The Yellow River is the source of life in northwest and north China. At present, the Yellow River is still facing difficulties in industrial pollution control, aggravated domestic sewage and agricultural water pollution, and the pollution situation is still very grim.

Main stream of "Bitter Water": Nearly 40% of the river has basically lost its water function, and1.20,000 citizens can only drink bitter water.

At the beginning of this year, the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau organized an expert group to quantitatively analyze the situation and harm of water pollution in the Yellow River. It is found that the water quality of nearly 40% of the Yellow River reaches is inferior to the fifth category, and it basically loses its water function. With the development of economy, the wastewater discharge in the Yellow River Basin has doubled from 1980s to 4.4 billion cubic meters, and pollution incidents have occurred continuously. Most tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are polluted to varying degrees, while the water quality of almost all tributaries in the middle and lower reaches has been in a state of inferior five categories for many years, and tributaries have become "sewage rivers".

The general drainage of Wuliangsuhai is a main drainage channel for diverting water from the Yellow River in Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia. The reporter saw that there are many papermaking and coking enterprises along this main drainage line. These highly polluting enterprises vary in size. Once the environmental protection facilities are shut down or there are no treatment facilities, a large number of pollutants will be directly discharged into the Yellow River, which will affect the downstream water supply safety.

At the beginning of this year, the Baotou section of the Yellow River suffered unprecedented serious pollution represented by volatile phenol, and volatile phenol and ammonia nitrogen exceeded the standard by several times to dozens of times. As the main source of water for production and life in Baotou comes from the Yellow River, more than 654.38+0.2 million citizens have to bite the bullet and drink "bitter water". The reporter saw from the information reported by Baotou Environmental Protection Bureau to the National Bureau that the main source of volatile phenol pollution in the Yellow River is the discharge of Wuliangsuhai, while ammonia nitrogen pollution mainly comes from Ningxia and Baotou.

The "culprit" is along the Yellow River: the illegal discharge of pollutants from key pollution sources is still serious. The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" and "New Five-Year Plan" enterprises cover a wide range and are difficult to eradicate.

Industrial pollution has always been the "culprit" of water pollution in the Yellow River. From Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia to Inner Mongolia, there are many highly polluting industrial enterprises along the Yellow River, such as energy, heavy chemicals, non-ferrous metals and paper making, which produce a large number of pollutants including COD (chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, permanganate index and volatile phenol. Due to the large investment and high operating cost of environmental protection facilities, the illegal discharge of pollutants from key pollution sources along the Yellow River is still serious, and some enterprises in the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the New Five-Year Plan are difficult to eradicate.

During an interview in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, the cadres of the local environmental protection department guided the reporter to see Dongdagou, which runs across the urban area and goes straight into the Yellow River. This natural flood drainage ditch has now become a sewage drainage ditch. Before people got off the bus, the sewage in the ditch smelled pungent, the red acid wastewater in the river slowly flowed, and green water was injected into the small branch ditch next to it from time to time. The soil on the river ditch beach was eroded by sewage and showed a metallic copper color. The cadre of Baiyin Environmental Protection Bureau said that there are eight or nine polluting enterprises along Dongdagou, including domestic sewage, and nearly 50,000 cubic meters of wastewater is discharged into the Yellow River every day. The biggest pollution source comes from the smelter of Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company, an old copper smelting enterprise that has been operating for more than 40 years. Although the state and the relevant departments of Gansu Province have repeatedly managed it within a time limit, it has not achieved results so far. Now more than 8,000 cubic meters of acidic wastewater are discharged directly into the Yellow River every day, and there are copper and lead in the wastewater. "The original main drinking water source of residents in Baiyin District is located in the lower reaches of Dongdagou, only more than 200 meters away from the Yellow River estuary. Now the water here has stopped supplying water to the city because it is difficult to reach the standard after purification. " Environmental protection cadres said gloomily.

Extinction status: Domestic sewage and "agricultural pollution" are increasing day by day, and Wuliangsuhai is on the verge of extinction.

In the investigation along the way, the reporter found that in addition to industrial pollution, "agricultural pollution" caused by domestic sewage and excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also increasing, and the proportion is rising. At the same time, some cities along the Yellow River littered and dumped domestic garbage, which aggravated the pollution of the Yellow River.

