1. Hunan dialect is represented by Hunan dialect, and Changsha dialect is represented by Hunan dialect. Zhuzhou dialect is very similar to Changsha dialect, and there is basically no big difference. The overall characteristics of Hunan dialect, five different sounds.

Features of Hunan dialect: pronunciation, words, sentence structure, tone and ancient dialect.

2. Linguistic features

1. Phonetics:

① Initial consonants:

A. Southern Hunan dialect has completely preserved the ancient voiced system. In these places, the ancient voiced initials are pronounced as unventilated voiced initials, regardless of their flat or even tones. For example, in Shuangfeng dialect, da 'ai is pronounced, while in Xiangxiang dialect, ba 'ai, dao 'ai and Dao 'ai are pronounced. The ancient voiced initials of the northern Hunan dialect have been cleared, and both the flat voice and the silent voice are pronounced as unvoiced initials. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Climb" means "pa", "Da" means "ta'I", "Ci" means "Jiu" means "U", and in Hengyang dialect, "Ti" means "Bu"

b. f- and x(u-) are mostly mixed as f-. For example, in Changsha dialect, "fu", "fa", "fei" and "fei" are pronounced.

C. The initial consonants of Gu Ni (Niang) and Laimu are mixed, which is mixed before the vowel of Hongyin, but not before the vowel of Pinyin. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Nai" and "lai" are pronounced lai, "Anger" and "Lao" are pronounced Lao, and "Nu" and "Lu" are pronounced L 33U; However, mud, pear, li, Niu and Liu are not mixed.

D. In most areas (including northern Hunan dialect and southern Hunan dialect), there are only' s,' s and no' s,' s and' s'. In Xiang dialect, most of the characters in the ancient Zhao system are pronounced as "Ga", "Ga'" and "S". However, the rhyming words in the ancient photo system have turned into the initial consonants of the tongue, such as "Yi", "Yi" and "Yi", which forms that both "Shu" and "Xu" are pronounced as "Yi Y". For example, in Changsha dialect, "Zhu" means "Zhu", "Zhu", "Zhu", "Zhu", "Shu" and "Zhu". These words are all pronounced with the initial consonant on the tongue surface, and the vowel is changed into Y accordingly.

e. most people don't distinguish between "sharp" and "group", such as "Jing" and "Jing" in Changsha, and "Xi" and "Xi". However, some areas, such as Zhuzhou, Ningxiang and Hengshan in central Hunan, and Xupu in western Hunan, are divided into "sharp" and "regimental": "Western" is different from "Greek" and "Qi" is different from "I".

② vowels:

A. Generally, nasal vowels have more-N but less-N.. Changsha dialect, which represents the development trend of Hunan dialect, has no-rhyme at all and only eight-n rhymes. In Changsha dialect, the words Shu Sheng photographed by Gu Tong are the same as those photographed by Gu Zhen, such as "Dong", "Gong", "K", "Hong", "Song", "Xiong".

B. Vowel nasalization is quite common. In some places, the rhymes of-n and-Mi have a tendency to change into nasal rhymes. If Changsha dialect "moves" to read P? , different from "class"; "End" read T? , which is different from "bear"; "Official" read K? , which is different from "off". Most of the nasal rhymes in Hunan dialect have changed from-N rhymes, but some-Ge rhymes (Gu Dangshe and Jiang She) also tend to change into nasal rhymes. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Niang" reads "I"? , "will" read tsi? , "Zhuang" read "Y"? , "frost" read? , "help" to read P? "m"? .

③ Tone:

Most of them have entering tone. The number of tones is usually five or six. The six tones are flat and divided into yin and yang, and the upper and lower tones are divided into yin and yang, such as Changsha dialect; 5 tones are divided into yin and yang, and there is no distinction between yin and yang when going up, going away and entering, as in Xiangtan dialect. None of the tone-entering words in Hunan dialect are accompanied by a stop rhyme, that is, the so-called "false tone". For example, the entering tone value of Changsha dialect is 24, and the word "one" is pronounced i24, and there is no ending.

Lexical grammar:

① The basic vocabulary of Xiang dialect is similar to that of Mandarin dialect. There are few unique words in southern Hunan dialect and northern Hunan dialect. The following table takes Changsha, Yiyang, Xiangtan, Shuangfeng, Chenxi, Shaoyang, Xinhua, Lingling, Hengyang and Yueyang as examples to see some commonly used words in Hunan dialect.

