French: Maupassant-Suifenhe
Russia: Chekhov-Chameleon
America: O Henry-a gift from the Magi.
4.
Shuang party
Gao Sai Booker
Su town dance
Revenge of the family
Colonel Xia Bei
The priest of Tours.
The story of thirteen people
Eugenie Grandet.
Father Goriot
Longevity potion
The story of donkey skin
Absolute exploration
Antique showroom
The Rise and Fall of Saicha Piroto.
Twinkingen bank
civil servant
A woman who stirs water
disillusion
The rise and fall of fireworks women
Aunt Bei
Uncle bangs
farmer
spinster
Pielante
Congressman of Alsi.
Eve's daughter
Lily in the valley
Memot, a reformed character.
A thirty-year-old woman
Sarakin
The Red House
Love in the desert
Atheist mass
Gambara
& lt； Red hotel >
5. Mount Tai (1532m) is located in Taian City, Shandong Province.
Xiyue Huashan (1997m) is located in Huayin County, Shaanxi Province.
Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue (15 12m) is located in Hengshan County in the south of Changsha City, Hunan Province.
Mount Hengshan (20 17m) is located in hun yuan.
Zhongyue Songshan (1440m) is located in Dengfeng County, Henan Province.
6.
University, golden mean, Analects of Confucius, Mencius >;
7. Bo, Zhong and Ji represent grades, Bo represents the largest and Ji represents the smallest.
8. hey
The first day of each month in the lunar calendar is called "new moon", the fifteenth day is called "hope", the sixteenth day is called "hope" and the end of the month is called "gloom".
9. Lantern Festival: Enjoy the lanterns and the moon and eat dumplings.
Tomb-Sweeping Day: Go for a walk, fly kites, worship ancestors, sweep graves and eat youth league.
Double Ninth Festival: Climbing High and Appreciating Chrysanthemums
10. Chyi Chin's painting and calligraphy.
1 1. pine, bamboo and plum
Ancient China literati loved to send things to express their feelings, and expressed their ideal character and spiritual pursuit with natural objects. The indomitable pine and cypress, colorful bamboo and winter plum, although belonging to different families and genera, all have noble styles that are not afraid of severe frost. They lived together in the cold of the old days and have always been admired by China ancient and modern literati, and they are called "three friends in the cold of the old days" as a metaphor for loyal friendship.
2. Please introduce more ancient knowledge, classical Chinese knowledge, ancient red tape and ancient etiquette:
China banquet is an inseparable part of Chinese food civilization. Banquet is not only a material form, but also a spiritual form. The ancients said, "The ceremony begins with the ceremony, and the diet begins." "It is impolite to hold a banquet to entertain guests." Banquet is connected with ceremony, and banquet is connected with emotion, which is true at all times and in all countries. Banquet has the characteristics of gathering, standardization, sociality and etiquette, which determines that it is indispensable in ancient times, in modern times and in the future. Because eating is the starting point and ultimate destination of human beings. Eating and drinking at a banquet is different from eating and drinking in a daily diet. Eating and drinking in a banquet is a form of emotion, ceremony, appearance, pleasure, fun and enjoyment, and it is also a means for human beings to pursue the beauty of drinking.
Nothing is ancient except today. In today's society, people hold and participate in various banquets as one of the social means to exchange information, give up their wishes and thank their friends. It is different from daily dining and has certain etiquette rules. However, impolite behavior is often seen at various banquets.
However, in the banquet activities in ancient China, there were various etiquette norms, which formed a set of catering etiquette. Ancient people invited guests, the general procedure is: confirm the banquet, the host sent an invitation, the car greeted them, and waited at the door. When the guests come to meet you, please sit in the hall, offer tea and cigarettes, and be accompanied. After a short rest, guide the guests to their seats and give up their seats to each other. Even if it is a family dinner before the banquet, parents should say a few words, which is equivalent to a speech.
