Baden-Wü rttemberg

Baden-Wü rttemberg

Area: 357,565,438+0 km2 Capital: Stuttgart Population: 65,438+003,000.

Baden-Wü rttemberg is located in the southwest of Germany, bordering France, Switzerland and Austria in the west and south respectively. The northern foot of the Alps traverses the whole state, and the Rhine River flows downstream from north to south. The state is divided into 4 administrative districts, 9 cities and 35 counties.

Fu Ba area is called "model state" because of its developed economy, abundant financial resources and low unemployment rate. The industries are mainly machinery, automobiles, electrical appliances, chemistry, optics and precision instruments, and the watch and jewelry industries in the Black Forest Mountain area are also famous. Stuttgart, Mannheim and Karlsruhe are the three major industrial centers. Bavaria is also home to world enterprises, such as Mercedes-Benz (the Mercedes-Benz Automobile Museum in Stuttgart is shown on the left), Porsche, Bosch, International Business Machines Corporation, Lorenz Standard Electronics Co., Ltd. and Borschel Company. At the same time, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises is also a major feature of the state's industry. SMEs account for 98% of enterprises in Fu Ba. These enterprises are located in urban and rural areas, so the economic development between different places is relatively coordinated, and the unemployment rate has always been the lowest in Germany. Pakistan's total export volume is almost the sum of Spain, Sweden or Singapore, which fully reflects its economic strength.

Agriculture accounts for less than 2% of the state's gross national product. The diverse soil and pleasant climate here make the Rhine Plain and Boden Lake especially suitable for planting characteristic cash crops, such as fruits, grapes, tobacco, asparagus, hops for brewing beer and vegetables. This is the second largest wine-making area in Germany, and red and white wine has long been a daily drink for people. The southern mountainous area is rich in aquatic plants and prosperous in animal husbandry, mainly grazing cows and beef cattle.

Fu Ba has a long cultural tradition. The state has the largest number of higher education institutions in Germany. Heidelberg University (illustration), founded in 1386, is the oldest university in Germany. Stuttgart and Karlsruhe are good at science and engineering, and Mannheim University is famous for its economy. In addition, it is also the hometown of the famous German poet Schiller and philosopher Hegel. Stuttgart's ballet and the International Bach Association enjoy a world reputation. It is also an important media center and the location of major publishing houses, where 33% of German magazines and 22% of German books are published.

Fu Ba's tourism industry is very prosperous, second only to Bourne in the United States. The dense forest in Zhongshan covers two-thirds of the whole state. The famous Black Forest (right) is a popular health resort. The length from north to south is 160 km, and the width from east to west is 20 ~ 60 km. The mountains are undulating, the forests are densely covered, the green and black alternate with each other, and the distance is dark, hence the name. In addition, there is Lake Boden between Germany, Switzerland and Austria. The Rhine, Neckar and the rugged Schwaben Mountain are also places where many tourists spend their holidays. Every year, more tourists come to Bavaria than the residents of this state.

Bayern in Bavaria

Area: 70,552 square kilometers Capital: Munich Population:120,000.

Bavaria is located in the southeast of Germany, and its south and east are adjacent to Austria and the Czech Republic respectively. The Alps cross the whole state, and many peaks, forests and lakes are the distinctive features of the state's topography. The state is the largest state in Germany, which is divided into seven special zones, consisting of 25 cities and 7 1 county.

Bavaria is a state with a history of thousands of years, the oldest tradition in Germany, and the only state whose territory remained intact after the collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945. Due to historical reasons, Bavaria has great independence and is not controlled by the central government. Catholicism in this state is powerful and has always been considered conservative.

The state is the largest agricultural region in Germany. However, the proportion of people engaged in agriculture and forestry has dropped from 30% in the 1950s to about 7% at present. At present, as a modern high-tech center, this state is one of the most dynamic economic zones in Europe, and is called "California" of Germany. Munich, the capital of the state, is called "the second capital of Germany" and is the cultural and economic center of the state. Nuremberg, Felt and He Run are the centers of machinery manufacturing, electronics and toy industries, with famous big companies such as Siemens, Keweilai and Gende. Augsburg is the base of machinery manufacturing and textile industry. Le Gensburg owns the electrical industry and the famous Bavarian BMW engine factory. Ingolstadt's automobile manufacturing industry is also very famous, and its Audi cars are well known to the people of China. Bourne's beer is world-famous, with hundreds of breweries. Franken's wine is also famous.

