geographical location of Wuhan
Wuhan, referred to as "Han" for short and commonly known as "Jiangcheng", is located in the hinterland of China and at the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang River. It is the capital of Hubei Province, the economic, scientific, technological, educational and cultural center of Central China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, a national mega-city and an important transportation hub. On the plane rectangular coordinates, the maximum horizontal distance from east to west in Wuhan is 1.34 km, and the maximum vertical distance from north to south is about 1.55 km, which is shaped like a butterfly dancing from west to east.
History and culture
The Yangtze River and Hanjiang River intersect vertically and horizontally through the urban area, forming a pattern of three towns: Wuchang, Hankou and Hanyang. Now it has jurisdiction over 11 urban areas of Jiang 'an, Jianghan, Qiaokou, Hanyang, Wuchang, Qingshan, Hongshan, Caidian, Jiangxia, Huangpi and Xinzhou, and 2 suburbs of Dongxihu and Hannan. The district has jurisdiction over 118 sub-district offices, 21 towns and 15 townships. There are 3154 mass autonomous organizations in the city, including 1196 communities and 2158 villagers' committees. The city's land area is 8467.11 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 7713.6 square kilometers and the suburban area is 763.51 square kilometers.
At the end of p>2112, the total registered population in Wuhan was 7.68 million, including 3.9622 million males and 3.7188 million females. The agricultural population is 3,187,611 and the non-agricultural population is 4,593,411; The urban population is 7,337,111 and the suburban population is 344,111. The birth rate of the city is 7.15‰ and the death rate is 4.89 ‰. The natural growth rate is 2.16‰.
Wuhan is a city where many nationalities live together. According to the data of the fifth population census in 2111, there are 51 ethnic groups in * * *, including 49 ethnic minorities, with 54,211 people, accounting for 1.7% of the total population of the city. Among ethnic minorities, the Hui nationality has the largest population (more than 21,111 people), followed by Tujia nationality (more than 1,111 people); There are four other ethnic groups with more than 2111 people, namely Manchu, Zhuang, Mongolian and Miao; There are 12 ethnic groups with more than 111 people, namely Dong, Yao, Korean, She, Bai, Tu, Buyi, Yi, Li, Uygur, Tibetan and Xibo. All the 13 districts in the city are inhabited by ethnic minorities, of which Hongshan District has the largest population (1.43 million) and Hannan District has the least population (1.19).
Natural resources
(1) Geology and landform: The geological structure of Wuhan is dominated by the Neocathaysian tectonic system, which almost controls the corridor of the city's geological structure. The landform belongs to the transition area from the hills in southeastern Hubei to the low hills at the southern foot of Dabie Mountain through the eastern edge of Hanjiang Plain, with low level in the middle, surrounded by hills and ridges in the north and south, and low mountains in the north. The areas of low mountains, hills, ridges and plains and flat plains in the city account for 5.8%, 12.3%, 42.6% and 39.3% of the total land area respectively.
(2) climate: Wuhan has a subtropical monsoon (humid) climate, with abundant rainfall, sufficient heat and distinct four seasons. The annual average temperature is 15.8℃-17.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 41.3℃ (August 11, 1934), and the extreme minimum temperature is-18.1℃ (October 31, 1977). The annual frost-free period is generally 211-272 days, the total sunshine hours are 1,811-2,111 hours, the annual total radiation is 1,114 kcal/cm2-1,113 kcal/cm2, and the annual precipitation is 1,151-1,451 mm; Rainfall is concentrated from June to August every year, accounting for about 41% of the annual rainfall.
(3) Soil: There are many kinds of soil in Wuhan, including 8 soil types, 17 subcategories, 56 soil genera and 323 soil types, of which the rice land area accounts for 45.5% of the total area; Followed by yellow brown soil accounting for 24.8%, fluvo-aquic soil accounting for 17.1% and red soil accounting for 11.2%; Others are calcareous soil, purple soil, meadow soil and swamp soil, accounting for 1.5%.
(4) Vegetation: The flora of Wuhan belongs to the transitional zone between the middle subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest and the north subtropical deciduous broad-leaved forest. According to incomplete statistics, there are 116 families, 617 genera and 1166 species of ferns and seed plants in the city, which have both southern and northern flora elements. The mixed forest composed of evergreen broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest is a typical vegetation type in the city. South of the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River are represented by camphor tree, bamboo, Chinese fir, camellia oleifera, Ligustrum lucidum and citrus. North of the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River, Pinus massoniana, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Fraxinus fargesii, Pinus tabulaeformis, Quercus, Persimmon, Chestnut and other tree species are dominant.
