(1) "Anna? Karenina "
"All happy families are alike, and each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." -"Anna Karenina "
Appreciation of works: "Anna? Karenina is one of the most important masterpieces of Tolstoy, a famous Russian writer. As soon as this work came out, it attracted people's attention. Russian contemporary writer Dostoevsky even thinks it is "a perfect work of art" and "no similar works can be compared with it" in modern European literature. Anna? Karenina is really a great work. As a realistic writer, Tolstoy created an unparalleled picture of Russian social life in 1970s. The Russian poet Fett said that the author seems to have put the whole era into this novel.
Reflect the times: "Anna? Karenina was written in the 1970s (1873- 1877). At that time, Russia was in a period of great historical change, and the feudal landlords in ancient Russia were violently impacted by the wave of capitalism in Western Europe. " Everything is upside down, and everything is just beginning to be established. "It means that the old feudal aristocratic order has been subverted and the capitalist system has just begun to be established. In this historical period of the alternation of the old and the new, what attracts Tolstoy's attention most is the change of family and the fate of women. Family tragedies emerge one after another, and scenes unfold before his eyes, and the news that a woman committed suicide on the railroad track because of love issues particularly shocked and saddened him. He may have created this Anna? The direct cause of Karenina.
Creation process: Tolstoy really spent a lot of effort in creating this novel. Tolstoy began to conceive this novel as early as 1870. He told his wife, "I think of a typical married but miserable woman from the upper class." He said: "My task is to write this woman pitifully and innocently." 1873, he began to write. In a letter to his relatives, his wife said that his work was "a novel based on modern life". The plot of the novel is "describing an unfaithful wife and all the tragedies arising from it". He wrote according to this idea. At first, he wrote very smoothly, and the first draft was completed in about a month. But it took him nearly five years to finish the novel. It was not until 1875 that the novel began to be published in the Russian Herald. 1878 just issued the first order. In this long creative process, he gradually expanded the scope of the theme, deepened the connotation of the theme and strengthened the intensity of the theme. As a result, this novel has developed from a family tragedy caused by his wife's infidelity to a grand historical picture that reflects the vast and complicated Russian social life in the 1960s and 1970s by telling family stories.
Influence on China's Modern Literature: Lev? Tolstoy's influence is enormous. The power of his thought and art has left a mark on the literature and ideological and cultural fields of all countries in the world. The famous Austrian writer Zweig put it well: Tolstoy's influence "is like a torrent from the center of heaven." ... Tolstoy's thought ... gave birth to various spiritual activities in the 20th century. "Anna? Karenina is the main force that produces this influence. Tolstoy's influence can be seen everywhere in China's modern literature. In Lu Xun's A Little Thing, there is Tolstoy-style introspection and repentance; In Bing Xin's A Melancholy Teenager, the protagonist is very similar to Ilsini in Teenager. The image of mother in Superman, another work of Bing Xin, can be said to be the embodiment of Tolstoy's love. Ye's Ni Huanzhi, Mao Dun's Three Faces, Lu Yin's Old Friends by the Sea, His Smile and Xu Dishan's Spider Weaving a Web and Working all reflect Tolstoy's views on love, labor and humanity. Many China writers talked about Tolstoy's influence on him when they talked about their own literary experiences.
Author's Style: Tolstoy is the most complicated of all the great figures in19th century. Gorky
Lev? Nikolayevich? Tolstoy (1828— 19 10) is the greatest representative of Russian critical realism literature and one of the greatest writers in the history of world literature. 1828 was born on September 9th in Jasna Ya, Wen County, Clapiz City, Tula Province. Borgilina. Tolstoy's family is a noble family, and his father is Nicholas? Count ilych, Sister Maria? Nikolayev na is Nicholas? Thanks? Daughter of the Duke of Volkonski. Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from childhood, studied in the Oriental Language Department of Kazan University, and prepared to be a diplomat. The following year, he was transferred to the legal department. His main works include the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, Teenagers and Youth, the novella Morning between the Landlord and the Cossack, and the novel War and Peace, Anna? Karenina, resurrect. The novels War and Peace and Anna? Karenina won him a high world reputation. Resurrection, written in the late 1980s, is a summary of the author's life-long creation and ideological exploration.
