1.1 The image of a Zen poet monk at the end of the Tang Dynasty
Classically, the image is described as "like a poor son, withered in appearance" and "Cold Mountain spreading his scrolls, picking up his broom".
The image of China's Cold Mountain theme can be traced back to the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, from the available information, in the Cold Mountain legend began to circulate in the Tang Dynasty there has been a portrait of Cold Mountain, the image of the Lv Qiuyin "Cold Mountain Poetry Collection Preface" in the portrayal of the "shape like a poor son, withered ...... birch bark for the crown, cloth fur broken, wooden clogs on the ground" and so on, revealing a wild and unrestrained temperament.
The earliest cold pick up like the late Tang Dynasty famous poet monk Guan Xiu made, although it is still to be proved, but from the picture, the two are long hair and robes, odd-looking, sitting under the pines, a person holding a scroll to read aloud, a person beside the set of a broom, "Cold Mountain scroll, pick up a broom," the classic image.
The image of Cold Mountain in the late Tang Dynasty basically laid the basic prototype of Cold Mountain paintings in the Song, Yuan and even Ming Dynasties, and also laid the foundation for the future symbolic image of the Two Immortals.
While the image of the poet-monk in the early Cold Mountain paintings and the depiction of the mood in the Zen paintings were far different from the image of the "Harmony Two Immortals" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the wide dissemination of his image brought a very good foundation for the recognition of the "Harmony Two Immortals" as a symbolic image in the later period. However, the wide dissemination of its image was a very good preparation for the recognition of "Harmony Two Immortals" as a symbolic image. This is the basis for its spread as an image.
1.2 The Widespread Circulation of the Image of Hanshan Suthe
The image of Hanshan Suthe has been widely spread because of the circulation of Hanshan's poem. Moreover, the idea of Cold Mountain's poem was a decisive factor for the sublimation of the symbolic image of the two immortals of harmony in the future.
Throughout the development of Chinese symbols, "Harmony and Harmony" is one of the symbols with the most cultural connotation and the most potential for development.
The image presented by Cold Mountain Scavenger is a concentrated reflection of the thoughts of Cold Mountain and Scavenger's poems (especially Cold Mountain), which have an unorthodox atmosphere and Zen, and are not concerned about the worldly fame, fortune and glory. Not only do they have an open mind to wander in nature, but they also often have insightful lines to warn Buddhists, so they are highly esteemed by later generations. Even now, it has significance for cultivating one's character. It has become the essence of "Harmony Culture". The famous "Cold Mountain Asked Shide" shows a conversation between the two of them, which can be seen in their posture:
On a former occasion, Cold Mountain asked Shide, saying: "The world slanders me, bullies me, insults me, laughs at me, belittles me, belittles me, maligns me, cheats me, how can I deal with it?
Shide cloud: just tolerate him, let him, by him, avoid him, patience, respect him, do not care about him, and then stay a few years you and see him. ①
In this conversation, Master Hanshan asked a good question, and Master Shide answered it wonderfully. In fact, the kind of open-mindedness, the kind of transcendence, the kind of generosity, the kind of freedom shown in Shide's answer is still meaningful to people today.
Hanshan poem with the help of cold pick up paintings, in addition to the monks widely spread in the monks, in other literati also has a great influence. Wang Anshi, Zhu Xi and others were very fond of Cold Mountain poems. This is partly due to the Chinese literati who converted to Buddhism, especially the expanding influence of Zen Buddhism, seven or eight out of ten of them have some connection with Zen Buddhism or Zen monks. This Mr. Gao Yuefu in the "talk blunt old and cold mountain poem after comment" has a more detailed discussion: "cold mountain son of the poem, in the poetry world, the system is another way to open up a door, said to be a shortcut, but there is a wonderful, not gifted, understand the Zen theory of the people, it is difficult to understand his poem in the Zen, Zen in the poem. His poems are written to realize the floating light, and to write about the situation is to reveal liberation in compassion. Although he sometimes puts on a colorful and glamorous appearance in his words, he is essentially quiet and holy. We say that he is a poem, but in fact it is the second part of the Three Treasures of the heavy chant,...... He does not enter the Zen lineage, but the wit is smooth, from Ananda, Gaye's smile, and Weiyang, Cao-dong's moonlight treasure mirror." ② The above discussion, can be said to have the words.