Dinner is served, first cold and then hot, first big and then ordinary, with snacks in the middle, and finally on the fruit plate. Every time a dish is served, the host will raise a glass and give a chopstick to persuade him to eat. No matter the host or the guest, we should follow this etiquette, which is what is said in the Book of Rites Quli:
"* * * * don't choose your hands", that is, when eating with others, check the cleanliness of your hands and wash your hands before eating;
"Don't slap the rice", don't rub the rice into a rice ball, and then devour it, which is suspected of competing for food;
"No rice", don't put the rice in your hand back on the plate and bowl, so as not to give people the feeling of impurity;
"No flow", don't drink all over your mouth, giving people greedy eyes;
"Don't eat", don't slurp and make noise when eating;
"Don't chew bones", don't chew bones excessively, giving people an indecent impression;
Don't put the bitten fish back on the plate and bowl, but eat it to show hygiene. Take less when you eat, and take less if it is not enough.
"Don't throw dog bones", don't throw meat bones to dogs, lest the host mistakenly think that his banquet is only served with dog food;
"don't take anything", don't pick the kind of food you like, it will be selfish;
"Don't lift the rice", don't lift the hot rice just because you want to eat faster, so as to dissipate heat, which makes you impatient;
"Don't use chopsticks to eat small rice", use a special spoon to avoid giving people the feeling of eating;
"Don't lick the soup", don't gulp down the soup, and eat the soup with vegetables with chopsticks;
"Don't pour soup", guests should not mix soup in front of the host, as if their cooking is better than the host;
"Don't pick your teeth", don't pick your teeth in public, it looks unsightly, wait until after dinner;
"Don't drink sauce" makes people feel that you have never seen the world.
"The guest can't enjoy the soup, and the host can't enjoy the soup." If a guest is mixing soup, the host will apologize for his poor cooking. Please forgive me.
"If the guest drinks the sauce, the host will apologize and say that the food is boring." ：
"Bite meat with your teeth, not dried meat", cooked meat can be bitten off with your teeth, dried meat should not be bitten with your teeth, and you must share it with your hands or knives.
"Don't stir-fry", eat mutton skewers and large pieces of barbecue, don't swallow them all at once, it will fill your mouth and be wolfed down;
"* * * do not have enough to eat", that is, eat with others, don't overeat, and pay attention to civility and humility;
"If you eat, the guest kneels from the front. If you withdraw the meal, the host will be happy, leave the guest, and then the guest will sit down." After eating, the guests should get up and clean up the dishes with pickles on the table and give them to the servants next to them. The host will get up and ask the guests not to clean up, then the guests will sit down and so on.
The above is a set of food etiquette in ancient China, which has a great influence on the food culture of the Chinese nation in later generations. The purpose of this complicated etiquette is to require people to have the moral character of "respecting each other", so as to ensure courtesy, respect and order, and realize the dining style of "paying attention to courtesy and treating each other equally". From a modern point of view, although the purpose of this set of red tape is feudal, some civilized factors still have reference value for us today.
Modern social etiquette forms are becoming more and more simple and practical. With the development of society, interpersonal relationships are more and more equal, the pace of life is accelerated, and table civilization is paid more and more attention. People regard eating as one of the criteria for judging whether they are educated or not. Banquet etiquette, although there was no red tape in ancient society, there were still some ritual procedures. As the saying goes, "many people don't blame you for being polite." If you show high manners in gestures, dining images and speeches at banquets, it will help to shape your public image, gain the respect of others, promote the development of your career and help you succeed socially.
3. Various cultural knowledge in ancient China Guandong refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan in ancient times and the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.
Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.
Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."
Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."
"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient times, the western regions were called Xinjiang and its western regions.
Yandang Mountain: "According to western books, Arhat Norodom lived on the back of Furong Peak in Yandang Mountain in the southeast of Sinian." Lingqiao Wuling is another name for Yuecheng, Dubang, Zhu Meng, Qitian and Dayu.
"Herb Picking": "Lingqiao grass, smart and not carved." (This refers to Guangdong and Guangxi in particular).
Shuomo refers to the desert in the north, or "Shuowang" for short, refers to the north. Herb picking: "Mastering ink is peach, plum and Xia Rong."
"Mulan Poetry": "The new moon spreads gold, and the cold light shines iron clothes." The new moon refers to the wind in the north.
Lin's Fengxueshan Temple "returning to the north wind" refers to the north wind. Baiyue is also known as Baiyue and Zhu Yue.