Bavaria has the highest tourism industry in Germany and is the number one holiday resort in Germany that tourists like best. Tourism is an important source of income for the state. In addition to Munich and Nuremberg, there are well-preserved medieval cities such as Le Gensburg, Baroque and Rococobanz, monasteries and churches in Heitar, Fourteenth Saint Cathedral and Weiss Cathedral. These church buildings and the then Bishop of Wü rzburg have been listed as world cultural wealth by UNESCO.

The German peak Zugspitze (right) at 2962 meters and the lakes and mountains in the Alps add infinite charm to the ancient Bavaria. The main lakes in the state are Steinberg Lake, Tegern Lake, Amur Lake, Mengyin Lake and Boden Lake, which are rich in water resources. The Bavarian forest, the first national park in Germany, the Danube River and its tributaries are called "romantic streets" in Germany. The annual Oktoberfest in Munich is a traditional grand folk festival.

Berlin Berlin

Area: 889 square kilometers Capital: Berlin Population: 3.46 million.

Berlin state is located in the east of Germany, with 23 districts under its jurisdiction. It has developed from a fishing village and commercial center to Kyoto, Prussia, with a history of more than 750 years. 187 1 After the establishment of the German Empire, Berlin became the political, industrial, scientific and cultural center of Germany. 1918165438+10 On October 9th, Weimar * * * was proclaimed and Berlin became the capital of * * *. 1939, the population of Berlin has reached more than 4 million. World War II brought disastrous consequences to Berlin, causing large-scale destruction of urban areas and industrial areas. 1945, the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union divided Berlin into four parts according to the Potsdam Agreement. In the following decades, the Berlin Wall became a symbol of the division of Germany and the "cold war" between East and West. 10 After the reunification of Germany on 3 October, Berlin became the national capital again. 199 1 year, Congress voted to move the seat of government from Bonn to Berlin.

Berlin after reunification is now the largest city in Germany. Today's Berliners are not real Berlin natives. Berliners are mainly immigrants in history. They come from France, Bohemia and Poland, and now more from Eastern Europe. They are a mixture of international races.

Berlin is one of the largest industrial centers in Europe. Industries with low consumption of raw materials and good technology, such as electric power, machinery manufacturing and precision instruments, have always been Berlin's traditional advantageous industries. Food, cigarettes, clothing and chemical industries also occupy a certain position in Berlin. There are two world-class enterprises here: Siemens and AEG.

The advantage of Berlin also lies in the close combination of R&D, production and sales. Three universities, four arts universities, European University of Economics, nine specialized universities, about 250 research institutions outside universities and a large number of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises constitute a powerful driving force to promote economic growth and provide new jobs. In the southeast of the city, the largest comprehensive science and technology park in Europe-the Adlerhoff Economic and Scientific Base (WISTA) has been established. With more and more enterprises in the field of communication and information technology, Berlin is becoming an efficient and innovative institution.

Berlin is an important exposition and conference city. International Radio Exhibition, Berlin Green Week (Agriculture, Horticulture) and Tourism Expo have extensive international influence.

Berlin's colorful culture has a long tradition. It has a wide range of museums and collections, as well as three major opera houses (the German Opera House, the German National Opera House under the Bodhi Tree and the Funny Opera House), several major symphony orchestras including the Philharmonic Orchestra, and dozens of theaters, concert halls and libraries. Berlin is famous for its performance weeks, film festivals and theatrical performances. There are many performances here all year round, and watching cultural performances has become an important part of modern Berliners' life.

The newspapers published in Berlin are: Berlin Morning Post, Berlin Daily and Daily Mirror, which represent public opinion. The editorial department of the famous Le Monde is also located in Berlin.