(2) gone with the wind
Appreciation of works: Gone with the Wind is a famous American woman writer Margaret? Michelle's novels are romantic and reflect the theme of the Civil War. Scarlett, the protagonist, has always fascinated readers with her rebellious spirit and self-improvement spirit. On the eve of the American Civil War, Miss Scarlett, aged 16 from Tara, Georgia, fell madly in love with her neighbor Ashley? Wilkes. After the war broke out, Ashley and his cousin Melanie? Hamilton got married, and Scarlett got angry and married Charles, whom she didn't love. Soon, Charles died in the war and Scarlett became a widow. At a fund-raising dance, she and Rhett? Captain butler has met. As the war approached Atlanta, Scarlett fled Atlanta and returned to Tara with the help of Captain Rhett. Seeing that the former manor was in ruins, Scarlett was determined to revive her home at all costs. Soon, Scarlett's second husband, Frank, died in a duel and she became a widow again. Rhett loved Scarlett sincerely and passionately, and soon Scarlett married Rhett. Although Rhett has similar temperament characteristics to her to attract her, at the same time, she is infatuated with Ashley she once loved. Rhett left Scarlett with sadness, but Scarlett realized that Rhett was the only one who could really love her.
Author's style: Margaret? The publication of Gone with the Wind written by Michelle (1900-1949) caused a sensation all over the world in an instant, which was unexpected by the author. She has only written this novel in her life, but this novel alone has made her a household name. Some people describe that Michelle slept in obscurity at night and woke up the next morning to become the number one celebrity in the country. He has successively won the Bonipeg Memorial Award of 1938, the Social Gold Award of South new york in the same year, and the Doctor of Literature degree of 1939 Smith Women's College. Michelle was born in Atlanta, Georgia on June 8th, 1900, 165438. Her father is a historian and the president of the Atlanta Historical Society. Michelle studied medicine at Smith Women's College and Washington High School in Northampton, Massachusetts. After her mother died, she took care of her father and brother and dropped out of school to go home. From 65438 to 0922, he worked as a journalist columnist in Atlanta Daily, and later left because of an ankle injury. Influenced by her family since childhood, Michelle has always liked to delve into history. After she resigned, she began to study the civil war history of 186 1 to 1865. Michelle wants to reflect her research experience and achievements in the form of novels. After ten years of hard work, the novel Gone with the Wind was finally finished. The publication of this novel immediately caused a sensation in the world.
3 "Jane? love
Appreciation of works: 1847, Jane? After the publication of Love, London was a sensation, written by Charlotte? Bronte's contemporary famous writer Thackeray praised it as "the masterpiece of a great genius". Jane? Love describes the heroine's spiritual course of pain, suffering, resistance and pursuit. Jane? Love is short and ugly, but she has a rich emotional world. She has always been humble and maintained her personal dignity, winning Rochester's respect and admiration. Despite all the difficulties, Jane? Love finally listened to the call of the heart and returned to Rochester. He lost everything and became blind in a fire. Two hearts that really love each other are happily United. Jane? The success of love lies in the shaping of the heroine Jane Eyre. Like this artistic image. Charlotte has two sisters Emily? Bronte and Anne? Bronte said, "I want to write a heroine for you." She is as ordinary and short as me, but she should be as interesting as any heroine you write. " Contrary to the traditional writing style, the author successfully created a new female image with no outstanding appearance and determined to pursue equal and independent personality.
Author's style: Charlotte? Bronte (1816-1855) is an outstanding British woman writer in the 9th century. She is as famous as Dickens and Thackeray, and is praised by Marx as an "outstanding school" of English novelists. Sister Emily. Bronte (author of Wuthering Heights), Anne? Bronte is quite famous in the literary world, also known as the "Bronte Three Sisters".
