Chapter 5:

1, there are many different types of geographical areas, some are natural areas, such as the Pearl River Delta; Some are economic zones, such as industrial zones; Some are administrative districts, such as Xizang Autonomous Region. The same geographical area may have multiple identities at the same time.

2. According to the different geographical location, natural and human geographical features, China can be divided into four geographical regions, namely, northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, Qinling Mountain and Huaihe River are the dividing lines between the northern region and the southern region.

3. There are obvious differences in topography, climate, river flow and vegetation types between the north and the south of China. Affected by the natural environment, people in the north and the south also have great differences in production methods, living habits and cultural traditions.

Comparison of differences between south and north of China:

Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project

1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.

The annual precipitation is small.

The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.

Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

The river flow is small and large.

Farming system: one crop a year or three crops a year or two crops a year.

Cultivated upland paddy field

Cereal crops wheat and rice

Traditional means of transportation, carriages and boats

Traditional sports include skiing, skating, dragon boat racing and swimming.

4. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The eastern part is dominated by grassland and desert landscape; There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature.

5. Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain, and another obvious natural feature that comes with "high" is "cold".

6. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China. Inner Mongolia is mainly temperate grassland pasture; Xinjiang is mainly mountainous pasture; Qinghai and Tibet are mainly alpine pastures. Three rivers and three cows in Inner Mongolia, fine wool sheep in Xinjiang, yak in Qinghai-Tibet, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep in Ningxia are all famous livestock breeds.

7. In addition to animal husbandry, people in northwest China also use river water and meltwater from alpine snow and ice to develop irrigated agriculture.

Chapter VI:

1. Beijing is the political and cultural center of the whole country and the center of international exchanges. The Great Hall of the People is the seat of the NPC Standing Committee, and Zhongnanhai is the seat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

2. The urban pattern of the Forbidden City in Beijing is "convex", which is the representative work of the planning and construction of China's historical capitals.

There are countless places of interest in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven and Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site.

Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.

4. In order to enhance international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has intensified infrastructure construction, and planned and built key functional areas including the Central Business District and the International Media Avenue, as well as urban rapid rail transit and expressways; On the other hand, actively develop high-tech industries, improve urban management efficiency and service quality, and build a harmonious urban environment between people and the environment.

5. Hong Kong consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, New Territories and more than 200 surrounding islands, while Macao consists of Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. Hong Kong and Macao are among the regions with the highest population density in the world.

6. Hongkong and Macau are two special administrative regions of China. Our government has formulated the policy of "one country, two systems", and China's mainland implements the socialist system, while Hong Kong and Macao implement the capitalist system.

7. Hong Kong has a large population but a small population. "Going to heaven"-building tall buildings and "going to sea"-reclaiming land from the sea have become two important ways for Hong Kong to expand its urban construction land.

8. The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is very developed. Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, financial center, information service center and tourism center. Gambling tourism is an important pillar industry of Macao's economic development.

9. For a long time, Hong Kong and Macau have maintained close economic ties with the mainland of China, especially Hong Kong. Mainland China is rich in natural and labor resources, and Hong Kong is rich in capital, technology, talents and management experience. The economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the mainland of China is complementary and mutually beneficial.

10, entrepot trade refers to the form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are sold directly to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.

1 1. Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.

12, Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, known as "the pearl of the southeast sea of the motherland". About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.

13. Before the 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, exporting cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.

14, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the largest province in China. The mountains and basins in Xinjiang are distributed alternately, forming the topographical features of "three mountains and two basins". The majestic Tianshan Mountains span the central part of Xinjiang, with Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin on the north and south sides respectively.

15. There are thousands of oases in Xinjiang, which is the most important agricultural production base. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here, and cotton, sugar beet and various melons and fruits have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang Oasis. Karez is an ancient water diversion project, which has been used by oasis residents in Xinjiang for a long time.

16, the predicted oil and gas reserves in Xinjiang account for about 1/3 of the total land reserves in China. With the gradual implementation of the national energy strategic decision of "stabilizing the east and vigorously developing the west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important oil and gas industrial base in China. The implementation of the West-to-East Gas Transmission Project will rapidly increase the local fiscal revenue and alleviate the energy shortage in the eastern region.

Chapter 7:

1. The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, with convenient land and water transportation, and is known as the "South Gate" of China.

The Pearl River Delta region has formed a multi-level open system including special economic zones (Shenzhen and Zhuhai), coastal open cities (Guangzhou) and economic open areas (the whole Pearl River Delta).

