Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), whose real name is Mojie, whose real name is Shi Fo and whose real name is Vimalakīrti. Vimalakīrti is a layman of Mahayana Buddhism, a famous bodhisattva at home, and his free translation is famous for its cleanliness and pollution-free. It can be seen that Wang Wei's name has an indissoluble bond with Buddhism. Before Wang Wei's death, people thought that he was a "contemporary poet who was good at Zen." After his death, Yuan Zhen got the title of "Shi Fo". Wang Wei was born in a devout Buddhist family. According to Wang Wei's "Please Make Shizhuang a Temple", "Cui Shi, the first mother of Boling County, has been a teacher for more than 30 years, eating brown clothes and vegetables, practicing meditation, enjoying living in the mountains and seeking peace." Wang Wei was influenced by his mother since childhood. At the same time, according to Volume 25 of Notes of Wang Youcheng, there is an article "Taming, a Daoguang Zen Master of Dadianfu Temple", which describes the relationship between the poet and a famous Buddhist monk and Daoguang Zen Master: "After ten years of meditation, it can be seen that Wang Wei is really closely related to Buddhism and lived a monk-like life in his later years. According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty: "In the capital, I was taught to wear no clothes in Changzhai, and I wanted to measure vanity with tiny details, so I just wanted to know where the relic was. "Cai, a dozen monks have a meal every day, and they take pleasure in mysterious negotiations. There is nothing in their den but a teapot and mortar, and they are tied to the bed by boxes. After retiring from the DPRK, I burned incense and sat alone, taking Zen as my career. " At this time, Wang Wei is like a monk.
Wang Wei was endowed with literary talent when he was a teenager. In the ninth year of Kaiyuan (72 1), he was the first scholar, and he was very happy. I joined the army in Jeju for some reason. After returning to Chang 'an. In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Zhang Jiuling was appointed as the secretariat. Wang Wei was demoted to the right. At that time, he wrote a poem "Dedicating the Beginning to Prosper the People", praising Zhang Jiuling's political views against planting party member for personal gain and abusing his title, which reflected his mood of demanding at that time. Twenty-four years (736), Zhang Jiuling went on strike. The following year, Jingzhou was relegated to a long history. Li's appointment as the secretariat is a turning point in Xuanzong's politics from relatively clear to increasingly dark. Wang Wei was depressed about Zhang Jiuling's demotion, but he didn't quit the officialdom. In the 25th year of Kaiyuan, he was ordered to visit Cui, our envoy from Hexi. Later, he learned from the temple history that Wang Wei's official position was gradually promoted. Before the Anshi Rebellion, on the one hand, officials were tired and worried about the officialdom at that time, on the other hand, they were attached to the stack and could not leave decisively. So when in Rome, do as the Romans do, and live a semi-official and semi-secluded life for a long time. ......
Wang Wei's achievements in poetry are various, including frontier poems, landscape poems, metrical poems and quatrains. His poems were called by Su Shi as "paintings in poems and poems in paintings". He really has his unique attainments in describing natural scenery. Whether it is the grandeur of famous mountains and rivers, the grandeur of frontier blockades, or the quietness of small bridges and flowing water, it can accurately and concisely create a perfect and vivid image, with less pen and ink, high artistic conception and complete integration of poetry and painting.
Landscape pastoral poetry school is one of the two major poetry schools in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This school of poetry is the successor of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao. The poets of this school are famous for their good description of landscapes and pastoral scenery, and their artistic styles are relatively close. They reflect their peaceful mind or secluded thoughts by depicting quiet scenery, so they are called "the school of landscape pastoral poetry". The main writers are Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Chang Jian, Zuyong, Pei Di and others. Among them, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, also known as "Wang Meng", have the highest achievements and the greatest influence.
all one's life
Precocious, and my younger brother Kim are very smart since childhood. At the age of fifteen, he went to Beijing to take an exam. Because he can write good poems, be good at calligraphy and painting, and have a talent for music, Wang Wei, a teenager, immediately became the darling of princes and nobles in Beijing. As for his talent in music, a supplement to Tang Shi once told a story: once, a man got a painting to play music, but he didn't know why he was named after it. Wang Wei looked at it and replied, "This is the first shot of the third colorful feather." Ask a musician to play, and it's exactly the same (according to the research of Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan Volume 17 "Calligraphy and Painting", the third "colorful feather" is not a shot, but a Sanqu, and Bai Juyi's sentence "The middle sequence breaks into a shot" can also illustrate this point. Shen Kuo is proficient in temperament, and his words are credible. Wang Weigong's temperament is recorded in the official history, but this story is fabricated.
In the poem, there are written materials written by him at the age of fifteen, seventeen and eighteen. It can be seen that he was already a famous poet when he was a teenager. This is rare among poets. In the aristocratic hereditary society at that time, a versatile person would naturally be appreciated by Wei. So, at the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to Jinshi.
