Vigor. "Modernity" embodies spiritual rationality and the spirit of enlightenment. It is believed that the continuous progress and perfection of social history, humanity and morality will lead to the progress and development of mankind from oppression to liberation. Modernity spreads, distributes and consumes products in the form of modern art and ideas, and spreads them in daily life through new technologies and new means of transportation.
It is believed that since the 1960s, with the development of modernist theorists and capitalist scientific and technological revolution, western society has entered a post-industrial society, also known as the height of information society, high-tech society, media society and consumer society, and the most highly developed social and cultural model is called post-modern society or post-modern period. A series of fundamental changes have taken place in science, education, culture and other fields in the post-modern era, which shows that this is the break of a new development stage in human history.
The pun of "postmodernism" and "post-modernism" shows that there are two different attitudes towards "modernity". In a sense, "postmodernism" refers to "non-modernity" (not modernity), which is completely divorced from modern theory and cultural practice as well as modern thought and artistic style. Of course, what I understand is that "post" actively breaks away from the past and enters a new field from the old position of restriction and oppression; Negative, can also be understood as tragic setbacks, traditional values, loss of certainty and stability. In another sense, "postmodernism" (postmodernism) is understood as "very modern" (ultra-modern), which depends on modernity, and modernity is constantly strengthened, and postmodernism and modernism have a new look and development.
How to treat "modernity" is one of the main issues in the debate between modernism and post-modernism and between different post-modernism. Many post-modern "post-modern" post-modern understandings are a dramatic fracture or rupture in western history, and are old things and new things in the future. Therefore, they hold a critical and negative attitude towards "modernity". Their policy is to exclude countless miserable people, peasants, proletarians, craftsmen and women oppressed by industrialization from the scope of genocide and massacre under imperialist colonial rule. Modern society has also produced a series of punishment institutions and practices, as well as the legalization of discourse and its rule and control. The rationality of modernity goes to its opposite, to the freedom of oppression and rule. So, are these defects that postmodernism must overcome, and are they new values required by modern discourse and practice? There are also politics, new fields, ways of thinking, and writing styles.
Habermas, a German philosopher, is a staunch defender of modernism and post-modernism, and participated in the heated debate. Habermas said: "I don't think we have modernity and its project was abandoned as a cause of failure, but modern program errors, which come from lessons, are excessive attempts to deny." The type of artistic acceptance may provide us with an example, at least its way out points out the direction. "Habermas believes that despite many problems, modernity is not the end of the road. Modernity is still an "unfinished" reason, and there are still many potentials that have not been brought into play. We still need to continue and finish it. He called the "modern" viewpoint "conservative" and held a negative attitude, and further divided it into various viewpoints based on conservative principles such as "old conservatism", "new conservatism" and "young conservatism". "
The "old conservatives" deny modernity and advocate returning to some form of pre-modern and wise's leisurely pre-industrial era. Habermas said: "The' old conservatives' did not defile themselves with cultural modernism. They sadly observed the decline of split real rationality, science, morality, art and modern world outlook. This is a simple process. Reasonable separation, therefore, they suggest that modernity return to its previous position. " Therefore, it has obvious anti-historical tendency and conservatism, but in fact it does not have enough confrontation and modernity tendency.
"Neo-conservatism" refers to the social and economic modernization in the West, but denies the modern capitalist culture. They believe that the contradiction between social modernization and cultural modernization of capitalist development is mainly manifested in the "capitalist cultural contradiction". The social crisis in daniel bell and western developed countries can be traced back to the cultural and social division, which they blamed on the predicament of capitalist economic and social modernization and cultural modernization. Habermas believes that cultural modernization, on the one hand, is due to social modernization, which penetrates into human existence more and more deeply, and social modernization interferes with the foundation of daily life communication. On the other hand, the modernity of culture also has its own difficulties. There are three independent fields of science and technology. The unbalanced development of value, ethics, law and art leads to the over-exploitation of instrumental rationality, thus sacrificing morality and artistic culture. The limited division between neo-conservatism and Enlightenment has realized the independent development and negation of science, morality and art, and they are conservative. Either way, modern capitalist culture cannot be denied. Habermas, Lyota, Daniel? Neo-conservatism represented by Bell, Leze and others.