Berlin has the reputation of "the capital of forests and lakes", and the area of lakes and woodlands accounts for 1/3 of Berlin. The whole city is surrounded by forests and grasslands. Looking down at the whole city from high altitude, it looks like a big green island. Only by visiting these forests and lakes and getting in touch with the natural beauty of nature can tourists deeply experience the traditional romantic and unique life of Berliners.

As the ancient cultural capital of Europe, Berlin has many places of interest. The Empire State Building, Egyptian Museum, Cherokee Palace, Olympic Park, Berlin Zoo, Brandenburg Gate and Lake Wan Hu are all famous tourist attractions. Among them, the Brandenburg Gate with a two-wheeled carriage is a symbol of the fall of the Berlin Wall and the reunification of Germany. In addition, Humboldt University, New Wache, armory, cathedral and TV tower are also places where tourists stop. The famous Nikolai Church, built in 1320, is the oldest church in Berlin. As a tourist city, Berlin receives millions of domestic and foreign tourists every year. (The picture above shows the renovated German Parliament Building)

1April 1994, Berlin and Beijing became sister cities.

Brandenburg

Brandenburg

Area: 29,479 square kilometers Capital: Potsdam Population: 2.6 million.

Brandenburg is located in the east of Germany, surrounded by Berlin and bordering Poland in the east. Quanzhou is divided into 6 cities and 38 counties. Potsdam, the capital of the state, is located in the southwest of Berlin, where the famous Potsdam Conference was held in 1945.

This state is the largest new federal state in Germany, and industrial and service enterprises are the most important economic sectors here. Today, the state's economic structure has gradually changed from an agriculture with rye and oil crops to an industry with automobile and machine manufacturing, electronics, optics, energy economy, food industry and chemical industry. After 40 years of planned economy, the industry here is currently in the transformation stage, and many enterprises with backward equipment, losses and environmental pollution are undergoing transformation.

Brandenburg is located in the lowlands of northern Germany, with harsh natural conditions. It is called "sand pot", with a large area of sand, clay hills, wet swamp valleys and numerous lakes. The forest coverage rate in the whole state is 35%, and the crops are mainly rye, potato and wheat. The Oder River depression around Berlin and near Frankfurt, the eastern city of the state, is the producing area of fruits and vegetables.

The state was once the center of Prussia, and Potsdam was once the official residence of Prussia. This is also a rural city with rich rural scenery, the famous Sansuci, its gorgeous gardens, the Xishe Kremlin and other places of interest. Besides, Rheinburg and Blanie are also places with many tourists. The woodlands and lakes in southern Spree give people a charming and cold feeling. Here, the water network is vertical and horizontal, the forest is dense, and it is known as the Brazilian tropical forest of "Amazon of Germany".

Frankfurt, an important city in Germany and Poland, is becoming more and more important as a transit center for eastern European countries because of mutual visa exemption.

Bremen, a free Hanseatic city

Bremen

Bremen, located at the mouth of the Weser River in northern Germany, is the smallest federal state in Germany and consists of two cities-Bremen and bremerhaven. Among the oldest surviving cities in the world, Bremen is second only to San Marino. As a former bishop city and commercial city, Bremen's history can be traced back to the eighth century.

Bremerhaven (left), built at 1827, is located at the mouth of Beihai. Bremerhaven occupies an important position in the development history of German maritime trade in the19th century. It is 65 kilometers away from Bremen, between which is the territory of Lower Saxony. Bremerhaven has developed from the original port of call for ships in Bremen to one of the largest fishing ports in continental Europe, and its industry is closely connected with the port.

The cutting-edge products of port industry, navigation, international trade and modern industry are the economic basis of Bremen. As one of the main German foreign trade transfer stations, bremerhaven has the largest container land-water transfer equipment in the world, with about 65,438+00,000 ships going back and forth between bremerhaven and about 65,438+0000 ports around the world every year. German tea, coffee, tobacco and cotton all enter from here and are processed and listed locally. Therefore, bremerhaven is not only a fast transshipment place for goods, but also the engine of local economy. The national emblem of a country is a "key to the world".

