Goryeo (918 AD - 1392 AD), also known as the Goryeo Dynasty, Wang's Goryeo, was one of the feudal dynasties on the Korean Peninsula. After 918, Wang Jian, a subordinate of King Gongyi of the Goguryeo Kingdom, overthrew Gongyi and established the Goguryeo Kingdom, with his capital in his hometown of Kaijing (now Kaesong, North Korea). It was replaced by the Joseon Dynasty in 1392. The Goryeo Dynasty claimed to inherit Goguryeo. The English name of Goryeo "Goryeo" is derived from the English name of Goguryeo "Goguryeo". The English name of South Korea "Korea" is a deformation of the English name "Goryeo" of Goryeo. Buddhism was the state religion of the Goryeo Dynasty. The Tripitaka of Korea, which took 16 years to be carved, is one of the world's treasures. The celadon production skills of the Goryeo Dynasty were exquisite. In addition, the statement that "Goryeo was also the first country to invent metal movable type printing" is wrong! Edit this section of history After the 9th century, the Silla Dynasty became increasingly decadent, coupled with noble rebellions and peasant uprisings, the state's governing institutions tended to decline, and local feudal groups took the opportunity to expand their sphere of influence. In 900 AD, General Zhenxuan, who came from a wealthy family, ceded land in Wansanzhou (now Jeonju, North Jeolla Province) and established the Later Baekje Kingdom. In 904, Gong Yi, the concubine of the Silla royal family, proclaimed himself king in Cheorwon (now Cheorwon, Gangwon Province) and established the later Goguryeo Kingdom. The declining three kingdoms of Silla, Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo became the so-called "Later Three Kingdoms" in Korean history. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Gongyi became king. Wang Jian joined Gongyi from his father and presented Songyue County (Kaicheng, Gyeonggi Province). Gongyi took Wang Jian as the lord of Songyue City. In 918, Gong Yi's general Wang Jian overthrew Gong Yi for his misconduct and abuse of power, and sought and received the support of landowners and merchants (at this time, the political and economic power of landowners and merchants was far greater than that of Gong Yi). Silla government), proclaimed himself king and changed the name of the country to "Goryeo". After the king established his kingdom, he adopted a strategy of being hostile to Later Baekje but friendly to Silla. In 935, Silla was merged, and in 936, Baekje was annexed. After unifying the three kingdoms of Korea, Wang Jian proclaimed himself emperor, moved the capital to his hometown Songyue, and renamed it Kaijing (today's Kaesong, North Korea). Political, economic and other systems After the establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty, the royal system was adopted. The capital is called the "Imperial Capital"; the palace in the capital is called the "Imperial City"; the king's order is called the "Edict"; the king's successor is called the "Prince"; and the king's mother is called the "Queen Mother". Unlike China, the king of Goryeo was called "the king", "your majesty" and "the emperor of Haedong". After Goryeo declared itself a vassal to the Yuan Dynasty in 1275, the use of these titles was banned. The Goryeo Dynasty promulgated laws to abolish the slave system, carried out land reform and enacted the field chaike system. And established the imperial examination system and appointed local officials. This effectively weakened the power of local landlords and established centralized rule. Goryeo-Khitan War After the Khitan destroyed the Balhae Kingdom in 926, Goryeo Taizu absorbed the remaining people of Balhae and planned the Northern Expedition. In order to prevent Goryeo and Song from uniting to fight against the Liao Dynasty, in 942, the Khitan gave Goryeo 50 camels, but the Goryeo ancestor refused. The Khitan envoys were exiled to an isolated island, and all the camels they sent starved to death. Later Goryeo kings adopted a hostile policy towards the Khitan. In 993, an 800,000 Khitan army set out from Liao and crossed the Yalu River to invade northwest Goryeo. The Goryeo army and the Khitan fought fiercely in Fengshan County. Finally, the Khitan army was controlled at the Qingchuan River. Seeing the speed and determination of Goryeo's counter-invasion, the Khitan realized that the cost of conquering the Korean Peninsula by force would be huge. So Khitan began to negotiate with Goryeo. After Goryeo agreed to sever its alliance with Song, the Khitan retreated and donated the land east of the Yalu River to Goryeo. The two sides have established friendly and good-neighborly relations. In 1009, a military rebellion occurred in Goryeo. Kang