Habermas, a "young conservative", is completely anti-modernity. They are "aesthetic modernity", a summary of basic experience and put them into the modern world. These experiences have proved the basis of irreconcilable anti-modern modernist attitude. They imagine that a spontaneous force, self-experience and emotion are transferred to Manichaeism's method and instrumental rationality, and only by "calling" can the principle against this principle be closed. This is a distant and ancient field, power or sovereign will, and the French poetic Dionysian power. The development route of this school began with George Badai, Foucault and Derrida. The "postmodernism" of Habermas, Foucault and Derrida is actually anti-modernism or transcending modernism, denying rationalism and enlightenment.
According to post-modern philosophers, post-modern society or post-modern era should have a certain range of characteristics. First of all, in the post-modern society, it is a post-industrial society, the expansion of a new era and the spread of information technology. Science and technology have played a more and more important role in copying human factors, and natural factors are increasingly overwhelmed by the power of symbols and high-tech information technology. Social production is no longer the "struggle between man and nature" in the pre-industrial society, but the "competition" between people, the competition of information and knowledge, and the competition of talents.
Second, post-modern knowledge, all knowledge is digital, symbolic and commercialized letter code, and computer knowledge without code can hardly be regarded as knowledge. At the same time, all knowledge discovery and knowledge transfer in business, production and sales have become knowledge, and even the process of selling and producing knowledge and learning knowledge has become the relationship between knowledge consumption and commodity exchange. Mastering and transmitting information has become a very important thing, and producing all kinds of new information has also become an important way to improve social status and expand power. Grasping informatization has become a symbol of authority, and a country's control and possession of information has become a symbol of national strength. Who has more power? On the contrary, the greater the power, the more funds, the more information that may be monopolized, and the more opportunities to discover the truth.
The characteristics of post-modern culture reverse the original definition of culture, and abandon the traditional language, meaning, form and moral principles compared with the traditional creative principles of standard culture. It tends to be scattered, marginalized, flat, without depth and dazzling. The combination of symbols, colors and light can not awaken the illusion and the originality of images while satisfying the senses.
Fourth, post-modern thinking and mentality Post-modernism expresses a kind of mental state and ideological taste that is uncertain, vague, accidental, evasive, unexpressed and not bound by harmony. Oppose the traditional model and think that postmodern and postmodern cultural products are "easy to understand." , "see" the characteristics of "following the trend". Therefore, cultural fast food, such as comics, karaoke, singing and thinking while playing, is full of the spread and spread of post-modern culture.
Fifth, postmodern life is characterized by game life. Under the coordination of traditional morality and norms, people are addicted to the quiet life of gambling games, no longer abide by the possibility of a new life, and are more willing to try to break through the traditional lifestyle that needs rebellion. Make full use of contemporary consumer society, leisure living conditions, prefer nomadic life, fashion travel. The art and aesthetics of life not only make life full of artistic flavor, but also make life itself an art. Dear Lao Zi and Zhuangzi in ancient China's post-modern outlook on life, which is flexible, calm, dynamic in silence, improvisation, citing but not sending, has achieved a free lifestyle and feminine characteristics.
Postmodernism philosophy is the embodiment of the above social characteristics, knowledge characteristics, cultural characteristics, mentality and methods in theoretical thinking mode and life.
The essential feature of the transformation of philosophy from postmodernism to modern philosophy stems from the western philosophical tradition in Greece, especially inheriting and carrying forward the traditional "all-round critical modernist philosophy", which marks a major change in contemporary philosophical thinking. From Descartes' rationalism philosophy, Enlightenment,19th century, Kant, Hegel, German classical philosophy, Marxist philosophy, Comte's positivism, the so-called "modern philosophy" in the 20th century, Max Weber's philosophy, existentialism, Sartre's psychoanalysis and Freud's communicative action theory. In the following aspects, it can be said that it is the most intense and fundamental scene and the most comprehensive criticism and debate on post-modernism and traditional western philosophy in the whole history of western philosophy.
