The so-called courtyard, "Si" refers to the four directions of east, west, south and north, and "He" means that the houses are surrounded by the four sides, forming a structure in the shape of a "mouth". After hundreds of years of construction, the Beijing courtyard houses have formed a unique Beijing style from the layout to the internal structure and interior decoration.
Beijing's formal courtyard houses are generally oriented in the east-west direction of the hutongs and sit in the north-south direction, the basic form is divided into four sides of the north room (the main room), the south room (inverted room) and the east and west rooms, and surrounded by a high wall to form a quadrangle, with an open gate. The main gate is located in the southeast corner of the mansion in the "Xun" position. The total number of rooms is generally 3 in the north room, 2 ears 5, east, west room 3, the south room not counting the gate 4, even the big doorway, hanging flower door **** 17 rooms. Such as 11-12 square meters per room, the total area of about 200 square meters.
Because of the spaciousness of the courtyard, trees and flowers can be planted in the courtyard, birds and fish can be raised, and rocks can be stacked to create a landscape. Residents not only enjoy a comfortable home, but also share a beautiful piece of nature.
Expanded Information:
Introduction
Beijing courtyard houses are built of brick and wood, with purlins, columns, beams, thresholds, rafters, doors, windows, partitions and so on. All of them are made of wood, and brick walls are built around the wooden shelves. The beams, doors, windows and eaves rafters are painted, although not as brilliant as the Palace Court, but also colorful.
Walls used to grind bricks, broken bricks wall, the so-called "Beijing has three treasures ...... rotten bricks wall wall wall does not fall". Most of the roof tiles with green slate tile, positive and negative interlocking, the eaves before the installation of drip, or do not store tile, all with green ash plastered roof, called "gray shed".
1. Gate
The gate of courtyard house generally accounts for the area of a room, and its spare parts are quite complicated, only to create the name of the door tower, doorway, gate (door), door frame, waist square, plug Yu board, horse board, door pillows, even the threshold, threshold, door hairpin, big side, wipe the head, through the belt, the heart of the door, door cymbals, insertion of the shutters, the animal face, the door, the door, the door nails, the door, and so on, the gate of the courtyard house is composed of these The gate of the courtyard is composed of these parts.
The gate is generally oil and black gate, can add red oil and black characters of the couplet. Into the gate there are hanging flower door, moon door and so on. Draped flower door is the most gorgeous decorative door in the courtyard, said "Draped flower" is therefore the door with the eaves of the pagoda method, the role is to separate inside and outside of the courtyard, outside the door is the living room, concierge, garage, such as horse number "outside the house", inside the door is the main living room of the bedroom "Inside the door is the main living room of the bedroom. There is no hanging flower door can be used moon door to separate inside and outside the house.
2. Window sill wall
Windows and sill wall are embedded in the upper sill (no lower sill) and the left and right hold columns in the middle of the large frame, the upper fan can be supported, the lower fan is generally fixed. In winter, the windows are mostly glued with gorilla paper or cellophane, from the inside to see the outside is bright, from the outside to see the inside is dark, not only to prevent the cold air invasion, but also to keep the interior well lit.
Summer window paste with yarn or cold cloth, which is the southern counties of Beijing with the wood with the weaving of the window screen, like cloth and non-cloth, can be airy and breathable, lifting the indoor summer heat. Cold cloth outside with a paper, rolled up during the day, down at night, so it is also known as "roll window". Some people use the upper support under the window.
3. Curtains
Beijing winter and spring sandy winds, more residential curtains. General family, winter to hang a plywood cotton curtain, spring and fall to hang a plywood clip door curtain, summer to hang a plywood bamboo curtain. Poor people can use straw curtains or broken felt curtains. Door curtains can be lifted, the upper, middle and lower parts of the plywood installed for the purpose of increasing the weight, so as not to have to be lifted by the wind. Later, the door curtain was replaced by the wind door, but still use bamboo curtain in summer, cool, bright and practical.
4. Roofs
The roofs of the courtyard houses were made of high-beam poles, with paper glued on the outside. Beijing paste roof is a technology, courtyard, from the roof to the walls, curtains, windows, all framed with white paper, known as the "four white to the end". Ordinary people framed once a few years, rich people are "four easy a year".
Beijing is very cold in winter, the residents of the courtyard are sleeping on the kang, the kang in front of a plunged into the underground coal stove, fire in the stove. When the fire enters the hole in the kang, the kang bed is roasted, and the people sleeping on the hot kang feel warm and cozy. Most of the coal used for kang-burning comes from the western mountains of Beijing, and there is a difference between raw coal and coal powder, which is shaken with yellow earth and briquettes for kang-burning or cooking.
5. Shadow Wall
In the past, there was a wall inside or outside the gate of the courtyard, which was the shadow wall, also known as the wall. Shadow wall is every yard will have, most of them are in the door to, because the old saying that ghosts will not turn, only straight, so in the door to set up a shadow wall, can play a role in blocking. At the same time, the shadow wall also plays the role of blocking the line of sight, so that you can not be a glance to the end, the whole yard to see a through and through.
Shadow wall is also an important place to highlight the owner's identity status and taste and wealth, shadow wall from top to bottom in three parts, the top is a tube tile, like the role of the room on the tile, the rain to lead away from the main body of the shadow wall, lest the main body of the erosion of the shadow wall. In the middle is the main body of the shadow wall, generally is the strip of brickwork out of the frame, in the middle of a variety of auspicious words or patterns. Below is the Sumeru seat, usually a view of the mountains and the sea.
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