Zhao, the anti-Liao general, killed Mu Zong and made Xianzong king. The Khitan took the opportunity to take revenge on Mu Zong and launched an army of 400,000 to invade Goryeo again. Kang Zhao led his army to resist vigorously, but was ultimately defeated by the Khitan and died on the battlefield. Xianzong fled the imperial city. After the Khitan occupied Kaicheng, they began to retreat because the battle line was too long and they were worried about being counterattacked by Goryeo. Goryeo took advantage of the situation to counterattack and dealt a heavy blow to Khitan. In 1018, the Khitan sent 100,000 troops to make a comeback. But they were defeated by the Goryeo army and almost the entire army was destroyed. The two sides later negotiated peace, and the Khitan never dared to invade Goryeo again. Goryeo-Mongol War In 1231, the Mongolian army attacked Goryeo, and the Goryeo royal family moved from Songdo (now Kaesong) to Ganghwa Island. Afterwards, Mongolia conquered Goryeo several times and plundered it, but they still had no way to attack Ganghwa Island. The Goryeo Sanbie rebel army resisted the Mongolian and Yuan armies until 1273. There were two factions within Goryeo regarding the Mongolian invasion. The literary faction opposed war with Mongolia, while the martial faction headed by the Cui family insisted on continuing to fight against Mongolia. After the leader of the Choi regime was killed by the Wen faction in 1258, Mongolia and Goryeo reached a peace agreement. Goryeo became a vassal of the Mongol Empire. Mongolia agreed to retain Koryo's national sovereignty and traditional culture. Goryeo monarchs began to marry Mongolian princesses from King Chungryeol. According to the agreement, the heirs of the Goryeo monarchs must grow up in the Mongolian way in Harakhorin, the capital of the Mongolian Empire, before they can return to Goryeo. Destruction In 1388, King Goryeo sent the capital commander Li Chenggui to attack Liaodong. Li Chenggui opposed sending troops and launched a coup. In 1392, he deposed the king in Kaesong and established himself. The country was renamed Joseon and Goryeo was destroyed. [Chinese] Corea [Korean] [English] Corea Corea [918-1392], referred to as Corea, was a kingdom located on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia during the Asian Middle Ages (918-1392 AD). It was established by Wang Jian.

From 1287, the King of Goryeo concurrently served as the governor of Daruchachi, the province of Zhengdong, and became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1356, King Gongmin regained his independence. From the 13th to the 14th century, it professed vassalage to the Yuan Dynasty and was classified as one of the provinces by the Yuan Dynasty. Its full name was "Zhengdongxing Zhongshu Province" until the fall of the Yuan Dynasty. To avoid confusion with Goguryeo, it is also called Wang Goryeo in mainland China. At the end of the 9th century, the late Silla (670-935), which coexisted with Balhae (698-926) in the north, gradually declined due to the farmers' struggle against brutal feudal exploitation. During this process, Zhenxuan in the southwest and Gongyi in the north established the Later Baekje Kingdom (900-936) and the Taifeng Kingdom respectively, thus the Korean Peninsula was divided into the "Later Three Kingdoms". The latter three countries each expanded their territory and competed with each other, intensifying feudal exploitation and oppression as never before. In this case, the great feudal forces in Songak (Kaeseong) and the original Tae feudal vassal of Gongyi, Wang Geon (the founder of Goryeo), took advantage of Gongyi's loss of popular support due to cruel tyranny, and in June 918, he teamed up with Hong Ru , Pei Xuanqing, Shen Chongqian, Bu Zhiqian and others launched a coup to overthrow the Taifeng Kingdom and established a new dynasty. The country was named Goryeo and its capital was in Kaijing. Also, when Europe entered the Dark Ages, the Koryo people were divided into three opposing kingdoms: Koguryo in the north, Paekche in the southwest, and Shilla in the southeast. With Chinese help, Shilla conquered two other kingdoms in the seventh century AD and later eliminated its previous association with the Chinese. However, under the oppression of local lords, the central power of Shilla was divided in the 8th and 9th centuries AD. In the 10th century AD, the Koryo people once again united to form Koryo, and later, in 993 AD, the territory was restored, bordering China on the Amnok River. In 1170 AD, a military coup ousted the civilian nobles from power, and this military rule lasted for 60 years. In 1231 AD, the Mongols invaded, triggering a 30-year war. The Mongols were