Main features of topography
1. The terrain is diverse. On the vast land of China, there are majestic plateaus, undulating mountains, vast plains and low hills, and large and small basins surrounded by mountains and low in the middle. There are five basic land types in China, which provide various conditions for the development of industry and agriculture in China.
2. The mountains are vast. Usually people call mountains, hills and rugged plateaus mountains. China's mountainous area accounts for 2/3 of the country's total area, which is another remarkable feature of China's topography. The vast mountainous areas bring certain difficulties to the development of transportation and agriculture. Mountain areas can provide forest products, minerals, hydropower and tourism resources, which provides resource guarantee for changing the face of mountain areas and developing mountain economy.
3. The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which is the general trend of surface fluctuation. China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, with a ladder-like distribution as a whole.
The first step of the terrain is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters. There are Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain in the northern and eastern edges, which are the dividing lines between the first and second steps of the terrain.
There are large basins and plateaus on the second terrace, with an average elevation of 1000-2000m. Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan Mountain and Xuefeng Mountain in the east are the dividing lines of the second and third steps of the terrain.
The third step of the terrain is a vast plain, with hills and low mountains in the middle, most of which are below 500 meters above sea level.
What if we make a topographic profile of China from west to east, from the great plateau in the west to the basin in the middle and then to the plain in the east through the 32 north latitude line? Hey? Stop? What's wrong with style? Take a shower?
The third step extends from China land to below the sea surface, which is the shallow sea continental shelf, which is a natural extension of the mainland to the ocean. Generally, the depth is not large and the slope is gentle.
A mountain is a mountain that stretches into a vein. Mountains constitute the skeleton of Chinese topography, and are often the dividing line between different terrain regions. The direction in which mountains extend is called strike, and the distribution of mountains in China can be divided into five situations according to their strike.
There are mainly three east-west mountains (mainly including the Five Mountains): Tianshan-Yinshan in the north; The central pillar is Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountain; The south column is Nanling.
Northeast-southwest mountainous areas are mostly distributed in the east of China, and there are mainly three rows (including seven mountains): Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain in the west; It is listed as Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan; The east is listed as a mountain range in Taiwan Province Province.
Northwest-southeast mountainous areas are mainly distributed in western China, including Altai Mountain and Qilian Mountain.
There are mainly two mountains in the south and north, which are distributed in the southwest and northwest, namely Hengduan Mountain and Helan Mountain.
The arc mountain system consists of several parallel mountains, which are connected with Hengduan Mountain from east to west and north to south. The most famous mountain is the Himalayas, which is distributed on the borders of China, India, Nepal and other countries, stretching over 2,400 kilometers with an average elevation of 6,000 meters. Its main peak, Mount Everest, is the highest peak in the world, with an altitude of 8848.13m.
2. Plateau China has four plateaus, which are concentrated on the first and second steps of the terrain. Due to the differences in height, location, causes and external erosion, the appearance characteristics of the plateau are also different.
3. There are four great basin in China Basin, most of which are distributed on the second step of the terrain, and their characteristics are different due to their different positions.
In addition, the famous Turpan basin is also distributed on the second terrace, which is the lowest basin in China (-155m).
4. Plain There are three plains in China, which are distributed on the third step of the eastern terrain of China. Because of the different location, causes and climatic conditions, they also have their own characteristics in topography.
The above three plains are connected north and south, with fertile soil, and are the most important agricultural areas in China. In addition, there are Chengdu Plain, Wei Fen Plain, Pearl River Delta and Taiwan West Plain in China, which are all important agricultural areas.
Hebei food culture
Hebei is one of the cradles of the Chinese nation, with rich products and outstanding people since ancient times. Historically, the culture is developed and the economy is rich. The historical achievements of food culture are brilliant and rich in connotation. Hebei food culture is an important part of China food culture and one of the important contents of Hebei culture.
First, the historical review of Hebei food culture
Hebei's food culture has a long history and rich connotations. Inventions and innovations have been made in all previous dynasties, and at the same time, food culture in other parts of China has been absorbed, forming a colorful and unique food style.