There is another important reason why Hanshan's poems could have such a great impact on the society, which is due to the rendering and deification by the stream of Buddhists and Taoists.
The description of "Gleanings from the Immortal Biographies" has led people to think of Cold Mountain not as a worldly "poet" but as a godly "Poetry Immortal", "Poetry Bodhisattva" and even "Poetry Buddha". "Poetry Buddha". Because of the above reasons, many poets and monks, scholars and general readers, they or imitation, or proposed and, or gift singing, not to good "Cold Mountain style" for the honor to know the Cold Mountain poem for the glory. The image of Cold Mountain Picking up is also spread because of the popularity of Cold Mountain's poems, which in a sense is also the basis for the wide dissemination of the image of "Harmony and Harmony two immortals" in the future.
2Transformation of the symbolic image of the Two Immortals
Hanshan's paintings began to be popularized, and his image changed from the realistic image of "a poor man with a withered face" to a festive and auspicious one. The title of the cold mountain pick up the picture" has "laugh at the bright moonlight in the sky, square inches to be when so ear", the depiction, is evidence.
Such as Yangzhou, one of the eight monsters of the great painters Luohuai painted "Cold Mountain Scavenger Map".
Luohuai used the brushstrokes depicting two characters, open mouth and smile, open chest, frank and open; clothes line strokes unrestrained, not carved, and the characters in the painting is very consistent with the personality. The original painting is now in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in the United States, in Suzhou Canshan Temple, the back wall of the Daxiongbao Hall embedded in the stone carving, the picture of Canshan Shide has almost become the iconic image of Canshan Temple, but also today's "Harmony Two Immortals" typical of the image.
This change is mainly due to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the vitality of Zen Buddhism has been gradually exhausted, and its influence on the image of Cold Mountain paintings is no longer obvious, then, with the change of social trends and the legend of Cold Mountain, Cold Mountain modeling by the image of the Taoist immortals and the influence of folklore, there is a bare chest and hair, puffed up head, laughing, and extremely friendly, rather than like the general monks as unsmiling, not like a monk. The monks were not as unsmiling as the general monks. This is completely symbolic of the image of the "Harmony Two Immortals" played a role in the beginning and the end.
3 The Establishment of the Symbolic Image of the Two Immortals
3.1 The Establishment of the Mature Image in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the decisive period for the symbolic image of the Two Immortals. It is the mature period of the symbolic image of "Harmony and Harmony".
In Chinese history, the Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of symbolic graphics, folk decorative patterns and Chinese calligraphy through the ages, such as graphic symbols, have been agreed upon as symbols or symbols of good meaning, to the point that the picture must be intentional, meaning must be auspicious. Auspicious symbols almost become the only content of the decoration. And the form of the pattern is more colorful, and the application of pattern techniques to express, so that the auspicious symbols more mature and perfect pattern. Auspicious picture, auspicious common, auspicious language circulation more far-reaching, the influence of social culture gradually deepened.
For example, the peony butterfly symbolizes the invincibility of riches and wealth, the bamboo eyebrow ribbon bird symbolizes the old age, the spring swallow peach symbolizes the everlasting spring than the wings, the hydrangea brocade chicken symbolizes a bright future, the okra magnolia symbolizes the jade hall of glory, and so on.
Of course, "Harmony and Harmony" was also popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and in the form of a fuller and more affinity.
3.2Description of the classic image of "Harmony and Harmony"
The stereotypes of the image, 1, most of them are children, with hair in a cape or a bun, smiling and lively, 2, one of them is usually holding a lotus flower, and the other is holding a garden pot, which is catering to the meaning of "harmony", 3, the other is holding a garden pot, which is catering to the meaning of "harmony", 3, the other is holding a garden pot, which is catering to the meaning of "harmony". "3, most of them are colorful and vivid, which makes the image of the two immortals of harmony closer to the aesthetic taste of the public as a whole, and very different from the image of Hanshan Shide depicted in the original Zen paintings.
They love each other and are very popular, and people take this opportunity to congratulate the newlyweds for growing old together and being in love forever. And the two immortal hand held by the object pieces are all have to pay attention to, in line with the traditional concepts and culture of China. Lotus flower means lotus flower, box symbolizes the meaning of good cooperation, and five bats means the five blessings, can say, and the two immortals this theme represents is great luck, and and good.
