woodcock stands in the tree, always paying attention to the surrounding situation, even if there is a little movement behind him, it can immediately detect it. This is because its eyes are located at the back of its head, so no enemy can escape its sight.

Of course, few insects can escape it. Where does grouse live? Grogrouse lives in the cold zone of the northern and southern hemispheres and is one of the few birds in the cold zone.

In winter, birds perch on pine or fir trees. In order to resist the cold climate, it must eat a lot of needles to generate energy.

Near the polar regions, the days are short and the nights are long in winter, so grouse eat almost all day. Spring has come, and grouse have started courtship.

They usually choose the male bird by the female bird, and they must win the competition to win the favor of the female bird. Do parrots chat with each other? "Baby, get up!" Some parrots can talk, but they don't really talk.

Parrots' owners patiently teach them to say some simple words. Although they can read them, they don't understand the meaning at all. Animals can communicate with each other in their own way, not in the language we understand.

Their crying may mean: "I'm afraid"; "Please touch me"; "I found food" or "danger! Run! " Colors, movements and smells can also be used as communication tools between animals. Hunters can set traps by imitating their sounds and smells, and let them trap themselves.

Penguins can't build nests? In fact, penguins can't build nests. When the mother penguin went to the sea to look for food, the father penguin stood on the land, put the egg between his feet, covered the egg with a fat belly, and hatched the egg.

Penguins hatch their eggs in the same place every year. They use their beaks and wings to deal with possible enemies and protect their offspring. Newborn penguins will look for food in their parents' mouths.

Penguins feed on fish, shrimp and shells. In the summer when food is abundant, they spend all their time supplementing nutrition, and can usually dive into the sea hundreds of meters deep to find food.

Can Penguin Fly Penguin is a very strange animal, dull but cute. Their feet are like wearing the same trouser legs, and it is very difficult to walk.

Penguins always contract their wings to keep their balance. Although they can't fly, they still belong to birds.

Their heavy clothes are covered with very tight little feathers, which are all covered with oil. Penguins flap their wings in the water as if equipped with an engine.

Penguins are very lively and like diving and playing in the water very much. When they avoid natural enemies, they often surface and can glide in the air 1 m or more.

What kind of nest is the most beautiful? There are many kinds of birds flying in the sky, and each bird has a different nest. Hummingbirds' nests are smaller than spoons, and some eagles' nests are bigger than cars.

Birds use fluff, branches, saliva or cobwebs as nesting materials. The shape of the bird's nest, some like bowls, some like balls; Some hang like cradles, others float on the water like rafts. There are hundreds of species of weaver birds in Africa, and their nests are very complicated.

Some birds also paint their nests to attract the attention of females. There are many kinds of bird's nest in the world, which one is the most beautiful! How do birds fly long distances? Birds fly in groups for days on a long journey.

For example, terns fly from the North Pole to the South Pole in this way, which is about 20 thousand kilometers away. The long flight of birds is actually very hard.

During the flight, many birds will die because of labor, some will get lost because of bad weather, and some will accidentally hit high-voltage power lines or lighthouses and die. Although there are many difficulties, there are still many birds who can reach their destination in the end.

After a few months, I tirelessly returned to the starting point. How do they know the way? It may be to use the characteristics of mountains or islands to find the way, or it may be to use the positions of the sun and stars as indicators! Guess what? A person walks an average of 20,000 steps a day and 7 million steps a year.

If people live to be 70 years old, they have to walk 500 million steps, which is 384,000 kilometers. This figure is exactly the distance from the earth to the moon.

The clothes we wear wipe off thousands of epidermal cells every day. People actually grow a new layer of epidermis every 27 days.

Δ The diameter of human eyes is always roughly equal to -24 mm, and it hardly changes with people's age, so children's eyes look bigger. Δ1On June 25th, 977, Ted Saint Martin of Florida, USA, stood at the free throw line and shot 2036 times in a basketball exhibition match.

The middle finger nails grow faster than other nails. Through the microscope, we can see that mosquitoes have 22 teeth.

The heart of a delta whale beats only 540 times an hour. Δ sea lions have beards smarter than ears, and they can distinguish sounds dozens of nautical miles away.

When giraffes fight, they just shake their long necks and beat each other with bony heads. Camels can drink salt water to quench their thirst.

The δ Etna volcano in Sicily, Italy spews a lot of gas into the air every day, including 9 grams of silver and 2.4 grams of gold. When the δ iron sheet is as thin as 0.00 1mm, it will be as transparent as glass.

Put a bucket of salt into a glass of water, and the water level will not rise, but will fall. Measure delta.