2. Taking advantage of the superior conditions here, the Pearl River Delta has attracted a lot of overseas Chinese investment (the main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta is Hong Kong and Macao) and has become the frontier of China's opening up.

3. Since 1980s, the Pearl River Delta has taken advantage of its superior geographical position adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, accepted the industrial diffusion of Hong Kong and Macao nearby, introduced a large number of foreign capital, introduced advanced technology and equipment, management methods and the latest industrial and commercial science and technology information, established a large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises, and developed an export-oriented economy.

The products produced in the Pearl River Delta are mainly exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.

5. The cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is based on "store in front and factory in back". Hong Kong uses the overseas trade window to conduct marketing and external sales, and plays the role of "shop". The Pearl River Delta region takes advantage of land, natural resources and labor force to process, manufacture and assemble products, and plays the role of "factory".

6. The development of processing and manufacturing industry in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of service industries such as catering, entertainment and transportation. These non-agricultural industries provide a large number of employment opportunities for local surplus labor and also absorb millions of foreign labor.

7. With the development of non-agricultural industries and the migration of population, more and more agricultural land in the Pearl River Delta has been transformed into industrial, transportation and urban construction land. These non-agricultural land is adjacent to the remaining agricultural land, forming a unique land use landscape with staggered distribution of residential land, industrial land, infrastructure land and agricultural land.

8. Xishuangbanna is the most intact place in China's pristine tropical rain forest except Hainan Province. The towering trees, huge packing, cruel strangled plants and majestic "single tree into forest" are all unique landscapes of the rainforest.

There are thousands of animals living in Xishuangbanna, including Asian elephants, green peacocks and other national key protected animals. People vividly call it "the kingdom of tropical animals".

10, Xishuangbanna is still a place where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities, and the multi-ethnic customs with Dai as the main body have added infinite charm to Xishuangbanna.

1 1. For a long time, Xishuangbanna has been dominated by agricultural production. Since the mid-1980s, with the encouragement of the relevant policies of the state and Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna, with its unique location and resource advantages, has made tourism rise rapidly and become an important pillar industry.

Chapter 8:

1. The largest loess accumulation area in the world is the Loess Plateau, which is one of the areas with the most serious soil erosion in the world.

2. Soil erosion takes away the fertile soil on the surface and reduces the crop yield; Increase, expand and deepen the valley, thus reducing the cultivated land area; It also transported a lot of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which caused great difficulties in river regulation and flood control.

3. The loess plateau has a broken terrain and a relatively dry climate, which not only causes serious soil erosion, but also causes frequent natural disasters. Drought and flood disasters are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau, so the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau is very fragile.

4. In order to realize the sustainable development of social economy in the Loess Plateau, we must strengthen ecological construction and improve the environment. On the one hand, biological measures such as planting trees and grass should be combined with engineering measures such as terraced fields and earth dams to control soil erosion; On the other hand, reasonable arrangements should be made for production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reducing the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.

5. The area along the Yangtze River is a typical "banded" area, which is not only superior in geographical position, but also endowed with unique natural conditions, laying a solid foundation for the development of this area and being the center of national economic development.

6. The Yangtze River along the Yangtze River connects the economically developed coastal areas with the resource-rich western areas, forming an English letter "H" pattern, which is the link between the east and the west.

7. The area along the Yangtze River is an important agricultural area in China with a solid industrial base. At present, it has developed into one of the most dynamic high-tech industrial development zones in China. Through many north-south tributaries and traffic arteries, these economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, and make China's north-south economy integrate.

8. There are many cities along the Yangtze River, with dense towns in the middle and lower reaches and few cities in the upper reaches. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing are regional economic, cultural and transportation centers, which have a strong radiation and driving role in regional economic development. On the basis of these four megacities, four urban agglomerations centered on them have been formed respectively.

9. The Yangtze River is a highly developed comprehensive industrial zone in China. At present, four industrial bases have been formed from east to west. There are industrial bases such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles and textiles along the Yangtze River, which constitute the embryonic form of China's east-west "industrial corridor".

10. During the development along the Yangtze River, a series of ecological and environmental problems have emerged, such as soil erosion, flood disaster (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most concentrated, serious and frequent areas of flood disaster in the Yangtze River basin), water pollution, acid rain and so on.