In addition to shipping and shipbuilding, there are also automobiles, machinery manufacturing, electronics and emerging aerospace industries in Bremen (Bremen Aerospace Center is where rockets, satellites and Airbus are designed and manufactured). Bremen is also one of the production centers of German food and hobbies. The most famous products are coffee, chocolate, flour, dairy products, spices, aquatic products and beer. Bremen Stock Exchange and Commodity Exchange, which have a history of more than 300 years, undertake the trade of the whole northwest of Germany.

Free Hansa hamburger

hamburg

Area: 755 square kilometers Capital: Hamburg Population: 654.38+700,000.

Hamburg was built in the 9th century and has a history of 1000 years. At first, it was just a castle built on the Elbe River for border security, and later it gradually developed into a trading city. It is one of the founders of the Hanseatic League and the most important transshipment center between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. 1806 After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany, Hamburg became a free city of Hanseatic. 1949, Hamburg became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany, named "Free Hanseatic City Hamburg".

Hamburg Port (inset) is located at the mouth of Elbe River120km. It is one of the largest ports in the world. Known as Germany's "gateway to the world", it is still the most important seaport and the largest foreign trade transit station in Germany. The container transshipment volume of this port ranks second in Europe, second only to Rotterdam. More than 200 liners depart from here every year, and more than 300 routes connect the major ports in the world. The port industrial zone includes shipyards, oil refineries and foreign raw material processing enterprises. Through continuous industrial restructuring, this Hanseatic city has developed into a highly industrialized international metropolis in northern Europe today. Aviation industry, electronics industry, precision machinery and optical instrument manufacturing, machinery manufacturing and chemical industry are called the five leading industrial sectors in Hamburg. The famous "Airbus" plane was produced in Korea Aircraft Factory.

Although Hamburg is the second largest industrial zone in Germany, it is still one of the "greenest cities in Germany". Farmland, gardens, forests, swamps and grasslands account for 465,438+0% of the total area of Hamburg, and scenic and nature reserves account for 28%. In addition to 120 park facilities, there are more than 200,000 street trees.

Hamburg is the media economic center of Germany, with an annual turnover of over 40 billion marks. Of the 265,438+0 magazines with a circulation of one million in Germany, 65,438+07 were published in Hamburg. It is also home to the German news agency DPA, many TV stations, radio stations and studios. In recent years, the communication industry has developed most rapidly, and the proportion of electronic media in the industry is increasing.

Hessen

Hessen

Area: 2 1 1 14 km2 Capital: Wiesbaden Population: 6 million.

Hesse, located in the plain along the Rhine River in central Germany, is known as the "central state" of Germany, which consists of 3 regions, 5 cities and 265,438+0 counties. Hesse's territory today began after World War II and was formed under the background of customs, history, culture and social conditions. The state is not only in the middle of the geographical position, but also in the middle level of Germany in terms of economic and social structure.

As the fifth largest federal state in Germany, Hesse is one of the largest economic centers in Germany, which is equivalent to Berlin after Ruhr, and it is also the most dynamic region in Europe. The strongest economic sectors in the state are chemical industry, automobile manufacturing, leather products, optical products, electronic technology and machinery manufacturing. Frankfurt, located on the River Main, is the birthplace of Goethe, the most important financial center and international financial place in Germany, where the German Federal Bank and the European Central Bank are located, in addition to more than 400 commercial banks and the largest stock exchange in Germany. Frankfurt is also an important industrial and technological location and an important place for international exposition. The state is located at the intersection of air, rail and land transportation. Frankfurt Airport covers an area of 17 square kilometers, and is one of the most important transportation hubs in Europe. Its cargo volume ranks first among airports in Europe, and its passenger revenue ranks second. (The picture on the left is overlooking Frankfurt)

The German Library in Frankfurt is known as "the largest bookcase in Germany". The International Book Fair, which awards the German Book Peace Prize in Frankfurt every year, is the largest book fair in the world. Kassel held the world's leading "International Contemporary Art Exhibition" to introduce contemporary art.

North of the Main River is fertile yellow land, known as the land of gold, where grains, potatoes and beets are grown. The hilly and mountainous areas are dominated by forest and wood industry, and the grassland area is vast. Poultry, cattle and pigs are all raised, and butter and cheese are abundant. Darmstadt and the mountains south of the Rhine River are one of the best fruit and wine producing areas in Germany.