2. Little knowledge of biology

Biological anecdote

Crocodiles cannot stick out their tongues.

Polar bears are left-handed.

An ostrich's eyes are bigger than its head; Starfish haven't evolved their heads yet.

Giraffes don't cough.

The owl is the only bird that can distinguish blue.

The whale's heart beats only nine times a minute.

Hippos run faster than people.

The sex of an adult eel will change from male to female, and then it will change several times in its life.

A chameleon's tongue is twice as long as its own body.

Blind chameleons still have the ability to change colors to suit their surroundings.

Bats are the only mammals that can fly.

Elephants will still stand after death.

Newborn turkeys need parents to teach them how to eat, or they will starve to death.

Cows can supply more milk when listening to music.

The embryo of tiger shark needs to go through a fierce struggle in the mother's womb, and finally the baby tiger shark can be born alive.

A 70-pound octopus can pass through a hole the size of a silver coin because they have no spine.

Sharks can only detect one millionth of blood in water.

3. Five tips for biology

A little knowledge of biology-a little knowledge of biology.

From 1950s to 1960s, plant tissue culture technology began to appear, and it was constantly improved and developed. On this basis, 1975 put forward the strategy of in vitro conservation of plant germplasm resources.

Over the past decades, various in vitro preservation techniques have been gradually developed, and the preservation methods can be divided into general preservation. Slow growth and cryopreservation.

Among them, ultra-low temperature preservation is a combination of in vitro preservation and cryobiology, which refers to a set of biotechnology to preserve germplasm resources at extremely low temperature below MINUS 80 degrees. The commonly used cold source for ultra-low temperature is dry ice (minus 79 degrees) cryocooler.

Liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees) and liquid nitrogen vapor phase (-140 degrees). Cryopreservation of materials can greatly reduce or even terminate the process of metabolism and aging, maintain the stability of biomaterials, minimize the intensity of physiological metabolism and reduce the occurrence of genetic variation.

Theoretically, the storage period of plant materials in liquid nitrogen can be extended indefinitely, and the growth of plants can stop completely. Second, a new source of tissue engineering-primordial germ cells.

Primitive germ cells have developmental totipotency, so isolation and cloning will be better than fewer inner cell clusters because of their large number. It can be used as a new source of tissue engineering.

Primordial germ cells are the best material to study the relationship between genomic imprinting and early embryo development, and also an effective carrier to study the in vitro model of germ cell development and differentiation and the genetic operation of transgenic animals, which has broad application prospects. Stem cells refer to cells with self-renewal and high proliferation ability and differentiation potential.

Stem cells are divided into three categories according to their differentiation potential: totipotent stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells and directed stem cells.

Totipotent stem cells include embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and embryonic germ cells (EG cells). ES cells are derived from the cell mass in the blastocyst, while EG cells are derived from the primordial germ cells in the gonad of the embryo. Both of these cells can differentiate into nerve cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells and cardiomyocytes, inoculated in immunocompromised mice, can grow teratomas with three germ layers. Embryonic stem cells have a wide range of application values and have become a research hotspot in the field of biotechnology. However, it is forbidden or strictly restricted by many countries because of the need to destroy living embryos to obtain es cells, so the establishment of EG cell line has begun to attract researchers' attention.

The most potential application field of pluripotent stem cells is transplantation medicine, which can induce them to differentiate into specific cells under certain conditions and even construct specific tissues and organs in vitro. Such as inducing differentiation into cardiomyocytes to treat myocardial infarction and other diseases; Differentiation into islet cells can cure diabetes; Differentiation into nerve cells, some Parkinson's disease.

Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease can be treated and so on.

So that human tissue replacement therapy shows a bright future. It lays a solid foundation for organ transplantation, injury repair and cell therapy of some diseases in the future.

4. Need a little high school biology knowledge.

1. What is the significance of mutation breeding? Improve the frequency of variation, create the types of variation needed by human beings, and select and cultivate excellent biological varieties from them.

2. What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells compared with eukaryotic cells? A typical nucleus without a nuclear membrane. 3. What is the most important change between cell division? The replication of DNA and the synthesis of protein.

4. What are the main characteristics of amino acids that make up protein? (α-amino acids) all contain at least one amino group and one carboxyl group, and all have one amino acid and one carboxyl group connected to the same carbon atom. 5. What are the main functions of nucleic acid? The genetic material of all living things is of great significance to the inheritance and variation of living things and the biosynthesis of protein.