1 1. Acid rain will lead to acidification of water and soil, causing corrosion hazards to plants and buildings. The acid rain area in Central China is the largest acid rain pollution area with the highest central intensity in China, and the acid rain area in Southwest China is the second most serious acid rain area. The pollution intensity in East China is lower than that in Central China and Southwest China.

Chapter 9:

1, with vast territory and great regional differences, is a basic national condition of our country. To achieve sustainable development, a region needs to develop its economy according to local conditions and strengthen the ties between regions.

2. A large population and a low per capita GNP is another basic national condition of our country. The world in the 21st century is a world of economic globalization. China should actively integrate into the process of economic globalization and seek development in the world.

Review of Biology in 8th grade (Ⅱ)

Unit 7 Chapter 1 Biological Reproduction and Development

I. Plant reproduction

1. Sexual reproduction: a reproductive mode in which fertilized eggs develop into new individuals. For example, seed propagation (reproduction of offspring from seeds in fruits through flowering, pollination and fruiting). ) (Egg cells in ovules combine with sperm in pollen to form fertilized eggs → embryos → seeds)

2. Asexual reproduction: Without the combination of hermaphroditic germ cells, new individuals are directly produced by the mother. Such as cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture.

3. The key of grafting: the scion is closely combined with the cambium of the rootstock to ensure survival.

Reproduction and development of insects

1. Complete metamorphosis: In the process of developing from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the structure and living habits of larvae and adults are very different, and this development process is called metamorphosis. Eggs → larvae → pupae → adults. For example: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies and mosquitoes.

2. Incomplete metamorphosis: egg → nymph → adult. Examples: locust, cicada, cricket, mole cricket, mantis.

Reproduction and development of amphibians

1. Abnormal development: egg → tadpole → young frog → adult frog.

2. Features: Oviposition, in vitro fertilization.

Four. Breeding and development of birds

1. process: nesting, courtship, mating, spawning, hatching and brooding.

2. Features: Oviposition and fertilization

3. Structure of bird eggs: yolk is an egg cell. The blastoderm contains the nucleus. Eggshell and shell membrane-protection, egg white-nutrition and protection, egg yolk-nutrition. The blastoderm is where the embryo develops.

Chapter II Inheritance and Variation of Organisms

Heredity: refers to the similarity between parents and children.

Variation: refers to the difference between offspring and parents.

First, genes control biological characteristics.

1 Biological characteristics: biological morphological and structural characteristics, physiological characteristics and behavior patterns.

2 Relative traits: different manifestations of the same trait of the same organism.

3. Genes control biological characteristics. For example: transgenic super mice and mice.

Organisms inherit genes rather than traits.

Second, gene transfer between parents and children.

1. gene: DNA fragment on chromosome that controls biological characteristics.

2.DNA: It is the main genetic material of double helix structure.

3. Chromosome: A substance in the nucleus that can be dyed dark by alkaline dyes.

4. Genes are transmitted through sperm or egg cells. Sperm and egg cells are the "bridge" of gene transmission between parents and children.

The morphology and number of chromosomes in each biological cell are determined.

Chromosomes exist in pairs in biological cells, and genes also exist in pairs, which are located on paired chromosomes respectively.

In cell division that forms sperm or egg cells, chromosomes are reduced by half.

Dominance and Recessiveness of Three Genes

1. Relative traits include dominant traits and recessive traits. The first generation hybrids are dominant.

2. recessive trait genome becomes: dd dominant trait genome is called Dd or DD.

China's marriage law stipulates that marriage is prohibited between lineal blood relatives and collateral blood relatives within three generations.

4. If a family once had genetic diseases or carried pathogenic genes, its descendants are more likely to carry pathogenic genes. If the related offspring remarry and have children, the chances of suffering from this disease will increase.

Aa A a

Ah ah ah ah

AA Aa Aa aa

Sex inheritance of four people

1. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each normal person's somatic cell. (Male: 44+XY Female: 44+XX)

2. Among them, 22 pairs are identical to men and women, which are called autosomes, and 1 pairs are different from men and women, which are called sex chromosomes. The male is XY and the female is XX.

3. Equal opportunities for boys and girls, 1: 1.

Five-level mutant organism

1. The variation of biological characters is common. Variation is first determined by the difference of genetic material basis, and then it is related to the environment. So there are genetic variation and non-genetic variation.

2. Examples of human applying the principle of genetic variation to cultivate new varieties: artificial selection, cross breeding and space breeding (gene mutation).

Chapter III Biological Evolution

First of all, the origin of life on earth

1. Most scholars believe that the process from inorganic substances in the primitive atmosphere to organic substances and then to primitive life was carried out on the primitive earth.