Appellation: from the original Cold Mountain pick up the change to "and the two immortals" and such a name is also from the Royal Decree, the Qing Yongzheng eleven years (A.D. 1733), the seal of the Tiantai Cold Mountain Daishi "and the Holy", pick up the Daishi for the "Harmony of the Holy", "Harmony of the Holy". "Hesheng", then, Cold Mountain, pick up this "and the two immortals" and "and the two saints".
3.3 Cultural Symbolism of the Two Immortals
The symbolism of the Two Immortals consists of three aspects, which are also a collection of folklore.
Meaning one: symbolizing "family harmony". According to legend, the Tang people have Wan Hui person, because the elder brother far away to the battlefield, parents miss and cry, by going to the battlefield to visit relatives. Ten thousand miles away, the hair of the night return, so the name "Wan Hui", folk commonly known as "Wan Hui brother". It symbolizes the harmony of the family, and has been worshipped as a god of "harmony" since the Song Dynasty.
Meaning No. 2: Symbolizing "friends and harmony". This comes from the legend of the life of Hanshan Shide, many sources have such a record: Hanshan, Shide, a vagabond, an outcast, non-relatives and non-relationships, meeting in passing, but can be treated with sincerity, in times of trouble and ****.
Meaning No. 3: Symbolizing "husband and wife and harmony". Legend has it that the two are as close as brothers, *** love a daughter. Pro-marriage Cold Mountain learned that, that is, leave home for the monk, pick up also give up women to seek Cold Mountain, after the meeting, the two are monks, set up a temple "Cold Mountain Temple". And even the idol of the two also stereotyped as a pompadour of the smiling God, a hold lotus, a round box, meaning "and (lotus) harmony (box) good. Wedding day must be hung with flowers and candles in the cave, or often hung with the hall, for good luck.
So, as a symbol of "family and harmony" ﹑ "friends and harmony" ﹑ "husband and wife and harmony" of the "Harmony and Harmony two immortals! "in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially the Qing Dynasty, in the folk widely spread, and in various forms, we see today many of the Ming and Qing Dynasties on the figure, and in various forms, wood carving, stone carving, brick carving, jade carving, clay sculpture, and so on, spread widely, and become a whole China is known as an image. It can be said that the Ming and Qing dynasties, is the image of "harmony two immortals" mature period.
4Sublimation of the symbolic image of the Two Immortals
4.1The Two Immortals is a symbol of the current harmonious society
The Two Immortals can be summarized in all previous forms. This is because "Harmony and Harmony" has already covered all the previous forms in terms of content.
"Harmony" is an essence of traditional Chinese culture and the value of harmony, if the "Bird's Nest" is the latest "Chinese symbol" that can symbolize China, after the Forbidden City, the Great Wall, Peking Opera and other symbols. If the "Bird's Nest" is the latest "Chinese symbol" to symbolize China after the Forbidden City, the Great Wall and Peking Opera. If the "Bird's Nest" is the newest symbol of China after the Forbidden City, the Great Wall and Peking Opera, then the "Two Immortals of Harmony" symbolizes China's "Harmony Culture" and "Harmonious Society". His significance transcends the content of any historical period.
"Harmony and Harmony of the Two Immortals" is both the harmony of Zen and the openness and freedom of mind embodied in Hanshan's poem. Harmony between man and nature and a harmonious lifestyle and spiritual realm, maintaining and protecting a harmonious social nature and environment, a contented state of mind, a true happiness. As the poem says: "Since the joy of the road of peace, the smoke between the stone caves. Wild feelings are more open, long accompanied by white clouds. There is no way to pass through the world, no heart can climb. The stone bed sitting alone at night, the full moon on the cold mountain."
Also encompassed the Ming and Qing dynasties "husband and wife and harmony," "friends and harmony," "family and harmony," the folklore color of the harmony between people.
For example, in Taiwan, the New Party's mainland delegation visited Renmin University of China in July 05 when. Renmin University presented the delegation with three gifts, one of which is a Chinese painting "Harmony Two Immortals", borrowing "Harmony Two Immortals" to symbolize the early return of Taiwan to achieve reunification.