(A) the embryonic period of Hebei food culture
Archaeological data show that as early as 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, people lived in Hebei. The typical human fossils and cultural remains in the early and late Paleolithic period were "Beijingers" and "cavemen". In Yangyuan Basin, Sanggan River basin, west of Zhuolu, Hebei Province, ancient human cultural relics in the early and late Paleolithic period were also found from about 6,543.8+million years ago to 6,543.8+million years ago. Neolithic cultural remains belonging to Yangshao culture types have been found in Cixian, Handan, Wu 'an, Yongnian, Xingtai, Shijiazhuang, Pingshan, Yuxian, Zhuolu, Zhengding, Quyang and Huai 'an, including production tools such as stone axes, knives and shovels, grain processing tools such as stone mills and grinding sticks, and millet shells and pottery. Longshan culture is mainly distributed in Cixian, Handan, Yongnian, Wu 'an, Shijiazhuang, Pingshan, Yuxian, Xingtai, Zhuolu, Goujian, Lincheng, Tangshan, Chongli and Chicheng. More than 7,800 years ago, many stone tools such as pottery and hats, as well as a large number of fixed grain storage caves were unearthed at the Cishan site in Wu 'an. The use of agricultural production tools and food processing tools and the accumulation of a large amount of food in the site proved that Hebei had relatively developed agriculture and handicrafts at that time. Due to the development of agriculture, it provides material conditions for raising livestock, which is also confirmed by the bones of pigs, sheep and other livestock unearthed in the site. Among the bones found, there is also a chicken skeleton, which is the earliest domestic chicken found so far. The increase of dietary raw materials has enriched people's lives. Archaeology has proved that Hebei ancestors have mastered the original brewing technology and created the corresponding ceramic wine vessels. This is the first important milestone in the history of Hebei food culture.
In the era of the Yellow Emperor four or five thousand years ago, the germination of cooking technology began to appear in Hebei. "The History of Ancient Textual Research" said: "The emperor began to make a cauldron, and the way of fire and food was achieved." The people of Hebei ended their diet of baking and cooking with stones for hundreds of thousands of years, and began to move forward to cooking and steaming with water as heat conduction.
(B) the formation period of Hebei food culture
Nearly 2000 years from Xia Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is the formation period of Hebei food culture. During this period, Hebei's food culture was initially formed; The range of cooking materials is further expanded, and the use of cooking materials is more extensive; Cooking utensils and tableware are no longer dominated by primitive pottery, but those made of bronze have become the mainstream of the upper class; Cooking has made unprecedented achievements.
In the Xia Dynasty, due to the attention of the rulers, a compound economic form dominated by agriculture appeared in Hebei, and agricultural production developed greatly. By the Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago, China had entered the slave society, resulting in slave owners and inequality between the rich and the poor. At that time, the slave owners' eating and drinking life was very luxurious. As far as the whole country is concerned, Hebei was one of the more civilized areas at that time, and the towns were quite large. During the Shang Dynasty, the feudal countries in Hebei were Su (now southwest of Xingtai), Yi (now central Hebei) and Solitary Bamboo (now Lulong). According to "Zhou Li", there are city divisions and city officials in the city; Quality personnel are responsible for evaluating the price; There is a market, and it is dominated by merchants. At that time, in order to solve the problem of eating in merchants' trading activities, restaurants and restaurants appeared in Du Yi, which was the earliest catering industry in Hebei. In addition, the Shang Dynasty mastered a large number of advanced technologies for brewing grain wine (similar to yellow rice wine) by artificial koji in the farming root area of Hebei Plain. The commercial brewing workshop and distiller's yeast site unearthed in Taixi, Gaocheng is an important milestone in the history of Hebei brewing culture.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, agriculture and nomadic industry developed greatly in Hebei. Numerous natural resources and various cookers have enriched the content of Hebei's food culture. The flourishing fruit was recorded in the Book of Rites at that time, and JD.COM's ancient chestnut book once praised: "A thousand miles of millet with wild thistle is better than Wan Huhou". According to Su Qin Biography, Su Qin personally went to the State of Yan and said to Yan, "There are benefits from Jieshi Yanmen in the south and jujube and millet in the north. Although people don't share their crops, they are content with millet. This is called abundance. " Among them, jujube refers to golden jujube in Hebei. At that time, animal husbandry was also very developed, and farming had entered individual families. According to archaeological findings, Zhongshan State, located in the central and western part of Hebei Province, has been able to raise fish, and began to filter grain wine by squeezing and filtering technology, successfully preserving the wine really brewed at that time. Two pots of ancient Warring States wine unearthed from the tomb of King Sanhongshan in pingshan county are the earliest preserved wines found in the world. The development of agriculture and the prosperity of sideline industries such as animal husbandry and wine-making have created favorable material conditions for cooking.
During the summer solstice and the Warring States period, handicraft technology was characterized by more and more fine division of labor, more and more fine production technology, larger production scale and more and more products. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, Hebei's bronze smelting and casting technology continued to develop, providing cooking utensils such as bronze tripod, copper pot and copper knife for cooking, which was a big step forward compared with the use of pottery. The fragments of Shang lacquerware found in Taixi Village, Gaocheng, Hebei Province show that lacquerware appeared in Shang Dynasty at the latest, and by the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, lacquerware was quite exquisite, and there were many kinds of tableware in lacquerware.