Hesse has rich and colorful natural scenery. Two-fifths of the state is covered by forests, making it the most forested state in Germany. The foothills of Mount Taunus are the most abundant mineral springs in Europe, and hot springs abound. Wiesbaden, the state capital, is not only an administrative center, but also a beautiful spa, where the casino (right) is crowded with tourists. This area has become a famous health resort in Germany.

Mecklenburg-former Pomeroy.

Mecklenburg-Prepommery

Area: 23 170 km2 Capital: Schwelien Population: 65438+800,000.

Mecklenburg-Pupmont is located in the northeast of Germany, bordering the Baltic Sea in the north, facing Scandinavian countries across the sea, and bordering Poland in the east. This state governs 6 cities, 3 1 counties, and is the most sparsely populated state in Germany. The ever-changing scenery along the Baltic coast, the intact natural environment of forests, grasslands and hills, and the dotted inland lakes are the greatest wealth here.

Agriculture is the traditional economic sector in this state, which has a more important position than other States. The main agricultural products are cereals, oil crops (rapeseed) and potatoes. Along the coast, fishing is thriving. Lugen Island is a famous fishing ground, producing cod and herring.

Besides agriculture, Meiqian Prefecture is also the center of German shipbuilding industry. After the reunification of Germany and Germany, its economic structure is in a complete transformation. Because of its rich and unpolluted natural environment, tourism has become an important economic pillar of the country. In addition, food and hobby industries, construction, machinery manufacturing, building materials and timber industries are all important industries in the state. This seaport has always been of great economic significance. Rostock is the largest port in the state, and the port of Mukerland on Lugen Island is playing an increasingly important role. More road and railway networks have been built or are under construction, closely linking this state with neighboring States.

The state is located in hilly areas, surrounded by farmland, grasslands and forests. The largest lake is Lake Militz, which covers an area of 1 17 square kilometers in Fiona Fang. There is a huge nature reserve on the east bank of the lake. Lugen Island, the largest island in the state, is also the largest island in Germany. The chalk on the island is a miracle created by nature and a famous tourist attraction. The bathing beach extends from Lubeck Bay to Ahlback in the east. The long Baltic coast and 650 lakes make this state one of the biggest tourist attractions in Germany. More than10 million tourists come here every year.

In addition to natural scenery, there are many ancient and unique buildings in this state, such as the Schweinstein and its 300 minarets. The largest city in Meiqian Prefecture is Rostock, where the first Nordic University (14 19) was built. This city is also an important port along the Baltic Sea, maintaining close trade relations with Scandinavian countries, and is also the gateway of Germany to Eastern Europe and Northern Europe.

Lower Saxony

Lower Saxony

-

Area: 47,338 square kilometers Capital: Hanover Population: 7.8 million.

Lower Saxony is located in the northwest of Germany, bordering the Netherlands in the west, and is the second largest state in Germany. The state is divided into 4 districts, 9 cities and 39 counties. Roads and railway lines between north and south, east and west cross here, and the inland canal between Ames River and Elbe River connects with Rhine River, Elbe River and Oder River here, forming an inland waterway between East and West Europe.

The terrain of the state consists of Harz Mountain, Weize Mountain and the northern German lowlands centered on the Lueneburg grassland. Different scenery, romantic valleys, strange rocks, vast forests and numerous lakes make it a famous tourist attraction in Germany. Among them, the everglades in Emsland, the Malsch grassland behind the North Sea levee (left) and the East Fries Islands in the North Sea Shoal have unique scenery, and tourists come in an endless stream all year round. Equally attractive is the "old field", the largest fruit plantation in Europe on the outskirts of Hamburg.

Two-thirds of the state's area is used for agriculture, mainly providing grains, beets, feed corn and potatoes. The North Sea coast is an important fish producing area, and it is called the land of fish and rice in Germany. There are various food industries in this state. Ham in rural areas of oldenburg and honey in grassland of Lueneburg are well-known, and they are in a leading position in potato planting and food production. The winter in our state is mild and rainy, which is very suitable for the growth of pasture. Raising horses is also an important economic industry here. But these do not mean that the state is an agricultural state. In addition to the traditional shipbuilding, steel and chemical industries, electronics and computer industries are emerging industries today.