"Distinguishing and Deconstructing Logocentrism"
Derrida thoroughly criticized the metaphysical traditions of Nietzsche, Heidegger, Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, Kant and Hegel. ? The traditional boiling of western philosophy has been reduced to the expression of "Logocentrism". On the one hand, this logocentrism exists or does not exist as the center of ontology, on the other hand, it is manifested as the phonetic (phonological) centralism of spoken language or phonological central linguistic theory.
2。 Turn to horizontal thinking and vertical thinking.
In the traditional philosophy, Toede, Lutz and Kata, rather than the "Guatarri" way of thinking, put forward the "roots" of postmodern lateral thinking theory. Botanically speaking, "rhizome" is a tree-like structure of the main root fibrous root, which is an enlarged underground tuber, usually a branched root below the growth level, usually with bud scales. Restrict and control all aspects of tree-root structure, rootstock stepless system, nonlocality and related causality rules of other roots. For example, Le Ze's Roots of Shape disconnects the trees of traditional philosophy from their first principles and digests the logic of binary opposition. Therefore, the structure of "rootstock" represents the post-modern way of thinking, which is dynamic, heterogeneous and non-binary. Rootstock disperses information in a non-central system and uses the method of dispersing various symbol sizes of language. "Rhizome" means open rather than closed; Many aspects of realization are not flowing in one direction, but also the beginning, not the end, and always moving.
3。 Reasonable overall difference confrontation
Postmodern philosophy challenges the concept of "rationality" in traditional philosophy. They believe that the traditional concept is rooted in the rational overall concept. Foucault described that the rational sleeping giant was awakened in the classical world, and chaos and disorder were everywhere, and began to enlighten the world in a reasonable order. Our task is to rationally diversify international political forces and sow seeds in various fields? Take the reasonable basic knowledge and truth of society, history and society as the dominant center, nature and purpose of the whole. However, from the standpoint of modernism, Foucault's rational enlightenment myth is a unified, holistic and totalitarian theoretical model, which covers up the differentiation and pluralism in the social field. Postmodernism opposes this and goes beyond the conclusion. Generally speaking, it forces the diversification and micro-analysis of knowledge forms.
4。 Emphasize individuality and self-concern, and prevent subjectivity and humanitarianism.
Modernist michel foucault's famous proposition "death" or "disappearance" prevents subjectivity and humanitarianism. Foucault later criticized Nietzsche and Heidegger's subjectivity and humanitarian connection. Foucault and Nietzsche declared that "God is dead" is a sign of death. Because God is dead, there is no master of fate, and people who have lost their living conditions will die with the standard of life and value as the goal. Foucault clearly equates Heidegger's corresponding humanism with subjective metaphysics, which is very important on the basis of the subjectivity of all modern humanitarian metaphysics. The general nature of their people is always to prepare for a course of treatment on the premise that they are regarded as "rational animals" and "people are masters". These definitions are metaphysical. Heidegger's post-philosophy resolutely opposes subjectivity and humanitarianism. There should be no obvious existence decision owned by the Lord, not owned by people, but owned by those who are determined to exist, so as to show their truth. People are neighbors in front of people nearby.
5。 Replace the statement based on epistemology
Descartes philosophy-Locke-Kant admits that the soul or spirit of the external world is the representative, and the traditional concept of modernism and the external object of relativism in the mind are like a mirror, reflecting that the subject correctly represents the object. This problem does not need an intermediary to approach it and grasp the essence and laws of the external world. With the decentralization of power, we give up the subjectivity of concepts and advocates of post-modern epistemology, and oppose modernism, foundationalism and relative representation theory.
6。 The Uncertainty of Small Narrative Meta-discourse and Grand Narration
The legitimacy of knowledge and science is also the difference between modernism and postmodernism. In Habermas's two grand narratives of "* * * knowledge", Lyotard profoundly criticized the concept of legalizing the pursuit of modernist knowledge. Postmodernism emphasizes the incommensurability and unpredictability of knowledge, which is not true, but disastrous, heterogeneous, diverse, impossible, chaotic, contradictory, divergent and fallacious (dull). The acquisition of knowledge is a universal truth, accepting or recognizing knowledge, but continuing to doubt the existing model and inventing new paradigms.