After becoming an official, Wang Wei used his leisure time in officialdom to build a villa at the foot of the South Blue Sky Mountain in Beijing to cultivate his self-cultivation. The owner of this villa is Song Wenzhi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. This is a very vast place, with mountains and lakes, Woods and valleys, and some houses scattered among them. At this time, Wang Wei and his intimate friends lived a leisurely life. This is his semi-official and semi-secluded life.
Wang Wei, who has been living a comfortable life, was involved in unexpected waves in his later years. An Shi Rebellion broke out in the 14th year of Tianbao in Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (755). In the war, he was captured by the thief army and forced to be a fake official. However, this became a serious problem after the war subsided, so he was handed over to the company for trial. He defected to the rebels and deserved to be beheaded. Fortunately, in the chaos, he wrote a poem longing for the son of heaven. In addition, his younger brother, who was an assistant minister of punishments at that time (fled with the emperor), begged him to exchange his official position for his younger brother's life, so Wang was spared and was only demoted. Later, he was promoted to Shangshu Youcheng.
Wang Wei had positive political ambitions in his early years, hoping to make a great career. Later, the political situation changed, and he gradually became depressed, fasting and chanting Buddha. In his forties, he deliberately built a villa in Wangchuan, Lantian County, southeast of Chang 'an, and lived a semi-official and semi-secluded life. A Message from a Farewell to Wangchuan is a chapter in the poet's seclusion life. Its main content is "expressing ambition", which expresses the poet's desire to stay away from the secular and continue to live in seclusion. The scenery in the poem is not deliberately laid out, natural and fresh, as if it is handy, and the distant place is self-evident and has profound connotations.
Biography of Wang Wei in the Old Tang Dynasty
Wang Wei, a native of Taiyuan. My father was loyal and ended up in Sima, Fenzhou and Qianpu, so he was from Hedong. Wei Kaiyuan was a scholar in nine years. Mother Cui Shi listened, holding the filial piety. With my younger brother, I am handsome, knowledgeable, versatile and equally famous. Li right picks up bones, supervises remonstrances, fills vacancies on the left, and is also the treasurer. Mother dies, wood destroys bones, and it is almost impossible to lose it. Take clothes and worship the official department doctor. At the end of Tianbao, in order to give something.
Lushan Mountain was trapped in two capitals, and Xuanzong was lucky, but Hu Wei was inferior, and was made by thieves. Taking Uighur medicine to treat dysentery is mistakenly called dysentery. Lushan pitied him, sent someone to meet Luoyang, detained him in Puji Temple, and forced him to make a fake. Lushan hosted a banquet for his disciples in Ningbi Palace. His workers were all disciples from Liyuan and workers from Jiao Fang. Wei Wen's "Sorrow" is a poem: "When thousands of people are worried about the wild, when will hundreds of officials return to heaven?" In autumn, Sophora japonica falls into the palace and plays orchestral strings in the pool. "Thief, trapped thief officer third-class crime. Wei Yi's "Ning Bi Shi" was heard in the news, and Su Zongjia wrote it. The meeting asked the assistant minister of punishments to pay for the crime of redeeming his brother, especially for it, and gave it to Prince Zhongyun. When he was in Yuan Dynasty, he moved to the son of the Prince, the son of Zhonggong, returned to Zhonggong and became a minister.
Wei was famous for his poems in Kaiyuan and Tianbao, and Kun Zhong traveled in Beijing. Kings, Hao greeted them at the right door and treated them like teachers and friends. Wei Youchang's five-character poems. Calligraphy and painting are particularly wonderful, and the strokes are thoughtful and integrated into nature. However, there is a lack of creativity, such as the mountains are far away, the stone color of Yunfeng is extinct, and the painter is beyond his power. I don't know the name of "Playing Music Map", Wei Shi said, "The third stack of" Nishang "is also the first shot." Good people gather musicians and pressure them to perfection, and they are convinced of their thoughts.
Viagra worships Buddhism, is a vegetarian, does not eat meat, grows fast in his later years, and wears no clothes or colorful clothes. Lantian Villa in Song Dynasty is just beside it; The water's edge is surrounded by a shed, so don't go up to the flower dock in Zhuzhou, associate with Taoist friends Pei Di and Uighur, and play the piano and recite poems all day. Taste his pastoral poem,No. Wangchuan Collection. In the capital, a dozen monks have a meal every day, and they take pleasure in mysterious conversations. There is nothing in the lent except tea trays, medicine mortars, scriptures and rope beds. After retiring from the DPRK, he burned incense and sat alone, taking meditation as his career. When my wife dies, she will never marry again. After living in a room alone for 30 years, the screen is almost gone. He died in July of the second year of Gan Yuan. Before he died, he stayed in Fengxiang, suddenly wanted to write a suicide note, and wrote several suicide notes with his relatives all his life. The friends of Duo Dunli gave up the pen for the purpose of practicing Buddhism.