6. What is the main component of cell membrane? Protein molecules and phospholipid molecules. College entrance examination resource network 7. What are the main characteristics of the selectively permeable membrane? Water molecules can pass freely, while selectively adsorbed small molecules and ions can pass, while other small molecules, ions and macromolecules cannot.

8 Mitochondrial function? The main place where cells carry out aerobic respiration. What is the function of chloroplast pigment? Absorb, transmit and convert light energy. 10. What are the main functions of the nucleus? The storage and replication place of genetic material is the control center of cell genetic and metabolic activities.

The main site of metabolism: cytoplasmic matrix. 1 1. What is the significance of cell mitosis? So that parents and offspring can maintain the stability of genetic traits.

What is the function of ATP? The direct source of energy needed by biological life activities. 13. organelles related to secretory protein formation? Ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria.

14. Organel (structure) that can produce ATP? Mitochondria, chloroplasts, (cytoplasmic matrix (structure)) organelles that can produce water * (structure): mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, (nuclear (structure)) organelles (structure): mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, (nuclear (structure)) 14. Specifically, the products of photosynthesis are organic matter and oxygen 15. What are the necessary conditions for infiltration? One is a semi-permeable membrane; Second, there should be a concentration difference between the two sides of the semi-permeable membrane. 16. What are the mineral elements? Except for carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, other elements are mainly absorbed from soil through roots.

17. What is the physiological significance of homeostasis? Necessary conditions for normal life activities. 18. What is the meaning of breathing? (1) provides energy for life activities; (2) Providing raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in vivo.

19. Auxin that promotes fruit development generally comes from? Cultivate seeds. 20. What are the advantages of using asexual reproduction to propagate fruit trees? Short cycle; Can keep the mother's excellent qualities.

2 1. What are the characteristics of sexual reproduction? Genetic material with parents has greater vitality and variability, which is of great significance to the evolution of organisms. 22. What is the significance of meiosis and fertilization? It is of great significance to maintain the constancy of chromosome number of somatic cells in the first and second generations of organisms.

23. What is the starting point of angiosperm individual development? What is the starting point of reproductive growth of fertilized eggs? The formation of flower buds. The embryonic development process of higher animals includes? Fertilized egg → cleavage → blastocyst → gastrula → tissue differentiation, organ formation → larva 25. What are the important functions of amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid? The water environment needed for embryo development has the function of earthquake prevention and protection. 26. What is the role of producers in an ecosystem? Convert inorganic matter into organic matter, convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter; Maintain the material circulation and energy flow of the ecosystem.

What is the role of decomposers? The decomposition of organic matter into inorganic matter ensures the normal circulation of matter in the ecosystem. 27. What is the reason why DNA is the main genetic material? The genetic material of most organisms is DNA, and only a few viruses are RNA.

28. What are the main features of the regular double helix structure of DNA? (1)DNA molecule is a double helix structure consisting of two anti-parallel deoxynucleotide chains. (2) deoxyribose and (2) phosphoric acid in 2)DNA molecules are alternately connected and arranged outside to form a basic skeleton; The base is arranged inside.

(3) The bases on the two strands of 3)DNA molecules are connected into base pairs by hydrogen bonds, following the principle of base complementary pairing. 29. What are the characteristics of DNA structure? Stability-two single strands of ——DNA have hydrogen bonds and other forces; Diversity-the sequence of ——DNA base pairs is constantly changing; Specific DNA molecules have specific base sequences.

30. What is genetic information? DNA (gene) deoxynucleotide sequence. What is a genetic code or codon? Three adjacent bases on mRNA that determine amino acids.

What is the significance of 3 1.DNA replication? Genetic information is passed from parents to offspring, thus maintaining the continuity of genetic information. What are the characteristics of DNA replication? Semiconservative replication, copy 32 when expanding. What is the definition of gene? The basic unit of genetic material that controls biological traits is DNA fragments with genetic effects.

33. What do you mean by gene expression? Genes make the genetic information reflected in protein's molecular structure in some way, thus making the offspring show the same traits as their parents. Includes two stages: transcription and translation.

34. The transmission process of genetic information? DNA-RNA-protein (formula output is inconvenient, see the textbook) 35. What is the essence of the law of free combination of genes? The segregation or combination of nonallelic genes located on non-homologous chromosomes does not interfere with each other. In the process of meiosis to form gametes, alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, while non-alleles on non-homologous chromosomes are free to combine.

(What about the separation phenomenon? 36. What do you mean by genetic mutation? Changes in gene structure caused by the addition, deletion or change of base pairs in DNA molecules. When did it happen? In the process of DNA replication in mitosis or meiosis.