often distracted by their wars in China, but eventually accumulated enough power to undertake Koryo's peace agreement with the invaders in 1258. Under the leadership of the Mongols, Koryo preserved their unique culture and demonstrated their superiority to their conquerors in a whirlwind of artistic achievements. Agrarian reform, the formation of a new bureaucracy, the decline of Buddhism, and the formation of Confucianism were all events that took place in the early 15th century as part of the birth of the New Kingdom. Choson would rule Goryeo until the 20th century. By 1234 AD, Goryeo had become an important center of learning and woodblock printing technology. After 918 years of history, Wang Jian, a general of King Gongyi of Goguryeo, was proclaimed king by his subordinates. He overthrew Gongyi and moved the capital to his hometown Songyue. It was renamed Kaijing (today's Kaesong, North Korea) and the country was changed. The name is Goryeo. Silla was destroyed in 935, Baekje was destroyed in 936, and the Goryeo Dynasty was established. After the establishment of the Goryeo Dynasty, it adopted the royal system of the Central and Eastern countries until it professed its vassalage to the Yuan Dynasty in 1275. This is very different from the later vassal system in which the Joseon Dynasty adopted names one level lower than those in China. For example: the capital is called the "Imperial Capital"; the royal palace in the capital is called the "Imperial City"; the king's order is called the "Edict"; the king's successor is called the "Prince" rather than "Prince Crown Prince" or "Edict" Wonja"; the king's mother was called "the queen mother" instead of the "daifei" of the Joseon Dynasty. The official system is the same as that in the Central Plains, including Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province, Six Ministries, Privy Council, etc. In 993, Goryeo was defeated by the Liao Kingdom and was forced to sever ties with the Northern Song Dynasty and surrender to the Liao Kingdom. Afterwards, in order to prevent invasion, Goryeo built the Great Wall in the north. In 1127, he was forced to surrender to the Jin Kingdom. In 1135, the "Miaoqing Rebellion" occurred in Pyongyang, Xijing, triggering peasant riots across the country. During the period of resistance against the Khitans and Jurchens, the military power increased greatly. In 1170 and 1173, two coups took place, led by the military general Zheng Zhongfu. The coup soldiers deposed the king, massacred the nobles and civil servants, and finally established the "Dubang" regime where the military general Cui Zhongxian held the king hostage. In 1231, the Mongolian army attacked Goryeo, and the king and royal nobles moved their capital to Ganghwa Island. The Goryeo rebel army resisted the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasty armies until 1273. In 1275, the Yuan Dynasty ordered Goryeo to change the official titles, the Shangshu Province and the Zhongshu Province were changed to the Qianyifu, the Privy Council was changed to the Secret Directive Department, the Yushitai was changed to the Procuratorate, the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Rites were changed to the Department of Dianli, and the Ministry of Punishment was changed to Department of Dianfa, Shi Zhong was changed to Zhong Zan, Ping Zhang Shi was changed to Approval Shi, I was changed to Gu, Memorial was changed to Cheng, etc. At the same time, the Korean temple name system was abolished. Later, the Lee Dynasty's Joseon also inherited the official positions and habits after Goryeo professed its vassalage to the Central Plains. In 1280, in order to attack Japan, the Yuan Dynasty established the Zhengdong Province in Shenyang and interfered in the national affairs of Goryeo. In 1281, following the failure of the attack on Japan, the Zhengdong Province was disbanded and re-established in 1287. After that, the King of Goryeo also served as the Zhengdong Province, Daruhachi, and became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty. In 1356, King Gongmin regained his independence. In 1359, the Red Turban Army invaded Goryeo. In 1368, the Ming Dynasty overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. In 1387, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to recover the Yuan Dynasty territories in the northeast. The King of Goryeo still relied on the remaining Mongolian power in the Northern Yuan Dynasty and refused to return it. He sent the capital commander Li Chenggui to attack Liaodong. Li Chenggui opposed sending troops and launched a coup. In 1392, he deposed the king in Kaesong and established himself. The country was renamed Joseon and Goryeo was destroyed.