emergency treatment methods for burns \x1d\ x1d \ 1. estimation of the depth of burns \ x1d \ burns and scalds are generally divided into first degree burns, second degree burns and scalds, and third degree burns and scalds; \x1d\Ⅰ degree burns and scalds are characterized by redness, swelling, heat and pain, sensitive sensation, dry surface without blisters and no skin damage. \x1d\ Shallow second-degree burns are characterized by severe pain, sensitivity and blisters. After the blisters fall off, the wound surface is evenly red and edema is obvious. \x1d\ Deep second-degree burns are characterized by insensitive sensation, with or without blisters, pale base with occasional red spots, moist wound surface, pain when plucking hair, and normal anatomical structure of hair roots. After a few days, if there is no infection, reticular embolism may occur. \x1d\Ⅲ degree burns and scalds are manifested as follows: the skin pain disappears, it is inelastic, dry, without blisters, such as leather, waxy white, brown or carbonized; It is painless to pluck hair, and there is no normal anatomical structure of hair roots. After a few days, there may be massive dendritic embolic vessels. [2]\x1d\ II. Emergency treatment for burns and scalds \x1d\ If you have just been burned or scalded, you can cool down the wound to prevent the residual heat from harming the deep tissue of the skin, and at the same time relieve the pain. \x1d\ Treatment method: \x1d\1. Wash the wound with white wine, which only needs ordinary white wine (21~51 degrees of white wine, not alcohol), and can quickly absorb the residual heat of the burn; \x1d\2. If there is no wine, you can wash rice with pure water, and take the second rice washing water to wash the wound to cool down; \x1d\3. Or rinse with cold boiled water to cool down. \x1d\ All three methods can be used, so choose the most convenient method as appropriate. But please remember: you can't wash or soak the wound with raw cold water, otherwise it will cause hot poison to soak, cause skin ulceration, aggravate the injury, and greatly increase the chance of leaving scars. \x1d\ Treatment of first-degree burns and scalds: \ x1d \ If you have aloe at home, you can apply aloe juice to the wound, which can play a therapeutic role; If you don't have it, you can buy some Wanhua oil or burn ointment from the drugstore, but these are all medicines for treating superficial burns and scalds, which are only suitable for first-degree burns. For deep burns, you need to use professional burn medicines. Treatment methods for second-degree burns and scalds: \x1d\1. First, use the above-mentioned cooling methods to cool the injured area; \x1d\2. If there is a foreign body in the wound, carefully remove it when cleaning the wound with rice washing water for the second time \x1d\3. If there is any burn medicine, use it in time. If there is no treatment method that can refer to the first degree burn, the injury can be alleviated. Then send it to the hospital for treatment in time or find a professional medicine for burns and scalds. \x1d\4. Severe burns and scalds should not be bandaged. Exposure therapy is good for injury recovery, which can speed up recovery and reduce the chance of leaving scars. \x1d\5. If there are signs of fever, you need to take antipyretics; If you feel thirsty, you need to take light salt water orally to replenish water; If the wound is inflamed, antibiotics can be used to reduce inflammation, such as cefalexin, erythromycin and gentamicin. \x1d\ Second-degree scald is a serious scald, and the skin blisters or desquamate, and the desquamate area will ooze fluid, which is easy to be infected and cause wound inflammation, so it needs to be treated with care. Large-scale second-degree burns will dehydrate the human body. If you feel thirsty, you need to take light salt water orally or go to the hospital for infusion treatment. People with severe burns will have fever or even shock, so they should go to the hospital for infusion in time, otherwise their lives will be in danger. Second-degree burns should be cleaned every morning and evening. You can use pure water to wash rice for the second time, or you can use warm water or light salt water (it is recommended to wash rice for the second time, which is good for the recovery of the injury). If there is no fever and shock, you can apply skin oil and scald medicine 3~4 times a day, and wash the wound with rice for the second time in the morning and evening, which can get effective treatment. \x1d\ Note: \x1d\ It is forbidden to wash or soak the wound with raw cold water, so as to prevent the skin from festering and leaving scars due to the immersion of hot poison. \x1d\ At the same time of drug treatment, adjust the diet: avoid spicy food (such as chili, wine, etc.) and high-calorie food (such as mutton and dog meat, etc.), and eat more high protein foods, especially drink more liquid and easily absorbed foods such as crucian carp soup, black fish soup and milk, which is beneficial to the growth of wound cells and accelerate healing. \x1d\ Treatment of third-degree burns: \x1d\ Treatment of third-degree burns can refer to the treatment of second-degree burns, but the physical condition of the injured person needs constant attention, especially paying attention to supplementing light salt water and observing body temperature. If an abnormality is found and cannot be handled, you should go to the hospital for infusion treatment in time to avoid life-threatening. \x1d\ III. Calculation of burn and scald area \x1d\1, new nine-point method for adults \x1d\ 9% of head and neck (3% of hair, 3% of face and 3% of neck), 18% of upper limbs (7% of upper arms, 6% of forearms and 5% of hands) and 27% of trunk (13 in front of trunk) \x1d\2. Calculation method of children's area \x1d\ Children's head area is relatively large and their lower limbs are relatively small, which needs to be corrected by the following formula: \x1d\ Head and neck area =9+(12- age) %\x1d\ Upper limbs area accounts for 18%\x1d\ Trunk area accounts for 27%\x1d\ \x1d\ When calculating the area of burns and scalds, a large area of burns and scalds shall be calculated by the nine-point method, and scattered burns and scalds shall be calculated by the palm method, and the total area of burns and scalds shall be calculated by adding them together.