Meaning? The fundamental source of biological variation provides the original raw materials for biological evolution. 37. What does gene recombination mean? In the process of sexual reproduction, gene recombination controlling different traits.

When did it happen? The prophase or anaphase of meiosis. Meaning? It provides an extremely rich source for biological variation.

This is one of the important reasons for the formation of biodiversity and is of great significance to the evolution of organisms. 38. What are the three sources of genetic variation? Gene mutation, gene recombination, chromosome variation.

39. Sex determination? The way hermaphrodites determine sex. 40. What does karyotype mean? Refers to the number, size and morphological characteristics of all chromosomes in an organism cell.

Such as: human beings.

There is little knowledge about biology.

1, balance bar and fly's compound eye

The wings of flies (also called balance bars) are "natural navigators", and people imitate them to make "vibrating gyroscopes". At present, this instrument has been applied to rockets and high-speed aircraft, realizing automatic driving. The fly eye is a kind of "compound eye", which consists of more than 30O0 small eyes. People imitate it and make a "fly-eye lens". The "compound eye lens" is composed of hundreds or thousands of small lenses arranged in sequence. It can be used as a lens to make a "compound eye camera" and can take thousands of identical photos at a time. This kind of camera has been used for printing plate making and copying a large number of tiny circuits of electronic computers, which greatly improves the work efficiency and quality. "Compound eye lens" is a new type of optical element, which has many uses.

(quoted from)

2. The winged mole of dragonfly

Above the leading edge of each dragonfly wing, there is a beautiful horny thickening part, which is biologically called wing nevus or wing eye. This is a device used by dragonflies to overcome the "flapping" in flight, which plays a role in smooth flight. If we remove this mole and release it, we will see it flying around, not as smooth as before. After discovering the secret of dragonfly, people borrowed it to the plane, and made a thickened area on the leading edge of the two wings of the plane, or added a "counterweight" device, thus eliminating the harmful "flutter" phenomenon.

(Quoted from Baidu Encyclopedia

6. Senior high school biology key knowledge summary People's Education Edition

High school biology 1 chapter 1 memory of cell membrane in cell structure: linear leaf pair (mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes) contains no sugar (centrosome and ribosome have no membrane structure) 2. Distinctive memory of easily mixed unicellular organisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: a. Prokaryotes: a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a) a). C. Prokaryotes only have organelles: Prokaryotes have nuclei (ribosomes). 3. The role of mineral elements (N, P, K): eggs (N) are yellow (leaves turn yellow when nitrogen is lacking), and (P (k) hepatitis A (stems) (indicating that stems are strong when potassium is lacking) 4. Identification of symptoms when various hormones are deficient or excessive in the growth and development of organisms: A. Symptoms when growth hormones are deficient or excessive: A newborn (auxin) pig (dwarfism) is dishonest, and it is seen that its acromegaly (gigantism) removes the function of two cells in insulin: A) Auntie is very tall-that is, insulin A cells produce glucagon 5. Hereditary diseases and various hereditary diseases in prenatal and postnatal care: fairy (dominant inheritance) single gene is not enough (rickets) eating soft (achondroplasia) cakes (also referred to as albinism) Long (congenital deafness) stupid (phenylketonuria) teenagers (diabetes) anencephaly (children) cleft lip (polygenic inheritance) complain more.

The epidermis of the ectoderm is attached to the essence, the endoderm gland exhales the skin, the mesoderm circulates the true ridge, and the visceral adventitia expels the muscles. 7. Plant mitosis: One membrane disappears into two bodies, the equatorial plates are arranged neatly and divided into two poles, and the two disappear into two new walls. (The membrane nucleus reappears and loses two bodies) Two membrane nuclei disappear, two points in the central equatorial plate are divided into two poles, two disappear into two new walls, three membrane nuclei disappear into two bodies, the shape number is clear, the number of point cracks increases evenly to the two poles, two disappear and three start over.

Tetramer is divided into five segments, the front, middle and back are connected. Firstly, interphase is prepared, during which chromatids replicate and the membrane nucleus disappears into two individuals. Equatorial plates are arranged neatly, they are attracted to the poles, two disappear and two new walls are built. The five-cell cycle is divided into five segments, namely, anterior, middle, posterior and terminal junctional intervals. First, get ready for two elimination and two appearances. The traction dye of centromere spinning is divided into two groups, which appear twice and disappear twice. There are six in front of the new wall: two are missing and one is scattered; the centromere is a plane, and the number and shape can be seen clearly. After that, the centromere was divided into two parts, doubled in number and removed. 8. Trace elements are new astro boy, fierce! Zn, Fe, B (), Cu, Mo, Mn, Er, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Mo, Mn, Mo, Cu, three iron gates touched the bronze donkey, and a large number of elements visited foreigners. Liu Dan ren Gai Jia Jame O P C H N S P Ca Mg K people = 10, the trace elements that make up protein, copper, iron, zinc, manganese and iodine 1 1, and eight essential amino acids, methionine, valine, lysine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine, tryptophan and threonine 1. A brings a bright book. Suppose he borrowed one or two books. 3. Bring one or two monochrome books. 4. Make an appointment for two books and bring a love letter. 5. Sue's color, if he acquiesces, the handle at home will light up. 6. A borrowed a blue book. 7. Stupid and unreliable, but bright and easy to crack. This is a pair of fake shoes.