In ancient times, Yue people lived in all parts of Guangdong, collectively known as Baiyue. In ancient Chinese, it often refers to the southern region.
On Qin dynasty, "take the land of Baiyue in the south", "collect herbs" and "all say peach, plum and winter fruit". The floorboard of the five famous mountains in Wuyue, namely Mount Taishan in Dongyue, Huashan in Xiyue, Songshan in Zhongyue, Hengshan in Beiyue and Hengshan in Nanyue.
Climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream: "Climbing to the top of the Five Mountains, the shadow runs through China." The capital of gyeonggi province and its surrounding areas.
Zuo anecdote: "Zuo Xiangzu, a public school in Gyeonggi." In the Western Han Dynasty, Sanfu initially referred to three officials in charge of the Gyeonggi area, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials.
"Zhang Hengchuan": "Hengshan Mountain belongs to the literature and swims in the third auxiliary." "Remember Zhong Wang's Su Gong Ao:" A man and a woman married the wife of an official in Kyrgyzstan. "
After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "auxiliary" for short. Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan.
After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu gave this place to three generals in Qin Jun, hence the name. Farewell to the governor and enter Shu: "The wall of Sanqin is separated from the water of five rivers."
The administrative region of a county in ancient times. Qin unified the world with 36 counties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, counties were called each other, and the Ming and Qing Dynasties were called the government.
On Qin, the key counties in the north, Pipa travel, Yuanhe moved to Sima, Jiujiang county for ten years, Battle of Red Cliffs, there are six counties with many soldiers and refined grain. See the article "County" as a country.
"Longzhong Dui": "Since Dong Zhuo came, there have been heroes, and countless people have crossed the state and even joined the county." "Battle of Red Cliffs": "The people of Jingzhou attached symbols, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation."
Daoism and Daoism established in minority areas in Han Dynasty are a special administrative region, equivalent to a county. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was first a prison area, then an administrative area, and it was an administrative unit at or above the national level.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, roads were set up in provinces, in which road guarding was a small administrative area and road patrol was only a monitoring area. "Tan Sitong" spiraled up Ningxia Road, where "Dao" refers to the Taoist priest.
The administrative region of Lu, Song and Yuan Dynasties is equivalent to the present province. Preface to {Guide to the Southern Tour >: "Except for the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all the other military forces are in my charge."
"Forever Yule Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia": "Looking at the middle of the road, you can still remember that the fire will be on Yangzhou Road." In ancient landscape, the yin and yang were the south of the mountain and the north of the mountain was the yang, and the south of the mountain was the yin.
"Gong Yu Yishan": "It refers to the south of Henan and reaches Hanyin." "Hanyin" refers to the south of Hanshui River.
"Climbing Mount Tai": "On the day of Mount Tai, wenshui flows westward; It is cloudy and the water flows eastward. " "You Bao Chan": "The so-called Huayang Cave, also known as the sun of Huashan."
Nanjing and other ancient names are also called Jiankang, Jinling, Jiangning and Baixia. Liu Jingting biography: "Taste was ordered by Jinling."
"Sick Plum House": "Longpan in Jiangning ... all produce plums." Plum Blossom Ridge: "Wu Zhongsun, Zhao Gong and Wei Xiao set out to fight and hold on to the white ground."
Another example is that Yangzhou is called Guangling and Weiyang, and Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "Fireworks go to Yangzhou in March." Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow": "Chun Xi's soldiers were given to Japan and given to Weiyang."
For example, Hangzhou is called Lin 'an and Wulin, Suzhou is called Gusu, Fuzhou is called Sanshan, and Chengdu is called Jinguancheng. Liu Jingting biography: "After reading the old story of Tokyo Dream China and Wulin."
"Night parking near Fengqiao": "Hanshan Temple outside Gusu City, midnight bells ring to passenger ships." "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night": "Look at the red and wet place, the flowers in Jinguancheng are heavy."
Preface: "From Haidao to Yongjialai Sanshan, it is a volume." .