2. Primitive earth conditions: high temperature, high pressure, ultraviolet rays, thunder and lightning, primitive ocean and lack of oxygen.

3. protein, nucleic acid is an important substance in life

Second, the course of biological evolution.

1. comparison method: according to certain standards, compare interrelated things to determine their similarities and differences.

2. Fossils: the remains, relics or traces of life of organisms buried in the stratum for various reasons and formed after tens of thousands of years of complex changes. For example: archaeopteryx fossils (ancient reptiles → ancient birds)

3. The general trend of biological evolution: simple to complex, low to advanced, aquatic to terrestrial.

Third, the reasons for biological evolution

1. Simulate the formation process of protective color: one aspect of animals' adaptation to the environment is the result of natural selection.

2. Natural selection: after living competition, the fittest survive and the unsuitable are eliminated.

3. Process: excessive reproduction, survival competition, genetic variation, survival of the fittest.

4. Significance: Organisms constantly evolve through heredity, variation and natural selection.

Unit 8 Chapter 1 Infectious Diseases and Immunity

I. Infectious diseases and their prevention

1. pathogen: bacteria, viruses, parasites and other organisms that cause infectious diseases.

2. The basic link of the epidemic of infectious diseases: susceptible people pass through the source of infection.

3. Preventive measures for infectious diseases: control the source of infection, cut off the route of transmission, and protect susceptible people.

Immunization and planned immunization

1. Three lines of defense of human body:

The first line: skin and mucous membrane

The second way: bactericidal substances and phagocytes in body fluids.

The third way: immune organs and immune cells.

2. Antibodies: When pathogens invade the human body and stimulate lymphocytes, lymphocytes will produce a special protein for pathogens.

3. Antigen: a substance (such as a pathogen) that causes the human body to produce antibodies.

4. Immunity: Initially refers to the human body's resistance to pathogens.

Now it refers to a physiological function of the human body, which enables the human body to identify its own and non-self components, thus destroying and rejecting the antigenic substances of the human body, or the damaged cells and tumor cells produced by the human body itself, so as to maintain human health.

Vaccine: a biological product usually made of inactivated or attenuated pathogens, which can produce corresponding antibodies after being inoculated into human body.

6. Planned immunization, meaning:

Chapter II Drugs and First Aid

Safe use of prescription drugs (R) and over-the-counter drugs (OTC)

1. Names and functions of some commonly used drugs. For example, Niuhuang Jiedu tablets can be used to treat diseases such as sore throat. The new quick-acting cold tablets can be used to treat nasal congestion, sore throat, headache and fever caused by colds.

2. Summarize the common sense of safe medication. -Analysis of information contained in drug labels. Main ingredients, indications, usage and dosage, drug specifications, precautions, production date and expiration date of the drug.

4. 120 first aid

5. artificial respiration

6. Chest compressions

7. Bleeding and hemostasis: external bleeding, internal bleeding, capillary bleeding, venous bleeding and arterial bleeding.

Chapter III Self-awareness and Health Improvement

First, assess your health.

1. Health refers to a good state of physical, psychological and social adaptation.

2。 Keep a happy mood: Happiness is the core of adolescent mental health.

Second, adjust your emotions.

Methods: divert attention; Choose the right way to vent your troubles; self-consolation

Second, choose a healthy lifestyle.

1. Influence of lifestyle on health: Chronic non-communicable diseases are not only affected by genetic factors and environment, but also related to personal lifestyle. Unhealthy lifestyle accelerates the occurrence and development of these diseases.

2. To explore the effect of alcohol or tobacco extract on the heart rate of Daphnia. 25%) can promote the heart rate of Daphnia, and high concentration of alcohol can inhibit the heart rate of Daphnia.

3. Harm of alcoholism to human health: Alcohol will damage people's heart and blood vessels, and alcoholism will make the brain excessively excited or paralyzed, leading to neurasthenia and mental decline. Long-term alcoholism can lead to alcoholism, excessive drinking and life-threatening.

4. Harm of smoking to human health: When tobacco burns, harmful substances such as nicotine and tar in the smoke enter the human body, causing damage to the human nervous system, reducing people's memory and attention, and also inducing various respiratory diseases, such as chronic bronchitis and lung cancer.

5. Harm of drugs: it will damage people's nervous system, reduce human immune function, cause cardiopulmonary injury, respiratory paralysis and even death.