Charlotte was born in a poor country priest's family. When I was a child, I was sent to an orphanage. After leaving the orphanage, I worked as a tutor, then went on to school and taught English in boarding schools. Charlotte likes literature and writing since she was a child. 1846, he and his two sisters shared the pen name "Bell" and published the first book of poetry at their own expense. 1847 "Jane? The publication of Love caused a sensation in the literary world. The following year, her younger brother branwell and her younger sister Emily died one after another. Soon, my little sister Anne died. In order to forget the sadness of life, she devoted herself to writing and finished Shelley (1949), villette (1853) and Teacher (1855).
(4) La Traviata
Appreciation of works: This is a romantic love tragedy written by the famous French writer Dumas. Margaret is a social star in Paris society. Her extraordinary beauty and outstanding intelligence make her the object of pursuit of rich children. Margaret was deeply moved by Armand's sincerity and singleness from the moment she met Armand, and they fell in love. They live a simple and simple life in the suburbs of Paris, far from the bustling city center. At this time, Armand's father begged Margaret to leave Armand for the sake of family reputation. Margaret left Armand for the happiness of Armand's family. Armand, who didn't know the inside story, repeatedly insulted and embarrassed Margaret. Faced with the heavy blow of life, she is even more disheartened about life. When armand learned the truth and rushed to Margaret's side, she died alone in her apartment because of poverty and illness.
Author's style: Dumas (1825— 1895), a French novelist and playwright, is the illegitimate child of Dumas. As an illegitimate child, Dumas was laughed at by others in his childhood and adolescence. As adults, it is the reality of French society that leads many women who are insulted and hurt like their mother and son to decide to write to change social morality. La Traviata is his famous work, and he adapted it into a play of the same name on 1852, which achieved great success. Since then, Dumas has written more than 20 plays, and his realistic tendency is more distinct. Because of his own life experience, he has published many "problem plays" with illegitimate children as the theme. In addition to La Traviata, his masterpieces include Semi-Upper Class, Money Problem, Illegitimate Child, Aubrey's View, foreign women, Dennis and so on.
(5) "Monte Cristo"
Appreciation of works: The Love and Hatred of Monte Cristo is a long and well-known novel which is rare in the world. The novel is ingenious in conception, bizarre in plot twists and turns and gripping, and the whole story is full of legend. This story happened during the French Restoration. Dundees, the hero, was the first mate of the merchant ship "King of Egypt" and was arrested and imprisoned in 14 for being falsely accused. In prison, he met old Faria, who turned him into a knowledgeable and omnipotent man and told him the location of the treasure on Monte Cristo Island. After the death of the eldest son, Dundees managed to get into the sack wrapped in the prison and escaped from the prison in Fort Yves. After he got out of prison, he got the treasure and became the count of Monte Cristo, very rich. He is determined to punish evil and promote good with money in the name of God, and repay kindness and revenge. He repaid Morrel, the benefactor who had taken care of his father and the owner of the ship, and then skillfully punished all the enemies who framed him. The novel began to be serialized in Debate in Paris on 1845. Once published, it immediately caused a sensation in Paris. Gorky praised the novel as "a refreshing reading".
The birth of "The Love and Hatred of Monte Cristo": Dumas especially loved reading romantic legends such as "The Thousand and One Nights" and "Robin Hood" when he was young, and he developed a romantic character with a passion for fantasy from an early age. Later, I carefully studied the style of Scott's historical novels. In order to write popular novels, I began to collect anecdotes and observe human customs everywhere. 1842, he traveled in the Mediterranean and became interested in the island of Monte Cristo near the island of Elba, so he linked this island with the case file of "revenge diamond" he found in the old archives of the Paris police in 1838, brewing a story, and thus "The Life of Monte Cristo" was born. After being serialized in Debate, the story of Monte Cristo's enmity and enmity immediately caused a sensation. Crazy readers wrote to the newspaper from all directions, asking about the hero's future experience. Readers lured by curiosity will even rush to the printing factory to "buy off" the printers, so as to get a sneak peek and read the report published in the newspaper the next day. A novel with a contemporary theme has such a "sensational effect" and so tenacious vitality that it is still loved by hundreds of millions of readers all over the world today after more than one hundred years. This situation is rare in the history of world literature.