4. Introduction to Historical Records: At first, Historical Records did not have a fixed title, or it was called "Taishi Gongshu" or "Taishi Gongji", which was also called "Taishi Gongji" in the province. "history
"Ji" was originally a general term for ancient history books. Since the Three Kingdoms, Historical Records has gradually become the proper name of Taishi Gongshu. Author Sima
Move, word length, Zuo Fengyi Xiayang people. Born in the fifth year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he died in the third year of Emperor Zheng of Han Dynasty. Sima Qian's father teacher
Ma Su served in the Central Committee of the Han Dynasty, responsible for managing royal books, collecting historical materials and studying astronomical calendars. Sima Tan is going to write a newsletter.
History, he died before his wish came true. On his deathbed, he told Sima Qian to finish his unfinished business. Sima Qian worked hard as a child.
At the age of ten, he began to learn the ancient prose at that time. Later, he followed Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo to study The Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram and the history of ancient Chinese prose. Emperor yuan Shuo of Han dynasty
In three years, Sima Qian was twenty years old, full of curiosity, roaming the famous mountains and rivers of the motherland, inspecting historical sites and collecting legends everywhere. Cross the right
Sima Qian broadened his horizons and increased his knowledge by on-the-spot investigation of places of interest and historical facts before and after the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, which paved the way for later compilation of historical records.
Made full preparations. After Sima Tan's death, Sima Qian inherited his father's business and made an official order, so he was able to see a large number of books, documents and national archives.
Case, this is an indispensable condition for Sima Qian to compile historical records. In the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Qian began to write historical records.
In the second year of Tianhan, Li Ling led the troops to attack the Huns with Li Guangli, and they were defeated and surrendered. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Sima Qian what he thought of Li Ling, so Sima
It is said that Li Ling surrendered because he was outnumbered and had no reinforcements, and the responsibility was not entirely on Li Ling. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty believed that Sima Qian intended to replace Li.
Ling excused himself and condemned Li Guangli, Li Furen's brother and the daughter of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. As a result, Sima Qian was thrown into prison and sentenced to corruption. Three years later.
He was pardoned from prison and worked harder at writing history books. In about two years, the compilation was basically completed. Years after Sima Qian's death,
His grandson, Yang Yun, made this immortal masterpiece of more than 520,000 words public.
Historical Records is a general history that runs through ancient times and modern times, starting from the legendary Huangdi until the first year of Emperor Wudi's Yuanshou, describing China.
It has a history of about 3000 years. According to Sima Qian's records, there are 12 biographies, 10 tables, 8 books, 30 aristocratic families and 70 biographies.
* * * one hundred and thirty articles. Ban Gu mentioned in the Biography of Sima Qian in Hanshu that there are ten missing pieces in Historical Records. Wei of the Three Kingdoms pointed out that these ten articles are all "landscapes"
Biography of Emperor, Biography of Emperor Wudi, Book of Rites, Le Shu, Law and Discipline, Chronology of Generals Since Han Dynasty, Biography of Japanese,
Three Kings Family, Biography of Tortoise Shell, Biography of Fujin. Most descendants disagree with Zhang Yan's statement, but not all of the Historical Records are true.
There is no doubt about it. Today's Historical Records is also 130, and several chapters are obviously not written by Sima Qian, but by Bo when Emperor Han and Yuan were emperors.
Scholar Chu supplemented Historical Records, and "Mr. Chu said" in this edition of Historical Records is his supplement.
Historical Records has a wide range of materials. At that time, world books, Mandarin, national policies, Ji Qin and Chu were circulated in the society.
Works such as Spring and Autumn Annals and A Hundred Schools of Thought contend, national documents and archives, and materials obtained from field investigation were all written by Sima Qian.
Sources of important materials. What is particularly valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and screened the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense.
For some problems that cannot be clarified, we either take a skeptical attitude or record various opinions. Due to the extensive materials, the history was revised.
Therefore, seriously speaking, Historical Records is rich in information and content.
5. Chinese in senior high school is a compulsory course. Common sense of ancient classical Chinese "When the candle is used to stop Qin" 1. Universal word 1. Now that I am old, I can't do anything. )
2.*** Its exhaustion (* * *, through "replenishment", replenishment. 3. Fujin, why do you hate it? (Tired, "ashamed", satisfied. )
4. If you don't miss Qin, take it (miss, preach "miss", invade. Qin Bo said that he was happy to form an alliance with Zheng. )
6. I don't know what I have lost, and I don't know. Second, ancient and modern different meanings 1. Gu Ye: It belongs to two subjects and verbs; Today: capitalization and numerals of "two".