The increasingly serious water pollution in the Yellow River has seriously damaged the ecosystem of the Yellow River and led to the extinction of aquatic life in the Yellow River. In the 1950s, there were more than a dozen waterfowl such as red willow, reed, striped geese and plateau partridge in Yantan, Lanzhou, but now these bird species have disappeared. In the early 1960s, the fish in Gansu section of the Yellow River decreased greatly, and some of them were extinct. Even the Lanzhou specialty Qingbaishi Bailangua, which Lanzhou people are proud of, has lost its quality in recent years because of the pollution of the Yellow River water.

According to the statistics of Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, the Yellow River in Gansu Province discharges 237 million tons of wastewater every year, of which the domestic sewage discharge has reached 1.4 1 10,000 tons, accounting for 59.5% of the total wastewater discharge. The Yellow River flows through four cities in Gansu. At present, there are only four sewage treatment plants in Lanzhou, with a daily treatment capacity of only1580,000 tons. Moreover, the sewage treatment fee charged by Lanzhou City is only 0.2 yuan per cubic meter, and the sewage treatment fee charged by the whole city can only maintain the operation of a sewage treatment plant with a daily treatment capacity of 6,543,800 tons. Zhao Weimin, director of Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, said that as the only provincial capital city where the Yellow River passes through the city, the current sewage pipe network penetration rate in Lanzhou is only 12.2%. Small sewage treatment and collection capacity is far from enough to cope with the increasing urban sewage discharge, resulting in dense sewage pipelines and ditches along the Yellow River, and a large amount of domestic sewage is directly discharged into the Yellow River. The reporter found that this problem is widespread in many cities along the Yellow River.

The polluted Yellow River not only affects the industrial and agricultural production along the river, but also directly endangers the ecological environment along the Yellow River and people's drinking water safety. Wuliangsuhai in Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia is the largest freshwater lake in the Yellow River Basin. At present, 500 million cubic meters of wastewater is injected into the lake area every year, of which 500 million cubic meters is discharged into the Yellow River. The reporter saw in Wuliangsuhai that the water body was black with sauce. With the industrial wastewater, especially the agricultural backwater with high content of pesticides and fertilizers, injected into the lake area, the eutrophication of the water area has intensified, aquatic plants and reeds have grown wildly, the open water surface of the lake area has shrunk, and the rising speed of the lake bottom has accelerated.

Yang, director of Bayannaoer Environmental Protection Bureau, said: "At present, the water quality of Wuliangsuhai Lake is basically in the inferior five categories, and 19 species of fish have been extinct in the original fishing ground. In 2002, the largest fish found was less than three times its weight. If measures are not taken as soon as possible, not only will the Yellow River be endangered, but this important wetland will die out in 20 to 40 years. "

"Poisonous water" water quality: nearly 100 mu of wheat was burned to death after being irrigated by sewage. Villagers often have diarrhea after drinking water.

Huangshui River is an important tributary of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is about 300 kilometers long in Qinghai Province, and the basin concentrates more than 60% of the population in Qinghai Province and most of the agricultural production is divided. However, due to the increasing discharge of industrial wastewater and urban domestic wastewater in recent years, the annual discharge has reached nearly 200 million cubic meters, and the water pollution of Huangshui River has deteriorated sharply. Especially after entering Xining city, the water quality in dry season is basically in category 5 or worse. In 2002, nearly 100 mu of wheat in Dongzhuang Village, Ping 'an County, Haidong District, Qinghai Province was burned alive after being irrigated with polluted yellow water. Wang Chengfa, a villager in Dongzhuang Village who is irrigating the land in Tiantou, told reporters: "Now, we must first look at the water in the river. There is more water before we dare to pour it. If there is less water, pour it into the ground and burn the seedlings. "

In Mitan Township, Jingyuan County, Gansu Province, villagers have been drinking the Yellow River water after simple precipitation for a long time. The villagers said that there are often white sediments in the pot, and they often have diarrhea after drinking water, and the skin is cracked and peeled after washing. "This water is too salty for people to eat, and the brewed tea is too salty to drink. There are dark things floating in the river, which look like oil. " Villager Tao said.

In an interview with the Yellow River Water Plant in Shizuishan City, Ningxia, the reporter learned that since 200 1, due to the sharp decline of the water quality of the Yellow River, the treatment difficulty of the water plant has been increasing. The content of ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol in water is too high, which consumes a lot of chlorine used for sterilization. Water plants should increase the chlorine consumption from 0.15mg per liter of water to about 4mg, and the medicinal materials used to clarify and treat organic matter are also increasing exponentially. Last year and this spring, the water plant was forced to stop processing twice. Zhang said, deputy director of the water plant: "At the worst of the dry season, it feels like sewage treatment. Even the treated water tastes bad, and sometimes it has a strange smell. About 70,000 people are drinking such water now, and the water supply scope of water plants will continue to expand in the future. "

Qian Zengping, director of Ningmeng Hydrology and Water Resources Administration of the Yellow River Committee, said that the pollution problem of the Yellow River has reached the point where relevant state departments and localities should attach great importance to it.