Author's style:
Alexander? Dumas (1802- 1870), known as Dumas by the world, is the representative of French romantic literature in the first half of the19th century. His works are vivid in story, tortuous in plot and fascinating. Dumas was born in Willer-Colette on July 24th, 1802. When I was young, I worked as a clerk and also as a clerk. Because I want to engage in literary activities, I quit my job and started literary creation, and achieved remarkable results. Dumas' major literary achievement lies in his novel creation, including three musketeers (1844), Queen Margot (1845) and Revenge of Kido Mountain (1845). Dumas wrote a lot in his life. Victor? Hugo commented on Dumas: "He is as refreshing as a thunderstorm in summer, and he is a likable person. He was covered with dark clouds and thundered, but he never hurt anyone. Everyone knows that he is as gentle and generous as the rain in the drought. "
(6) How is steel tempered?
Appreciation of Works: How Steel was Tempered is the masterpiece of ostrovsky, a famous Soviet writer. It is one of the most representative masterpieces in Soviet literature and one of the most wonderful works in world literature. The novel narrates the protagonist Paul? Kochakin's life has created an outstanding Bolshevik image for us, which is endless and struggles. After the novel was published, it aroused great repercussions, and the protagonist Paul became an example for young people in the Soviet Union and China to learn, inspiring people to forge ahead.
Author's style: ostrovsky (1904— 1936), a Soviet writer, was born in Ohlstrom county, Warren province. His parents are both workers. Because my family was poor, I only attended primary school for three years, so I was forced to earn my own living and worked as a canteen waiter, fireman's assistant and electrician. Only after the victory of the October Revolution did he join the Volunteers. 1920, demobilized due to injury. Soon after, he got typhoid fever and rheumatism in a fight with the flood, 1924 joined the party. As * * * group district party secretary and prefectural party committee secretary. 1927 Paralysis and blindness. He engaged in literary creation with amazing perseverance. 1933 wrote his first novel, How Steel was Tempered. 1935, won the Lenin medal. 1936, The Birth of the Storm (the first trilogy) was completed.
(7) War and peace
Appreciation of Works: Tolstoy's masterpiece War and Peace is the first epic masterpiece of1.30,000 words in the history of Russian literature. The novel is based on the Russian-French War of 18 12 and centered on the Russian Patriotic War of 18 12, reflecting the major historical events from 1805 to 1820. The novel begins with 1805 when the aristocrats in Petersburg talk about Napoleon's campaign in Europe. Both the Sino-Russian-Austrian Coalition forces and Napoleon collapsed, and finally ends on the eve of the party movement in 18251February. The works focus on the thoughts and actions of 40 families, including Polanski, Bezukhov, Rostov and Kulagin, in the environment of war and peace. Based on the fate of the main members of four families, Andre, Pierre and Natasha, it depicts Russian social fashion and shows a broad picture of life. It is a realistic heroic epic novel. The appearance of this novel coincides with the unprecedented prosperity of Russian critical realism literature. Like a bright star, he added luster to Russian literature and won Tolstoy the reputation as a world writer.
Author's style:
Tolstoy is the most complicated of all the great figures in the19th century. Gorky
Lev? Nikolayevich? Tolstoy (1828- 19 10) is the greatest representative of Russian critical realism literature and one of the greatest writers in the history of world literature. 1828 was born on September 9th in Jasna Ya, Wen County, Clapiz City, Tula Province. Borgilina. Tolstoy's family is a noble family, and his father is Nicholas? Count ilych, Sister Maria? Nikolayev na is Nicholas? Thanks? Daughter of the Duke of Volkonski. Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education from childhood, studied in the Oriental Language Department of Kazan University, and prepared to be a diplomat. The following year, he was transferred to the legal department. His main works include the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, Teenagers and Youth, the novella Morning between the Landlord and the Cossack, and the novel War and Peace, Anna? Karenina, resurrect. The novels War and Peace and Anna? Karenina won him a high world reputation. Resurrection, written in the late 1980s, is a summary of the author's life-long creation and ideological exploration.