The sense of harmony in traditional Chinese culture is manifested in two aspects: the first is the "unity of heaven and mankind", which refers to the harmony of the relationship between human beings and nature; and the second is the "mediocrity", which refers to the harmony of interpersonal relations, i.e., the relationship between human beings and each other, as well as the relationship between human beings and the society. The aim of "Harmony between Heaven and Man" is to recognize the unity of man and nature and to oppose their separation. "Meanness" emphasizes the need for a certain degree of treatment in order to avoid confrontation and conflict. Advocating the harmonious consciousness of "noble harmony" and "holding the middle" is conducive to dealing with various conflicts in modern society in order to maintain social stability. All of these harmonious consciousnesses can be summarized as the "culture of harmony", which is the main theme advocated by the harmonious society.
4.2 "Harmony and Harmony" will go global
The so-called "Harmony and Harmony" theory explicitly put forward by Mr. Zhang Liwen, a famous scholar in China, has been around for more than 20 years now. Its influence is not limited to the three religions and nine families, but also in the political world, and has even spread to foreign countries. He believes that "harmony" is the primary value of Chinese culture and the essence of the Chinese humanistic spirit, and that only "harmony" is a unique idea of the Chinese nation; at the same time, he also clearly points out that the five principles of Harmony, Harmony, Harmony, Harmony, Harmony, Harmony and Harmony are the five central values of the 21st Century, and they are the five central values of the 21st Century. At the same time, he also clearly pointed out that the five principles of harmony, harmony, harmony, harmony and love, which are also known as the five central values, are the greatest principles and the highest values for human beings in the 21st century.
The "Harmony of the Two Immortals" embodies the strong cohesion and affinity of Chinese culture. One of the essences of Chinese culture is the culture of "harmony". With the increasing frequency of international exchanges between the culture of harmony, such as May 10, 2008, Han Shanzi and the "culture of harmony" International Symposium on the message: to Han Shanzi as the representative of the "culture of harmony" is the formation of a new international cultural communication. "At present, Renmin University has set up a special "Harmony Culture Research Institute", and Suzhou Hanshan Temple has also set up the "Hanshan Temple Cultural Research Institute" and held cultural forums every year. The "Harmony Culture" has had a far-reaching influence in Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asia, and the "Hanshan Fever" that has been formed in international cultural exchanges reflects the positive significance of the integration of various cultures. The symbolic image of "Harmony Two Immortals" will surely represent peace and harmony to the world with the increasing exchanges of "Harmony Culture"!
5 Conclusion
"Harmony two immortals" symbolizes the "harmony of man and nature", "harmony of man and man", "harmony of man and society" and "harmony of man's own development", as the essence of traditional culture. As the essence of traditional culture, "Harmony Culture" still has its positive significance in the development of modern society. In particular, the meaning of "Harmony Culture" conveyed by Hanshan's poems is an important carrier for the spread of this Chinese culture. The "Two Immortals of Harmony" are its symbols.
The "Two Immortals of Harmony" symbolizes "Harmony, Harmony and Peace!"
References:
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[2]Zhao Maosheng, ed. Decorative Patterns, China Academy of Fine Arts Publishing House, January, 1999.
[3]Chen Huijian. A Study of Hanshanzi, Zhejiang Monthly, Vol. 10, No. 2.
[4]Shujiro Shimada. A Study of the History of Chinese Painting, Tokyo: Chuo Kyoikan Art Publishing, 1993.
[5]Yan Yamei. Trial Discussion of Song and Yuan Zen Paintings, Chinese Buddhist Studies IV (2000.3) Chinese Buddhist Studies IV (2000.3).
[6] Deng Fuxing. Culture and Symbols
[7]Qian Xuelie. The Poems of Cold Mountain Scavenger School Commentary Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House 1998, first edition.
[8]Zhong Ling. The Circulation of Hanshan's Poetry" in Comparative Study of Chinese Classical Literature, 1977 edition.
[9]Wang Zaojuan. A Synthesis of Studies on Hanshanzi (寒山子研究综述) in Buddhist Studies.
Notes:
① Qian Xuelie "Canshanzi and Canshan Poetry Editions" in Literary Heritage (General Sixteen), 1983.
② Wu Shili, "Zen in Hanshan's Poetry"
(Author's unit: Suzhou Institute of Science and Technology, School of Architecture and Urban Planning)
From: "Times Literature - the first half of the month", Issue 10, 2010
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