Jin represented the clan as prime minister. People often say that "the poet of the Qing Dynasty is the most famous poet in Tianbao, and I have tasted his movements on the throne. How many anthologies are there today? You can come in. " He said, "My brother Kaiyuan wrote more than 1000 poems. After Tianbao, none of the ten poems were preserved. Compared with Chinese and foreign relatives and friends, there are more than 400. " The next day, I was rewarded by the emperor. It has its own biography.
Completion of poetry collection
He is the representative of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Wei has been an official in the capital for many years and has had many contacts with the prince and your Lord. His literary reputation is very high, and he was regarded as a literate sect in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods. He is good at five-character poems, and because he is proficient in music, his five-character poems are easy to combine, spread widely and have a high reputation. Wang Wei's modern poems are rigorous in temperament and bold in conception, and most of his landscape poems win for both scenery and scenery. Commenting on his own poems, Yin Yun said: "Uygur poems are elegant and exquisite, with fresh ideas and just right ideas. It's a pearl in spring and a picture on the wall. Every word is different. " Wang Wei has made great achievements in poetry writing skills. However, due to his negative recluse thoughts, many of his poems contain negative escapist factors. Therefore, in the history of literature, he and Meng Haoran are both representatives of "hermit poetry school". Tang Daizong spoke highly of Wang Wei's poems. He said in "Answering Wang Jin's Collection of Watch Hands": "The people of the Qing Dynasty experienced the first dynasty and were called the generation of Gao Xi. When discussing beauty, they recited it by population." By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the disciples of Liyuan were still singing Wang Wei's quatrains, which showed its far-reaching influence.
There are less than 400 poems by Wang Wei. Among them, the most representative of his creative characteristics is the description of natural scenery such as mountains and rivers, pastoral and secluded poems. Wang Wei's high achievements in describing natural scenery made him unique in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and became the representative of the pastoral poetry school. He inherited and developed the tradition of writing landscape poems initiated by Xie Lingyun, and absorbed the freshness and naturalness of Tao Yuanming's landscape pastoral poems, which made the achievements of landscape pastoral poems reach a peak, thus occupying an important position in the history of China's poetry. Together with Meng Haoran, he is a representative figure of the pastoral poetry school in Tang Dynasty. Wang Jin collected more than 400 poems of Wang Wei in Biography of Wang Wei in Old Tang Dynasty. In addition, Wang Jin's "Entering Wang Youcheng Collection Table" was compiled as 10 volume. Wang Youcheng's Anthology 10, which was originally collected by Yao Shaben in the Southern Song Dynasty, was returned to Lu Xinyuan-Songlou. The Beijing Library has 10 volume of Wang Mo's Song Shu Engraving Collection, which was photocopied and published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House on 1982. The Collection of Wang Youcheng, which was reviewed by Liu in Yuan Dynasty, has six volumes, and there are four photocopies, including works by Qian, Yao Xiang and Cui Xingzong. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 10 volumes of Wang Youcheng's poems in the Tang Dynasty, among which 4 volumes of Selected Poems were the earliest extant annotations of Wang Wei's poems. Zhao Diancheng's Notes on Wang Youcheng in Qing Dynasty is a good one so far. In addition to explaining all the poems, there are also notes to explain the author's suspicious poems, and occasionally textual research; Wang Wei's life information and poetry and painting comments were also collected as appendices. 196 1 year, Zhao Zhu was revised by Shanghai Editorial Institute of Zhonghua Book Company and printed and published. In addition, Zheng Zhenduo collated the four series with Zhao Diancheng's notes and other four versions, and included them in the World Library. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty. Both Gu's annotation and Zhao Diancheng's annotation are accompanied by Wang Wei's chronicle written by the annotator. Modern Chen Yi has a paper on Wang Wei's life story, followed by Wang Wei's chronology (on Tang poetry).
Wang Wei's creative talents are manifold. His five laws and five or seven words are the highest attainments, and he is also good at other subjects, which is quite prominent in the whole Tang Dynasty poetry circle. His seven laws are either rich and gorgeous, or beautiful and elegant, which were learned by the seven sons of the Ming Dynasty. Seven ancient poems, Peach Blossom, Old General and Fu Yao's Answer to Brother, are outstanding among the seven ancient poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Prose also has excellent works. The Book of Mountains Pei Xiucai's Cuisine is beautiful, meaningful and poetic, which is similar to its landscape poetry style.
What Wang Wei lacks in concentration is those eulogizing and eulogizing poems, flattering chorus poems and works that directly promote Buddhism. Their content is not enough, and their language is full of cliches or boredom. However, there are also some famous sayings, such as "the leaves covered by the spring rain are in the double wind of the imperial city in the clouds" ("looking down in the spring rain during the process of adding pavilions from Xianshan Palace to Hehuang Poetry"), which are also praised for their high weather and meticulous objects. The illustrations of Wang Weishi's "Youth Journey" are selected from the Yazhai block-printed edition of the Ming Wanli Collection "Seven Words of Tang Poetry".