(8) resurrection
Resurrection is the masterpiece of Tolstoy, a Russian critical realist writer, and one of the immortal masterpieces of world literature. The protagonist of the novel Katyusha? Maslova was originally the adopted daughter of an aristocratic landlord. She was seduced by her master's nephew, the young aristocratic Duke Niehe Liudov, and was abandoned. As a result, she fell into a miserable life. She was driven away by her master because she was pregnant, and she wandered around and worked as a prostitute for eight years. Later, she was framed for murder for money and was arrested and imprisoned. Ten years later, Nekhludoff appeared as a juror in Maslova's case. He recognized that the defendant was Maslova who was abandoned by him ten years ago, and he was condemned by his conscience. In order to atone for her soul, he ran around to reduce her sentence. When all efforts failed, Maslova was escorted to Siberia, and Nekhludoff went with her. On the way, there came a notice that the emperor reduced Maslova's sentence, and forced labor was changed to exile. At this time, although Maslova still loved Nekhludoff, he refused his proposal for his future and married political prisoner simonson. The experiences of these two protagonists show their spiritual and moral revival. This novel exposes those corrupt officials and touches the essence of the old law.
Notre Dame de Paris
Appreciation: Notre Dame de Paris was published in 183 1. It is the first novel of great ideological significance and artistic value by Hugo, the founder of French romantic literature, and is regarded as a masterpiece of romanticism.
Through the tragic story that Esmeralda, a gypsy woman, was framed and persecuted to death by frollo, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, the novel profoundly exposed the darkness of the church, the hypocrisy of monks and the cruelty of feudal nobles. The novel describes the Paris society in the15th century, but denounces the social reality of the author's time. The whole novel is full of romantic fighting spirit against feudalism, church power and social darkness.
Author's style:
A great literary master-Hugo
Victor? Hugo (1802- 1885) was an important French poet, novelist, dramatist and social activist in the 9th century. 1802 was born on February 26th, in the eastern French province of Besancon. Hugo supported romanticism in literary thought and bourgeois liberalism in politics. Cromwell and his preface were published in 1827. This preface became an important declaration of the romantic movement at that time, and Hugo was also regarded as the leader of the romantic movement. Hugo's representative works include Notre Dame de Paris (183 1), Les Miserables (1862), Maritime Labors (1866) and Smiling Man (1866). 187 1 Hugo was in Brussels during the Paris commune uprising. When the commune was brutally suppressed, he loudly defended the commune and tried his best to win the pardon of the commune members. The novel Jiu San published by 1877 is an important work in Hugo's later period, which embodies the author's humanitarian thought.
(10) Gao Laotou
Money can buy everything, buy a daughter. -"Gao Laotou"
Appreciation of works: Lao Gao Man is one of Balzac's representative works and occupies an important position in human comedy. It is a pivotal station in the huge structure of human comedy, and it is called the "prelude" of human comedy. The novel Tearing off the Veil of Affection and Tenderness criticizes the naked money relationship between people in capitalist society with great artistic power. The novel environment is meticulous and vivid, the details are exquisite and vivid, and the typical characters have outstanding personality, which makes the works have high artistic charm and still attracts readers all over the world.