7。 Replace psychoanalysis with "schizophrenia analysis"
An analysis of schizophrenia replaces psychoanalysis in Leze and Gata. The analysis of schizophrenia is quite different from psychoanalysis in terms of "desire" and "unconsciousness". The endless desire for the analysis and release of schizophrenia is to have unique objectivity. The desire of "schizophrenia" who dare not live according to the law, the desire to suppress and stifle people's needs that he resisted is released and will not be transformed into mental illness. Analysts believe that the unconsciousness of schizophrenia is objective, and the analysis of the former's personality, independence and the "revolutionary force" contained in the subconscious mind that created it should be in the form of the liberation movement requisitioned by social classes, that is, the body that breaks the repressed growth year by year and creates a new desire between postmodern subjects, that is, the "split subject" (subject to shizo). So schizophrenia is not the normal world of lunatics, but the crazy world of normal people. Schizophrenia is a disease and a biological state, but it is a potential liberation state in the capitalist psychological state. This is the principle of capitalist reality that individuals escape, in order to escape the various restrictions of self-repression and superego, as well as the complicated process of escaping sphincter Phillips. The basis of schizophrenia analysis is post-modern liberation. join
8。 Replace macro politics and micro politics.
The failure of 1968, the main representative of French postmodernism, made their political theory suspicious. They blame the failed movement, their traditional Marxist class struggle, the theory of social revolution and the theoretical guidance of proletarian dictatorship. They think that macro politics which is beneficial to micro politics should be rejected, and they begin to tend to a wide range of local environmental protection and ecological groups, gay organizations and anti-racism and micro-level political traditions, while micro politics discusses specific political issues, such as power, politics, justice, post-modernism politics and political aspirations. Although some of them are the research objects of macro-politics, it is also a completely different macro-politics to look at these issues from the perspective of post-modern politics.
BR/>； As a micro-political theory, feminism has formed a very complicated relationship with post-modern philosophy. On the one hand, feminism, postmodernism and critical modernism are all in favor of "humanitarian cooperation". Generally speaking, the overall situation is actually male-dominated discourse. However, on the other hand, feminism and postmodernism are opposites. Although modern capitalist society oppresses and rules women, "modernity" is a theoretical weapon for feminism to oppose modern discourse, and enlightenment movements such as human rights, equality, democracy, freedom, power and liberation are all theoretical weapons for feminism to oppose same-sex rule. Postmodernism abandons the enlightenment value and modern discourse, which is the weapon of the deprived feminist struggle. Therefore, some feminists firmly stand on the side of modernism. How to treat post-modern philosophy
From the criticism of post-modern philosophy on traditional philosophy, especially modern philosophy, we can put forward the following opinions:
Post-modern philosophy 1 is a social critical theory of contemporary western philosophers reflecting the development of capitalist society. When capitalism developed into industrial society, great changes have taken place in industrial structure, social life, means of communication and even the artistic form and style of ideology. Cultural contradictions in capitalist society have been more fully exposed, prompting philosophers to reflect on the development of capitalism from a higher theoretical level, the advantages and disadvantages in the process of modernization and the enlightenment of modern capitalist spirit based on rationalism. In the process of modernization, highlighting the subjectivity and anthropocentrism of the theme, the relationship between man and nature, the relationship between cognitive rules, rejecting, transforming and transforming, utilizing and utilizing the infinite nature of human beings, the earth has become increasingly unsuitable for human survival. Modernism advocates science first, and science and technology can solve all human problems. However, the development of science not only leads to the alienation of people who have lost their freedom again, but also ignores spiritual civilization and moral beliefs, even highly developed science, which leads to the emergence of atomic weapons that destroy mankind. Rationalism and enlightenment spirit played a great role in the struggle against feudal theology, but the accumulation or integrity of rationalism once again produced a terrible ideological imprisonment and oppressive ideology. Although postmodernism's thinking on the problems brought about by the excessive development of capitalism is far from China's national conditions, as a reflection and lesson to human beings, modernity is beneficial, harmless and even direct, even though the consequences of all myopia are no less than a good sobering agent.
