Ans:

(a) According to the pathogenesis can be divided into:

① poor hematopoietic anemia: such as reattachment;

② anemia caused by excessive destruction of red blood cells: such as hereditary spherocytic erythrocytosis;

(c) anemia caused by blood loss: such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by ulcers or tumors.

(2) according to the cell size and morphology can be divided into:

① large-cell anemia, such as megaloblastic anemia;

② normal-cell anemia, such as anemia of solubility, cataracts and so on;

③ simple small-cell anemia such as chronic infectious anemia.

④ small cell hypochromic anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia.

Anemia is a relatively common disease in the life of all of us, exactly anemia is only a symptom rather than a specific disease, a variety of diseases can be accompanied by anemia.

The so-called anemia refers to the circulating blood unit volume of hemoglobin lowest than the lower limit of the normal value.

China's hemoglobin standards for diagnosing anemia are: less than 120g/L for adult men, less than 110g/L for women, and less than 100g/L for pregnant women.

Anemia is the same symptom as most diseases, so removing the cause is important. In the cause of the diagnosis is not confirmed before the avoidance of things indiscriminately cast drugs, such as vitamins such as vitamin B12, folic acid, iron, such treatment is not effective, but because of the negligence of the cause of the delay in the condition, which is harmful to the patient with serious consequences. For example, anemia caused by gastritis, only to focus on the treatment of anemia and neglect the treatment of cancer caused by anemia, that is really the end of the matter.

The effect of treatment of anemia depends on the nature of the cause of the disease and whether it can be eradicated, if the cause of the disease can be completely eliminated, anemia can be treated, if the cause of the disease is difficult to treat can only take symptomatic treatment, according to the different causes of the different principles of treatment are as follows:

1. Bleeding: Bleeding is the anemia is one of the most common causes of bleeding, but also due to the different causes of the cause of the bleeding, to give the appropriate measures are very important, menstrual period is the first time, but also due to the different causes of the anemia. It is very important to give appropriate measures to stop bleeding. Excessive menstruation can be treated with surgery or hormone therapy, and then the cause can be treated, and the anemia can be treated.

2. Nutritional deficiencies: Nutritional deficiencies caused by insufficient raw materials for hematopoietic anemia, such as iron-deficiency anemia, folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiencies caused by bean sprouts anemia and iron-deficiency anemia, respectively, to nutritional supplementation, anemia treatment effect is good, but causes nutritional deficiencies such as the removal of the cause of the efficacy of the treatment is not always ideal, even if the effect of a moment, but stop to give nutrient supplements, anemia The first thing you need to do is to get rid of it.

3. Chronic diseases: infection or cancer can be controlled, anemia can be reduced. Endocrine diseases can be corrected, anemia can be reduced. Chronic renal failure, cirrhosis, advanced cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus and other causes of anemia, because of the poor efficacy of the basic diseases, in addition to blood transfusion, anemia is very difficult to reduce.

4. Drugs secondary to hemolytic anemia, and then the patient to stop contact with the drug, the anemia can mostly quickly or gradually reduce or even disappear. But some drugs caused by a regenerative anemia, even if the cause is clear, the patient has not been exposed to the patient is also very difficult to recover or treatment. At this time, if the bone marrow transplantation can get treatment.

The treatment of anemia generally includes medication, blood transfusion, splenectomy, and bone marrow transplantation, depending on the cause of the different types of disease, one or more therapies are used for treatment.

Anemia, is not a separate disease name, it is a series of **** the same symptoms caused by a variety of different causes or diseases. There are many causes of anemia and treatments vary, so the right remedy is key.

(1) iron deficiency anemia normal human body is not easy to lack of iron, because food is rich in iron, and the body constantly aging rupture of red blood cells released by the iron can be repeatedly used by the body. But in chronic blood loss (such as hookworm and hemorrhoids, chronic wasting disease such as tuberculosis, etc.), the gastrointestinal tract on the iron absorption function is poor (such as gastric acid deficiency), the body's need for iron increased (such as women in pregnancy) and a large number of red blood cell destruction (such as malaria) and so on, often caused by iron deficiency and lead to anemia. Iron is an effective drug for the treatment of this type of anemia, and commonly used are ferrous sulfate, ferric ammonium citrate, iron fumarate, and iron dextrose. Oral iron one week, blood reticulocytes can rise, 10 ~ 14 days to reach the peak, 2 ~ 4 weeks after the hemoglobin increased significantly. However, it often takes 1 to 3 months to reach the normal value. In order to normalize the body's iron storage, after the hemoglobin is normal, it is necessary to reduce the amount by half and continue to take the drug for 2 to 3 months.

(2) megaloblastic anemia this kind of anemia is caused by folic acid or vitamin B12 deficiency. Food every day 50 to 200 micrograms of folic acid in the duodenum and the upper part of the jejunum absorption, normal people need about 50 micrograms of folic acid every day, in general, it is not easy to cause a lack of. However, when the body's folic acid storage is reduced, intake is insufficient, or the need for folic acid increases significantly for some reason (during pregnancy and in infants and young children), folic acid deficiency is often caused, triggering megaloblastic anemia. Vitamin B12 can help folic acid recycling in the body, and indirectly promote the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid. Therefore, vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause megaloblastic anemia (also known as pernicious anemia), which is similar to folic acid deficiency. For megaloblastic anemia, a certain amount of oral folic acid can be effective, but for cirrhosis or the use of folic acid antagonist (methotrexate, ethylaminopyrimidine, methoxybenzylaminopyrimidine, etc.) caused by megaloblastic anemia, folic acid treatment is ineffective. Because the body's dihydrofolate reductase is lacking or inhibited, can not make folic acid into tetrahydrofolate and play a role in the effect, so it must be used as a substitute - calcium formyltetrahydrofolate treatment to have an effect.

Pernicious anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency can be treated with intramuscular vitamin B12. Folic acid alone can only improve the blood picture, the neurological damage can not help, so the combination of the two drugs can play a synergistic role, the efficacy is higher.

(3) aplastic anemia due to bone marrow hematopoietic dysfunction or failure. Not only is there a decrease in red blood cells, but there is also a decrease in white blood cells and platelets. For this type of anemia, the domestic use of Chinese and Western medicine combined treatment. Commonly used drugs are nandrolone phenylpropionate, lithium carbonate, cobalt oxide, etc., in order to *** hematopoietic function, some patients have a certain effect.

Canada, the United States researchers tried arginine butyrate treatment of aplastic anemia has a certain effect, is ready to produce tablets and injections to use.

As seen above, the treatment of anemia, symptomatic drug selection is very important, but it must be emphasized: in the symptomatic treatment at the same time must be actively looking for the cause of the disease, only to remove the cause of the disease, in order to achieve the purpose of the root cause.