Author's Style: Balzac (1799- 1850) is the most outstanding French writer of critical realism, and Engels called him "a greater realist than all zolas in the past, present and future". Balzac was born in Toure, western France. When he was a child, he attended the church school in Vendom, and then entered a university in Paris to study law. Balzac decided to engage in literary creation despite his parents' opposition after graduation. Cromwell, the first historical tragedy, was a complete failure. Once abandoned, the business failed. Business failure caused him to be heavily in debt, which dragged down his life, but it also laid a solid foundation for his future creation. 1829 published the novel "Double Swing". This is Balzac's first work to win world fame. Since then, he has written one work after another with exuberant energy and amazing speed, and built a magnificent literary building-human comedy. His major works include The Story of Donkey's Skin and Eugénie? Grandet, Gao Laotou, Disillusionment, Aunt Bei, etc.
(1 1) The Old Man and the Sea
The Old Man and the Sea is a novella. Author Hemingway. Published in 1952. This is the continuation and development of the "tough guy character" he described since the1920s. The novel is mainly about a weather-beaten old Cuban fisherman who fished at sea for 84 days and got nothing. On the 85th day, he continued fishing and finally caught a marlin. However, on his way back, he was besieged by a large group of sharks. San Diego, an old man, struggled with sharks for three days. As a result, when the old man returned to the shore, only a huge fishbone shelf was left. Through the struggle between man and nature, the novel expresses the theme that human beings should bravely face failure. Santiago lost the battle with the shark that symbolizes bad luck, but he didn't give in to bad luck. He believes that although man can be defeated temporarily, his spirit and will will never be defeated. A man is not born to be defeated. You can destroy him as much as you can, but you can't beat him. The novel has high generality, allegory and symbolism in art, and uses contrast and inner monologue to describe the characters' characters, with clear and fluent language and simplicity.
Author's style: Hemingway (1899- 196 1), an American novelist. Be a trainee reporter after graduating from high school. His early works show the hesitation of the younger generation after World War I, and are regarded as the representative of the "lost generation". In the late 1920s, he traveled extensively in Florida, USA, and wrote many short stories featuring boxers, matadors, fishermen and hunters, which shaped a "tough character". Worked as a war correspondent in Europe during World War II. His major works include Short Stories of Our Times, Men Without Women, Novels, A Farewell to Arms, Novelettes, The Old Man and the Sea, The Sun Also Rises, Some Others, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Crossing the River into the Forest and The Land of Spain. His works have unique ideas and artistic styles, and he is a master of language art who created a generation of literary styles. 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature.
(12) decameron
Appreciation of Works: decameron is a collection of short stories. It is the earliest representative writer in Italy during the Renaissance, the work of Boccaccio, which has the greatest influence on later generations, and the first realistic work in the history of modern European literature. Write it in 1384 and 1353. This novel is concise and vivid. At the beginning of the work, 10 young men and women lived in a villa in the countryside of Florence to avoid the Black Death, and each of them told a story every day. In 10 days, 100 stories were told in turn, hence the name "decameron". It reflected the vast real society in Italy at that time, opposed asceticism, praised the love between men and women, opposed hierarchical privilege, advocated human equality, exposed the decay and ignorance of nobles, and attacked the hypocrisy and absurdity of monks. Most of the stories are based on historical events, medieval folklore and oriental folklore. Formally, it broke through the simple way of telling stories in medieval novels, and tried to explore new ways in describing natural features, sketching characters' personalities, portraying characters' psychology and sculpting images, which had a great influence on the development of later European novels.
Author's Style: Boccaccio (13 13- 1375) is one of the earliest representatives of the Italian Renaissance. He is a humanist who is keen on studying ancient books and a scholar who knows Greek well. He is the author of the novel Philocolo, the epics Teseida and Philotert, the pastoral Yameto, the long poem Phantom of Love, and Tano, the goddess of free souls. His most important work which has the greatest influence on later generations is decameron, a collection of short stories. These works reflect the viewpoint of humanism and the characteristics of early humanism, such as advocating retro culture, opposing the asceticism of the church, affirming people's right to enjoy secular happiness, and praising human love and joy. At the same time, they also show the narrowness of humanistic thought, and regard personal happiness and personal interests as supreme things. This is the initial ideological achievement of budding capitalism. Together with Dante and Petrarch, he was called the "Three Masters" in the early Renaissance. Mo Bosang's