The industry of Lower Saxony is connected with its rich underground resources, and the development of underground resources has a long history. The mineral salt and potash mine at the foot of the Harz Mountain and the largest iron mine in Germany in Salzkit and Brunswick are of great economic significance. Oil and natural gas are produced in the Emsland region of Germany and the North Sea. Another industrial focus is the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, which is the largest enterprise in the state. The Volkswagen Foundation is the largest non-state funded science foundation in Germany.

Hanover, the capital of the state, is a world-famous Expo city and is known as the "billboard" of German industry. Its most famous exhibitions include the annual world's largest industrial exposition and large-scale communication technology exhibition.

Leibniz of Hanover pioneered the binary system; And made the world's first working computer; Berlin invented the phonograph; Gauss invented the telegraph; Siemens invented the generator to generate electricity. The University Town of G? ttingen has played an important role in the history of politics and natural science.

North Rhine-westfalen

-

Area: 34,078 square kilometers Capital: Dü sseldorf Population:180,000.

North Rhine-westfalen lies in the west of Germany, bordering Belgium and Holland in the west. Its area is equivalent to the sum of Belgium and Luxembourg. It is the most populous state in Germany and the most densely populated region in Europe. The state is a newly established state after World War II, which consists of 5 administrative districts, 23 cities and 365,438+0 counties.

When it comes to North Rhine-westfalen, people naturally think of Ruhr-gebiet, which is also the largest industrial zone in Europe. Traditionally, the Ruhr area is dominated by mining and metallurgical industries, and there are abundant anthracite resources here. In the past 30 years, the country has successfully adjusted its industrial structure, breaking the single economic structure dominated by mining and metallurgy, and the rapidly growing media and cultural industries have provided many new employment opportunities. Today, about 66% of the state's employed population works in the service industry. The combination of industrial adjustment and ecological renewal has made the state a leading environmental protection technology center in Europe. The state's total import and export volume accounts for 1/4 of Germany. (The picture shows the "city gate" building in Dü sseldorf)

The state has 3 1 large power plants and is the energy center of Germany. The dense network of roads, railways and waterways closely connects the industrial cities in this state, and also connects with the important traffic trunk lines in Europe. 44 of the largest companies in Germany 100 are located in this state. In addition to industrial giants such as Bayer, Feba AG, Klokner-Humboldt-Deutz AG and Bertelsmann Printing and Publishing Company, there are about 600,000 small and medium-sized enterprises engaged in production. Dü sseldorf, the state capital, is one of the largest banks in Germany, and Cologne is in a leading position in the German insurance industry. The capitals Dü sseldorf, Cologne and Essen are all famous exposition cities.

The northern part of North Rhine-Westphalia is the center of agriculture and animal husbandry. Munster is an important agricultural and pastoral area, famous for raising horses and equestrian sports, and also planting crops such as wheat, corn and sugar beet. There are many vegetable gardens and orchards in the south of the Rhine Valley.

Bonn, another important city in North Rhine-Westphalia, is located in the south of Cologne. It is the birthplace of Beethoven. Before 1949, Bonn was just a medium-sized university town (the famous Bonn University on the right), and it has been the capital of the Federal Republic of Germany for the next 40 years. After the reunification of Germany, the seat of the government moved to Berlin, and Bonn continued to play its role as the administrative and scientific center of the Federal Republic of Germany.

The state has one of the most dense transportation networks in Europe. Over 34,000 square kilometers of land, there are 6,000 kilometers of railways and 2,000 kilometers of expressways. Natural rivers and artificial canals are interwoven into a network, with 3 1 river ports, of which Duisburg is the largest inland river port in the world. The airports in Dü sseldorf, Cologne and Bonn are also important transportation hubs.

Algeland, Qikelan, Belguise country-specific ones and Mount Everest are densely forested and are good places to recuperate in summer. Cologne, the largest city in the state, is famous for its Gothic Twin Towers Cathedral and the annual Carnival.

Incomplete, limited.

*** 16 countries and regions.

/BBS/read-htm-tid- 15730 . html