Water source has the greatest relationship with environmental sanitation, so digging wells and drinking water began as early as primitive society. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, wells were dug deeper. Two Shang Dynasty wells were discovered at Taixi site in Gaocheng, Hebei Province. The structure is firm and still intact, and a clay pot containing water is also found in the well. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, people realized that open caisson was not only for the convenience of taking water, but also for cleaning and hygiene, and emphasized that well mud should be washed frequently to keep well water clean. Zhouyi: A new landlord saw the local drinking water situation and said: Well water is too turbid to drink, and it must be purified before it can be used. Zhouyi emphasized that the well water became cool after the completion of the well barrier; It is better to ask people to add a manhole cover after drilling wells to prevent cooking sewage from causing diseases.
The Shang Dynasty wine vessels discovered in Baoding and Qingtongjue, and the Shang Dynasty wine vessels discovered in Langfang area can also show that Hebei Province began to make wine as early as 3600 years ago. "Lu wine is thin and Handan is besieged" is a well-known historical allusion, which reflects the political and military influence of wine. During the Warring States period, two great powers, Chu and Qi, jointly sent troops to invade Zhao on the grounds of "poor wine". It turns out that Lu Jiu Shu has nothing to do with Zhao. At that time, Zhao contributed "thick wine" (excellent wine), just because Zhao didn't give him thick wine according to the requirements of Chu envoys, and as a result, he secretly exchanged "thin wine" (inferior wine) contributed by Lu, which led the king of Chu to think that Zhao looked down on him as a bully, so he made great efforts to criticize him.
During this period, Hebei's cooking also had a breakthrough development. The use of cooking materials ranges from low to high, from general to complex. It can be seen from a food list given to Shang Tang by Yi Yin: "... there are springs on its mountains. The origin of Jizhou, the beauty of fruit, the reality of sand pond, the north of Changshan Mountain, and above the deep, there are hundreds of fruits eaten by emperors. " Jizhou and Changshan are both in Hebei Province. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, Youzhou had the advantage of fish and salt. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan became a big commercial city between Bohai Sea and Bohai Sea because of its "more fish and salt". During the Spring and Autumn Period, the salt cooking industry has emerged, and in the same period, a salt official was set up to take charge of the salt cooking industry. It can be seen from the book Guanzi that not only "the canal exhibition (ancient place name) has salt", but also "Yan has the cooking of Liaodong".
History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty? It is recorded in the book that Yan Taizi Dan asked Jing Ke to assassinate the king of Qin at all costs: "Taizi Dan has a horse and travels thousands of miles every day. I occasionally say that horse liver is delicious, and if you want to make people into the liver, you will kill a swift horse." This dish, whether cooked or fried, must be cooked strictly, and it will be fine when it is ready. It can be seen that the cooking technology of Hebei cuisine had reached a certain level at that time, and Jing Ke's tragic deeds have always been praised by people. In the Warring States Policy, Sun Yat-sen recorded that "... I died of a cup of mutton soup". It was said that there was a great contradiction between Zhongshan State and Zhao State at that time. One day, Sun Yat-sen ordered Fu Fu to make a plate of mutton soup and invited ministers to dinner. Because of its strong flavor, ministers are drooling over it. Sima Ziqi under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen was very angry because he didn't eat this dish, so he went to Zhao to persuade Zhao Yu to conquer Zhongshan. Zhongshan Jun refused to let Sima Zi eat mutton soup, which led to national subjugation. Therefore, a plate of mutton soup was a rare delicacy at that time.
(C) the development period of Hebei food culture
From the Qin Dynasty in 22 1 year BC to the Tang Dynasty in 960 AD, it lasted more than 1200 years, and the catering culture in Hebei experienced an important period of development and growth on the basis of the initial cultural model. During this period, Hebei food culture created a series of important cultural wealth, which opened the way for Hebei food culture to mature later.
During the Western Han Dynasty, a large number of cooking materials of Hebei cuisine were introduced. Zhang Qian and Ban Chao sent missions to the Western Regions, which promoted the communication between the Han nationality and ethnic minorities. Many cooking materials were introduced into the Central Plains from the Western Regions, such as alfalfa, gourd, cowpea, pepper, flax, walnut and carrot. After the introduction of zucchini, it was first planted in Hebei. Cucumber, a kind of vegetable, is used by the court and is the most famous in Hebei. This is enough to prove from the following allusion. In 3 19 AD, the Jie people established the post-Zhao Dynasty, with its capital (now Xingtai, Hebei), and issued a decree prohibiting the word "Hu". Once at the imperial dinner, in order to test whether the Han officials were loyal to him, Schleswig asked Fan Tan, the county magistrate, "Do you know the name of this thing?" Fan Tan, an old Confucian scholar, is no stranger to cucurbit silk, but he dare not speak out the word "Hu". He had a brainwave and wrote a poem and replied, "Chai-an delicacy, a silver cup of green tea, nectar in a golden bottle, and cucumber in a jade plate." The name of cucumber comes from this. Up to now, there is a saying that there is a cucumber feast in Hebei. That is, the whole table takes cucumber as the main raw material. It can be seen that cucumber has a long history in Hebei.