2. If she thinks the host is Gu: a master on the Oriental Road; Today: generally refers to the host of the banquet. 3. Baggage exchange, * * * is exhausted: the messenger, the person who sent the task; Today: point out what the door person carries with him.
4. Mrs. Wei is not as powerful as this: that person; Today: address ordinary people's wives. 3. Flexible use of parts of speech (examples) (1) Flexible use of nouns 1. Nouns as adverbials ① Come out at night (indicating time, night) ② Set up a board at night (indicating time, morning, night) ③ Seal Zheng to the east (indicating place, in the east) 2. Nouns as verbs ① Jin Army Hanling/Qin Jun Branch.
Masterpiece manufacturing movement, manufacturing ... into a boundary) (2) Sparrow is beneficial to gold (benefit: benefit, benefit. Nouns move, make ... benefit) 3 The country is far away.
(2) Flexible use of the verb is 1. Verb as noun Your taste is given by Jin Jun, (give, verb as noun, favor) 2. Verbs are used as verbs. 1. If there is no shortage of Qin (use verbs to make ... cut) 2. If you die, it will be good for you. Thin strength) 5 * * is exhausted (exhausted, lacking things) 2. Adjectives as verbs are awkward and heartless (adjectives as verbs are harmful) (4) The numeral "er" is used flexibly in Chu (the numeral "er" is used flexibly as a verb and belongs to two subjects). Polysemy (1) Important notional words: (Example: What will you do if the country can't bear it? Zuozhuan? Yin AD) "Candle's Martial Arts Retire Qin Shi" 1. Universal word 1. Now that I am old, I can't do anything. )
2.*** Its exhaustion (* * *, through "replenishment", replenishment. 3. Fujin, why do you hate it? (Tired, "ashamed", satisfied. )
4. If you don't miss Qin, take it (miss, preach "miss", invade. Qin Bo said that he was happy to form an alliance with Zheng. )
6. I don't know what I have lost, and I don't know. Second, ancient and modern different meanings 1. Gu Ye: It belongs to two subjects and verbs; Today: capitalization and numerals of "two".
2. If she thinks the host is Gu: a master on the Oriental Road; Today: generally refers to the host of the banquet. 3. Baggage exchange, * * * is exhausted: the messenger, the person who sent the task; Today: point out what the door person carries with him.
4. Mrs. Wei is not as powerful as this: that person; Today: address ordinary people's wives. 3. Flexible use of parts of speech (examples) (1) Flexible use of nouns 1. Nouns as adverbials ① Come out at night (indicating time, night) ② Set up a board at night (indicating time, morning, night) ③ Seal Zheng to the east (indicating place, in the east) 2. Nouns as verbs ① Jin Army Hanling/Qin Jun Branch.
Masterpiece manufacturing movement, manufacturing ... into a boundary) (2) Sparrow is beneficial to gold (benefit: benefit, benefit. Nouns move, make ... benefit) 3 The country is far away.
(2) Flexible use of the verb is 1. Verb as noun Your taste is given by Jin Jun, (give, verb as noun, favor) 2. Verbs are used as verbs. 1. If there is no shortage of Qin (use verbs to make ... cut) 2. If you die, it will be good for you. Thin strength) 5 * * is exhausted (exhausted, lacking things) 2. Adjectives as verbs are awkward and heartless (adjectives as verbs are harmful) (4) The numeral "er" is used flexibly in Chu (the numeral "er" is used flexibly as a verb and belongs to two subjects). Polysemy (1) Important notional words: (Example: What will you do if the country can't bear it? Zuozhuan? Two pairs (for example, he has more than two ministers).
Liang Qichao's "On young chinese") ③ Not single-minded (for example, second, confused. Xunzi? (4) centrifugal separation from Germany, betrayal (such as the bribe of husband and vassal, gathered in the government, the vassal is two.