2。 Postmodern philosophy is indeed a round of development ideas. When mankind enters an era of highly developed science and technology, great changes have taken place in the cultural mode, communication mode and production structure, whether in post-industrial society, information society or modern society, which will inevitably lead to changes in people's concepts and methods. Thinking, philosophy, this turn against universality, wholeness, identity, hierarchy, essence, basic theory and representative theory will certainly affirm pluralism, diversity, difference, dispersion, separatism and opportunity. What these functions really lack is the philosophical past, or we should pay enough attention to it. It should be said that it is the theoretical contribution of postmodern philosophy. Postmodernism philosophy profoundly reflects the development of western philosophy theory, is a bold attempt to jump out of the obstacles of traditional philosophy, and is a new direction for the development of contemporary western philosophy.
3。 Postmodern philosophy takes criticizing modernist philosophy as its own responsibility, but it is not entirely a concept that has done a lot and only digested it. Postmodernism tries to replace modernism with its own theory. It is useless, the key is that it is impossible because of the lack of a certain theoretical basis. The fundamental problem of postmodernism is that radical modernism takes a completely negative attitude towards itself and modernity. In my opinion, it is not an either-or relationship between rationality and irrationality, holistic thinking and local thinking, horizontal thinking and vertical thinking, certainty and uncertainty, and structuralization and deconstruction, but a complementary relationship. Did rationalism and Enlightenment play a huge calendar in the development of human society? Come here? What about the rhythm of uniform invading Huangqiao? Privately willing to simmer flat; Hoop wood Wei Yinjian? Greek guide to macrophages? Sheng zhengzheng? Hey? Coupled with the gluttonous rock of documents and the lack of gravy, it is estimated that the first meal of the day is gluttony. "Gung prevailing punishment? , socialism escapes catering slaughter fluorene Liao? Is that Kelly? Twist the osprey rope on the roof of the collapsed kitchen hospital? Spying? Before the election, the Aung San government? Clever hug postscript "execution? Wash your nose? Hey? Mainly, administration? 6. More rhymes? Do you believe it? Diarrhea head ? Rhyme execution of class v? Taomi is home? Twist? What does lucky recovery mean? Arrest Yuannao? Stupid? Rude faded old needles gather many people? Liao? Jia? Twisted pair bus? Scar spot? ?
4。 Postmodern philosophy does contain some unfavorable factors. For example, it advocates irrationalism, relativism and anarchism, opposes dialectics and historical materialism, and unilaterally emphasizes and exaggerates the drawbacks and consequences of modern uncertainty and dispersion. The above characteristics determine that postmodernism cannot be a philosophy with broad development prospects, but we can't regard it as a reactionary philosophy or an out-and-out idealism. In fact, we know too little about postmodernism at present, and we need to do further understanding and research. Another attitude is that it is too early for us to advocate modernism, because post-modernism is too many modern and post-enlightenment times, and the existing problem is China's pre-modernity problem, and the post-modernism that needs enlightenment is not suitable for China's national conditions. The underlying starting point, such an attitude, is to take postmodernism as a prescription to solve the China problem, but I just feel that this is actually a modernist theory, which is an excessive mission for drugs with mild symptoms. I think the correct attitude of postmodernism should be that it should be the object of academic research, just like other western philosophies and schools, and I don't want it to be the guiding ideology, no matter whether it is pure political criticism. Discussion translation of the recently published Modernity
Talking about inhumanity-time, perfect crime and illusion of post-modernism, globalization-human consequences, political modernity-opposition to domestic new sects, global era-transcending modernity and transcending state and society, modernity and contradiction, post-modern culture, reflective modernization-modern social order, politics and tradition. The concept of cultural criticism-Frankfurt School, existentialism and post-structuralism, the five aspects of modernity-modernism, post-modernism, avantgarde, decadence, kitsch art, post-modernism, cultural identity and global process, the whole post-modern dividing line, all solid things have disappeared-modern experience, and the situation of cultural origin and change. "