Shenzhou peach has become a tribute in the Han Dynasty and is regarded as the first fresh fruit in the palace banquet. According to the "Shenzhou Local Records", "White peaches originated in Shenzhou in the Han Dynasty, but there used to be peach tribute ... This country, Zhi Tao, is the best in China, called peaches." During this period, breakthroughs were made in condiments and heat transfer media. On the basis of animal oil, vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, sesame oil and yellow sauce, are used in the stove. According to legend, Hebei ancient dish "overlord meat" is fried with plants. The use of vegetable oil has greatly changed the taste, color and texture of dishes and promoted the development of Hebei cuisine. At the same time, paste and pulp were used in cooking at that time, which was the initial stage of making dishes tender and tender.
By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Cizhou Kiln had begun to produce celadon, which was the representative of folk caves in northern China, enjoying the reputation of "Jingdezhen in the south and Pengcheng in the north", which was as famous as the five famous kilns in the world at that time. Ding Kiln, one of the five official kilns, is located in Quyang County, our province, which is historically under the jurisdiction of Guding Prefecture. Ding kiln has a large scale of production, exquisite craftsmanship, bright and beautiful shape and elegant style, and enjoys the reputation of "Dingzhou porcelain tile, the color is under the sky".
In the sixth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, longxing temple (commonly known as the Great Buddha Temple) was built in an undetermined state, and vegetarian culture rose. At that time, tofu, soybean oil and other vegetarian raw materials were widely used, and the famous dish "Zhangji oil tofu" (that is, "fried bergamot") was deeply loved by diners. Legend has it that Luohanzhai is a table in the temple. Later, Emperor Qianlong passed by Zhengding in the south of the Yangtze River and tasted it, making Luohanzhai, a big Buddhist temple, a famous school at that time.
The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period in the history of China. The development of agriculture and handicrafts made the catering industry flourish rapidly. In Hebei, many big towns, such as Baoding, Zhaozhou, Dingzhou, Calm (Zhengding) and Daming House, provide a broad market for Hebei cuisine. According to the "Zhending County Records", there are excellent prostitutes, wine stoves, tea stoves and wealthy businessmen, all of whom are extremely rich. "This is a portrayal of prosperity at that time. Traditional famous dishes in Hebei, such as "Baked", "Longing for Maruko" and "Respecting Virtue and Visiting White Robe", were all famous dishes at that time and have been passed down to this day. " "Ben Gan" is a dish with pig liver as the main raw material, which is cooked, shredded, fried and cut into pots. At that time, its technology was quite complicated. The dish "Respecting Virtue and Visiting White Robe" is made of sliced sea cucumber and magnolia, which is not only high-grade in raw materials, but also complicated in technology. These two dishes represented the cooking skill level of Hebei at that time.
The raw materials of Hebei cuisine in Tang Dynasty were widely used. In the side dishes, the nutrition and seasoning of the dishes are also quite particular. During this period, the dining form of banquet was also reformed, and the dining table developed from sitting on the floor to eating by case. And the serving procedure pays attention to "every time you order, you should be timely." If you want to eat quickly, pay attention to the front first, and then pay attention to the light. " If you want to be full late, light first and then heavy. This procedure of serving food is still used at banquets today.
It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, the cooking methods of Ji cuisine were more diverse, the knife-making technology was developed, the cooking materials were rich and colorful, the taste and texture of dishes were improved in a breakthrough way, and the banquet form was also improved.
In the long feudal society, the ancient Chinese people used the brewed grain wine (yellow rice wine) as the main drink. With the development of productivity, people are constantly exploring ways to improve the purity of wine. The invention of distillation technology is a great contribution of China to the world wine-making technology. Hebei is one of the cradles of distilled liquor in China (baijiu is the main distilled liquor in China). According to research, at the latest in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Hebei began to widely drink liquor, which caused great changes in drinking utensils. The miniaturization trend of hip flask and wine bowl is an important manifestation of this change. The ruins of Jin Dynasty distilled liquor workshops discovered in xushui county, Hebei Province and the bronze flagon unearthed in Qinglong County, Hebei Province are the representative objects of ancient distilled liquor workshops and appliances discovered in China at present, and are the signs of the maturity and popularization of Hebei distilled liquor technology.