Zuo Zhuan) 5 Again, repeat. (Example: Don't be angry, don't be angry.
The Analects of Confucius? Yong also ") 6 subordinate two masters. (This article: rude to Jin, rude to Chu. )
2. A border town, a remote place (for example, Xue Ji: "There are two monks in Shu." (This article: "Yue Guo Yuan") ② Vulgar and despicable.
(Example: "Zuo Zhuan? Ten years of Zhuang Gong: "Carnivores are frivolous and fail to make long-term plans." ) look down, look down.
(Example: "Zuo Zhuan? Zhao Gong of sixteen years: "I am polite, but my husband still despises me.". ") 3. Xu ① allows (the same as modern Chinese) ② agrees, obeys (such as this article: Xu Zhi, Xu Junjiao, Leisure) ③ agrees (such as Yishan: Mixed Words)."
) 4 Approximation (Example: Xiaoshitang Ji: "There are more than a hundred fish in the pond." (5) Table Office (Example: Tao Yuanming's Biography of Mr. Wuliu: "Sir, I don't know who."
) 4.①què (1) Tall buildings on both sides of ancient palaces. Guo Jun was surprised. He came out to see Bian Que in the middle of Historical Records? Bian Que biography) (2) Qujin Tower (3) Qujin Palace, extended to the imperial court (Yi Que wrote a letter, and the book was not reported to Hanshu for a long time? (Biography of Zhu Maichen) (4) Qu Lingtong "lack", lack, vacancy (rice was expensive last year, and there was a shortage of food. This year, rice was cheap, which hurt farmers.
Du Fu's New Year's Party).
6. Basic knowledge of classical Chinese Section 1 Content words of classical Chinese 1. The meaning of the same word has changed in ancient and modern times. This phenomenon is called ancient and modern different meanings.
Usually, we should pay attention to accumulating ancient and modern synonyms; Observe carefully when you do the problem, and don't expect the words to be reasonable, so that the present generation can be replaced by the present. Second, the notional words in classical Chinese often have several or even a dozen meanings, which is called polysemy.
For commonly used polysemous words, we should understand the relationship between their original meaning and extended meaning, and systematically grasp the meaning. For example, the original meaning of "Chao" is morning, because the ancient courtiers visited the emperor in the morning, which was extended to "appear before the court and worship"; From "appearing in court" to "appearing in court"; Also extended to the dynasty.
Candidates should be good at accurately understanding the meaning of words according to relevant vocabulary (specific context). Third, the flexible use of parts of speech Some words in ancient Chinese temporarily had some grammatical functions, temporarily changed parts of speech, and some even changed their pronunciation in a specific language environment. This is the flexible use of parts of speech.
We should master the flexible use of nouns as general verbs, adjectives as general verbs, numerals as general verbs, verb causative usage, adjective causative usage, noun causative usage, verbs as nouns and nouns as adverbials, and make judgments in combination with the context. 4. A compound word that is biased towards the right is composed of two morphemes with similar, opposite or opposite meanings, of which only one morpheme indicates the meaning, and the other morpheme does not indicate the meaning, but only serves as a foil.
There are not many compound words with partial meanings in the textbook, so we should summarize them. Usually training should pay attention to accumulation, and the answers in the examination room should be observed and carefully compared.
The second section understands the usage of function words commonly used in classical Chinese. Function words are commonly used in classical Chinese: Er, He, Hu, Endurance, Qi, Er, Ruo, Suo, Wei, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, Zhe, Zhe.
Section 3 Classical Chinese Sentences 1. In vernacular Chinese, the verb "Shi" is used to connect the two parts of a judgment sentence, while in classical Chinese, the main feature of a judgment sentence is that it can be continued directly with the subject and predicate without a judgment sentence. The common judgment sentences in classical Chinese are: 1. Use the auxiliary words "zhe" and "ye" to express judgment.
For example: Lian Po, General Zhao Zhiliang. It takes courage to fight.
Xiaomi, what do people grow? 2. Use adverbs such as "namely, then, essence, this, cheng, meaning and element" between the subject and the predicate to express positive judgment and strengthen the tone.
For example, if things are not good, this is heaven. This is a crucial autumn.