Second, the present situation of water pollution in the Yangtze River

In the Yangtze River 2 1 urban section, the total length of pollution zone is 452.3km, including Nanjing 122.8km, Wuhan 77.3km, Shanghai 52.3km, Yueyang 29.5km, Chongqing 27.4km, Zhenjiang 2 1.2km, in Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Wuhan.

The main sources of water pollution in the Yangtze River are non-point source, point source, mobile source and solid waste.

1. non-point source pollution

Soil erosion and farmland drainage are important factors affecting the overall water quality of the Yangtze River. On the one hand, soil erosion brings pesticides, fertilizers, nutrients and some animal and plant humus into the water body, which increases the concentration of suspended solids, BOD, COD and total phosphorus in the water body. On the other hand, the sediment concentration in the Yangtze River has increased, and the total soil erosion in the Yangtze River basin is 2.4 billion t, including 65.438+0.8 billion t in the upper reaches and 600 million t in the middle and lower reaches below Yichang. Chongqing and Sichuan have become major sediment transporters, and Sichuan imports 680 million tons of sediment from the Yangtze River every year. The annual sediment discharge of Tuojiang River is between 3.42564 million t, and that of Jialing River is as low as 32.25 million t and as high as 357 million t, and even the sediment concentration of two tributaries of Jialing River is surprisingly high, with 2.93 million t-610000 t in Fujiang and 7.32 million t-150000 t in Qujiang River.

2. Point source pollution

In recent years, with the rapid development of industry and agriculture in the basin, the scale of cities has been expanding, and the surface water pollution in the basin has become increasingly serious. The sewage discharge in the whole basin has reached 654.38+0.5 billion tons, accounting for 45.2% of the total industrial wastewater in China. The amount of domestic sewage is 3.58 billion t, accounting for 35.7% of the total domestic sewage in China. Especially in Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Shanghai, the sewage discharge is 65.438+0.205 billion t, accounting for 84.6% of the total in the whole basin. However, the urban sewage treatment rate in the main stream of the Yangtze River is 48.3%, and the compliance rate is 56.9%. The sewage treatment level is lower than the average level in the river basin and the whole country. Sewage discharged from sewage outlets along the Yangtze River is the fundamental cause of coastal pollution in the main stream and major tributaries of the Yangtze River. In recent years, with the economic development of the Yangtze River basin, the sewage discharge in the whole basin has increased by 3% year by year, and most of the sewage is directly discharged into the river without treatment.

3. Mobile source pollution

There are more than 654.38+million transport ships in the main stream of the Yangtze River, and most of them are not equipped with oil-water separation devices and domestic sewage treatment devices. Millions of tons of oily sewage, nearly 1 100 million tons of domestic sewage and 750 million tons of domestic garbage are discharged into the Yangtze River every year, which constitutes a watershed pollution source that cannot be ignored in the Yangtze River. Moreover, in recent years, there have been frequent capsizing accidents of ships transporting chemicals, and a large number of chemicals such as sulfuric acid, cresol, kerosene and crude oil have been capsized into the river, which has made the destruction of water resources in the Yangtze River even worse.

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4. Solid waste pollution

Solid waste refers to the solid residues of various substances used in industrial manufacturing, construction, cooking, entertainment, agricultural production and other activities, including: expired newspapers, glass bottles, metal cans, paper cups, plastic bottles, abandoned vehicles, rubber, slag, animal fur, floating dust, sludge, food residues and so on. A large amount of solid waste accumulated along the Yangtze River is another important reason for polluting the water quality of the Yangtze River. 1992, the annual output of solid waste in the three Gorges reservoir area alone reached 4.62 million tons, and the storage capacity reached 2 1.7 million tons. These untreated solid wastes are washed by floods and leached by rain, and all kinds of toxic substances easily enter the water body, seriously polluting the water quality of the Yangtze River.

5. Other pollution

Dust and wastewater discharged from industrial production flow into the water body through direct landing or rainwater leaching; Rainfall and surface runoff after rain bring atmospheric and soil pollutants into water bodies; Backwashing or infiltration of seawater pollutes groundwater sources or water bodies in coastal areas; Pollutants on the urban surface enter the water body. All these have polluted the water quality of the Yangtze River to some extent.