(Benzyl bright, Isosu is Valeriana officinalis) 12, a trace element in plant mineral elements, wooden donkey, cracked a new iron bucket, fierce! Mo Cl B Ni Zn Fe Cu Mn 13, photosynthesis Song Yun Photosynthesis has two reactions, light and darkness alternate at the same time, light and darkness are divided into two steps, light and darkness provide hydrogen energy, and pigments absorb light for two purposes, water releases oxygen and darkness into hydrogen, A D P becomes T P, and light becomes unstable chemical energy; Light completes the dark reaction, then it is fixed first, carbon dioxide enters the pores, C 5 combines with C 3, C 3 is reduced in multiple steps, the enzyme needs energy and hydrogen, and the organic matter of the reduction product is stored in it, and C 5 leaves, reacts again and circulates endlessly. 14, the differentiation of tissues and organs can eliminate the liver and pancreas, and the immortals appear 15. Primitive cells prepare for meiosis, and then homologous division is stained from then on. The second mother seems to be in the same row with Silk, then the sisters bid farewell to polarization, then the number of diploids is halved, and the homologous sperm is equally divided. Then the problem is solved. 5438+06 protein digestion begins in the stomach, and the stomach, pancreas and intestinal juice become amino; Fat is digested in small intestine, bile emulsification helps first, and particles are mixed into pancreas and intestine to form glycerol fatty acid; The mouth and esophagus do not absorb it, the stomach absorbs a small amount of wine, and the small intestine absorbs six nutrients, so water cannot survive to the large intestine.

17, prokaryote species 12, blue thread sweater (cyanobacteria, bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma and chlamydia) 2, thin thread blue coat (bacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, cyanobacteria and chlamydia) 18, 12, one sniff and two sniff. 20, suffering from X recessive genetic disease, the mother will suffer from children, and the child will always be the father; Fathers are always like women, and women suffer from their fathers.

2 1, amino acid classification: asparagus valley, Laijing group, phenylpropyl cheese aroma. Half a load of poetry books on both sides of the strait, no dry cakes.

【 Note 】 Asparagus and millet are acidic, while Lai, Jing and Zu are alkaline. Phenyl propyl, color and cheese have benzene rings.

Silk, perilla, cysteine, egg, asparagine and glutamine are polar, while sweetness, propylene, valerian, brightness, brightness and preserved fruit are nonpolar. 22, the common endocrine glands in the human body: surnamed Jia, nephroptosis.

(islet, gonad, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland) 23. Structural characteristics of DNA: double-stranded spiral structure with opposite polarity. The bases are complementary and paired, and the arrangement order is infinite.

24. To judge the growth trend of plants: "whether they grow tall"-"whether they have auxin"-"whether they are bent"-"uneven" (distribution of auxin)-"light and strength" 25. Identification steps of crude DNA extraction: 1, 4, 6, 2, 5 and 3. 26. Meiosis and mitosis.

7. High school biology knowledge * * *

Darwin's theory of evolution

Xu Wang and Schleiden's Cell Theory

Mendel's genetic law (separation phenomenon and genetic law)

Morgan's chromosome theory

Pasteur discovered bacteria.

Avery et al. (1944) proved that DNA is the transforming factor for transforming pneumococcus from rough type to smooth type.

Hershey and Chase of Phage School further put forward more convincing evidence. They infected bacteria with phage labeled with radioactive sulfur in protein, and found that only the phage DNA was "injected" into the bacteria and propagated in it, while protein remained outside the cell.

The DNA double helix theory of Wharton and Crick explained the mechanism of gene replication, one of the most basic problems of life phenomena, with the characteristics of molecular structure for the first time, thus making biology really enter a new era of molecular biology.

The discovery of mRNA and the deciphering of genetic code, as well as a series of important discoveries such as DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, restriction endonuclease, ligase and plasmid, finally led to the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the early 1970s.