② There are some commonly used words. The breadth and narrowness of meanings in Xiang dialect are different from those in Putonghua. For example, the meanings of "fine" and "small" in Mandarin are different and cannot be interchanged. However, "Xi" in Hunan dialect has the meaning of "Xiao". For example, the bimodal dialect of "child" is called "fine human base"; Verbs such as "eat", "drink" and "suck" have their own usages in Putonghua, but "eat" is always used in Hunan dialect, such as "eat", "drink" and "smoke" in Shuangfeng dialect. "Uncle" is used exclusively for men in Putonghua, but in some places in Hunan dialect there are "male uncle" and "female uncle" (aunt).

③ Some common words in Hunan dialect have the same form as those in Mandarin, but their meanings are quite different. For example, "vernacular" refers to literary style in Mandarin, while Shuangfeng and Dongkou in the old Xiang dialect refer to "stories". "Valley" refers to millet in Mandarin, but rice in Hunan dialect.

④ The morphemes of some common words in Hunan dialect are different from those in Putonghua. For example, it is windy in Mandarin, windy in Changsha dialect and Shuangfeng dialect, and flashy in Changsha dialect.

⑤ The representation of animal sex is different from that of Mandarin. Putonghua adds "male", "female" or "male" and "female" before animal names, while Hunan dialect adds "male", "female" and "woman" after animal names. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Cowboy" and "Cowwoman", and in Dongkou dialect, "Dog" and "Dog Mother".

⑥ In word formation, Hunan dialect has some unique affixes to express certain grammatical meanings. For example, the suffix 鶠 ie in Yiyang dialect is used after all kinds of notional words, which is similar to the word "er" in Putonghua, and it has the subjective meaning of feeling small or less, and sometimes it also contains a feeling of love or praise. For example, Cao Yao ie, Hua Yao ie (noun), one Yao ie, one cup of Yao ie (quantifier), Luo Li Yao ie (pronoun), slowly Yao ie, red Yao ie, pretty Yao ie (adjective).

⑦ "tou", "zi" and "die" in Xiang dialect are equivalent to the suffix "tou" and "zi" in Mandarin. However, the use of Zi in Xiang dialect is wider than that in Mandarin, and many words without Zi in Mandarin are also added with Zi in Xiang dialect, such as "Mouse Zi", "Star Zi", "Starling Zi" and "Ant Zi".

⑧ Xiang dialect has some characteristics in word order, taking Changsha dialect as an example:

a. The object is inserted into the possible structure: if the egg is placed stably (the egg is placed stably), the screw will not move (the screw will not move);

B. The object is between the structural auxiliary word "de" and the complement: if you sleep until dawn, you will sleep under the covers (you didn't sleep under the covers until dawn), and you will stew for a long time, and a few bones will rot (you haven't stewed these bones for a long time);

C. "very" and "clean" are often used as adverbials after verbs: for example, K 'a has been very rested for several days, and he loses his temper every day.

D. Position of words "head", "back" and "last" indicating time and order: if you go first, I will come at once (you go first, I will come at once), he will eat the head, you will eat it, and I will eat it last (he will eat first, you will eat later, and I will eat last);

e. the indirect object can be placed before the direct object. If you give me a pen for your use (give me this pen for your use);

F. The special position of the adverb "zai": if you take a cheap da (there is no cheaper one), you will take a big da (there is no bigger one);

g. the word order of "one" in "yi … ye" and "yi … du" has been moved back. If you don't even help (don't help at all), you will get a little empty all day long (no empty all day long).

⑨ There are many function words with special usages in Hunan dialect. For example, the word "Qi" ó i41 in Changsha dialect has many usages, such as

indicating the trend: pick it up, borrow it, and send it up.

Watch action is going on: pick up a basket of eggs, put on a new suit and ride a bicycle.

The table action is completed, and the result is fixed: give him an address and take a picture of your ugliness with the camera.

indicates the degree and acts as an adjective complement: Luo has always been able to afford a lot of work.

Another example is the modal particle "zai" ai53 in Chenxi dialect, which is quite distinctive and used to indicate that the action is going on or continuing, which is equivalent to "zhe" in Mandarin. Are they still at the station? Are they still standing there? ), he shouted at the song (he was singing when he was called away).