(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
The Chu River is surrounded by mountains. 6. Chen Ben cloth.
"Nai", "Ze" and "namely" all have the meaning of "yes". 3. The verb "Wei" and the judgment word "Yes" indicate judgment.
For example: ① Why is this human? (2) What is this world? Don't use "zhe" or "zhe", just judge according to the meaning of the sentence. For example, Liu Bei is arrogant in the world.
5. Use negative adverb "Fei" to express negative judgment, such as looking at it and drawing words instead. Second, passive sentences In a sentence with a verb as the predicate, the subject is not the actor of the action indicated by the verb, but the receiver of the action. This sentence is called passive sentence.
Common passive sentences in classical Chinese are as follows: 1. The preposition "Yu" is also used after the verb predicate to introduce the active person of the action, for example: ① You are the lucky star of Zhao Wang. (2) Wang Huai didn't know the difference between a loyal minister and a loyal minister, so he was deceived by Zheng Xiu inside and bullied by Yi Cheung outside.
2. The preposition "Wei" leads to the initiative of action or is used with the word "Suo". For example, if a guest dies in Qin, he laughs at the world. Zhuang was forced to death by the patrol.
If you don't, if you belong to all, you will be captured. 3. Use "see" as a passive sign before the verb, for example, Qin Cheng is afraid of not getting it, but sees the bully.
You can also use the preposition "Yu" after the verb to lead to the initiative of the action, such as fear of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao. 4. Use "Shou" in front of the verb and the preposition "Yu" at the back of the verb, so as to lead to the initiative of the action. For example, I can't afford to support the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others.
Use the preposition "Bei" before the verb, for example, her art is envied by even experts, and her beauty is envied by all major dancers. Or cooperate with the preposition "Yu" to attract actors, for example, Yan State surrounded Zhao with a country of thousands of riders.
Inverted sentence (1) Prepositional object sentence In ancient Chinese, the position of the object is the same as that of modern Chinese, usually behind the verb (or preposition), but it is placed in front of the verb (or preposition) under certain conditions to emphasize the object. Preposition objects can be divided into the following situations; 1. In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns (An, He, Who, etc. ) as an object, it is usually mentioned before a verb or preposition.
For example; 1 Is Pei Hongan there? (2) The rich man said, "Why do you keep walking?" (3) Wes, who are we going home with? 4 why is it effective? In negative sentences, pronouns as objects also refer to verbs, such as: ① people can't promise. (2) I am willing to care about my three-year-old daughter. (3) He is not my kindness.
3. In order to emphasize the object, with the help of "zhi" and "yes", the object is brought from the back of the word to the front of the verb. This "zhi" and "yes" become the signs of the object's progress, and there is no other meaning.
For example: ① Confucius said, "What's so ugly?" (2) mercenary. 4. Prepositions of prepositional objects.
For example; (1) Does Hu sympathize with each other? (2) in a word. (2) The attributive post-sentence 1. "………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example: Stone speaks loudly (Shi Zhongshan's story) 2. "................" is a symbol. Example: Earthworms have no advantage over their minions, but their bones and muscles are strong (advise them to learn) (3) adverbial postcondition 1. Object-object phrase marked with "Yu".
Example: Ji Jiang has something to do with it ("Ji Jiang Cutting"). For example, although Dong Zhi severely punished him, his anger shocked him ("Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong") (4) subject-predicate inversion; What's more, black gauze is horizontal and soap is vulgar.
("Tiger Hill") IV. Some words or components in classical Chinese are often omitted, which is more common than that in vernacular Chinese. 1. Save the theme.
For example, (fame) catches it with joy, (insects) jump up at once, and (insects) move quickly. 2. Save the predicate.
For example: one drum, then (drum) and decline, three (drum) and exhausted. 3. Save the object.
① Save the verb object. For example: the right to change clothes, Sue is chasing (it).
② Save the prepositional object. For example, the king of Qin refused to give a blow.
4. Save prepositions. For example, generals hit Hebei and ministers hit Henan.
5. Save quantifiers. For example: ① Six (only) crabs kneel, and two (only) crabs are complete.
2 Cold and summer are easy to celebrate, and the first (second) reaction.