(5) Animal resources: There are many kinds of animal resources in Wuhan, including livestock, aquatic, medicinal, fur and feather, natural enemies of pests, national protected animals and other animal resources. There are more than 11 species and 71 varieties of livestock and poultry, such as pigs, cows and chickens. There are 88 species of fish resources belonging to 22 families and 11 orders, and the main economic fish are more than 21 species such as grass, green carp and silver carp. "Wuchang Fish" (scientific name Megalobrama amblycephala) is named after it was produced in liangzi lake, Wuchang, and its meat is delicious and famous at home and abroad. Waterbirds include geese, storks and owls, belonging to 8 orders, 14 families and 54 species. The stork is a kind of rare waterfowl protected by the state. Special economic aquatic organisms include baiji, finless porpoise and soft-shelled turtle. Baiji dolphin is a national first-class protected animal, and finless porpoise is a national second-class protected animal. Among the wild animal resources, there are few fur animals, mainly medicinal animals, agricultural and forestry pests and so on.
(6) water resources: Wuhan is criss-crossed with rivers, harbors and ditches, and lakes, reservoirs and ponds are scattered, and the water, Fu River, pour water, lift water, Jinshui River and Dongjing River flow into the Yangtze River from both sides of the urban area, forming a huge water network with the Yangtze River as the main stream. The total water area is 2187 square kilometers, accounting for 25.8% of the city area. According to calculation and analysis, in normal years, the static groundwater reserves are 12.8 billion cubic meters, and the total surface water is 714.5 billion cubic meters, including 3.8 billion cubic meters of domestic rainfall runoff and 711.7 billion cubic meters of transit passenger water. The theoretical reserve of hydropower resources is 21,111 kilowatts. There are 274 reservoirs in the city, including 3 large reservoirs and 6 medium-sized reservoirs; The total capacity is 925 million cubic meters; There are 91,111 ponds with a water storage capacity of 331 million cubic meters; There are 193 lakes, including 43 lakes in the urban area.
(7) mineral resources: 33 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the city, with 154 occurrences, with a potential economic value of more than 841 billion yuan. Among them, the reserves of metallurgical auxiliary materials and building materials are the largest, with the largest base of flux limestone, dolomite and Shi Ying sandstone in China, and the reserves of bentonite ore are more than 118 million tons, ranking first in the country. Eight high-quality mineral water and hot springs have been found. In addition, there are 11 gold deposits, 9 copper deposits, 2 manganese deposits and 2 phosphate deposits, and 5 "oil and gas shows" of oil and gas.
Infrastructure
In p>2112, Wuhan made every effort to promote the construction of key urban infrastructure, and the comprehensive functions of the city were effectively improved.
(1) Municipal construction: There are 2,257 roads in downtown Wuhan, with a total length of 1,367 kilometers and a total area of 15.39 million square meters (excluding sidewalks), of which 52 are main roads, with a length of 291.9 kilometers and an area of 7.7 million square meters. There are 119 bridges in the city, including 9 bridges across the Yangtze River and Hanjiang River, 11 overpasses (viaducts), 32 footbridges and 58 bridges across the river and other bridges, with a total area of 421,111 square meters. At present, the inner ring road with a total length of 28 kilometers has been opened, and the western section of the 11.4-kilometer Central Ring Road has also been completed. Together with the south ring road section completed in advance, the central ring road has been completed for a total of 21.9 kilometers, and the northern section of the eastern section is under construction. The construction of six national debt projects, including Highway No.21, Wuqing Third Trunk Road, Laowuhuang Highway, Qintai Road Extension Line and Houhu Road, has been completed; Roads such as Bayi Road, Donghu Road Extension Line, Yujiashan South Road and Lvdajie Road have been completed one after another; Two underground pedestrian walkways of Wuhan International Convention and Exhibition Center and Hangkong Road were rebuilt and put into use; Wuhan Airport Road, Xudong Road, Wuluo Road, Luoyu Road, Dadongmen to Jiedaokou completed the "blackening" transformation of asphalt overlay; The World Bank loan Wuhan urban traffic construction project was accelerated and passed the World Bank pre-assessment and the National Development and Reform Commission project. The National Development and Reform Commission of Wuhan Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge has formally established the project; The construction of the first phase of rail transit line 1 is progressing rapidly, and now it has been transferred to the stage of equipment installation and debugging; The preparatory work for the second phase of rail transit line 1 has been accelerated, and the pre-feasibility study and project application have been completed; The construction of Yangluo new airport has been promoted in an all-round way, and the land acquisition work is progressing smoothly; The planning and construction of the large-scale Wangjiadun business district has been fully launched, and McKinsey & Company of the United States has been hired to complete the overall strategic planning and consultation of the business district construction.
Wuhan combines the control of "floods" with the beautification of "two rivers and four banks", and has carried out large-scale flood control facilities construction, successfully completed the 397-kilometer dike reinforcement project of the Yangtze River and the Han River, changed the dangerous section of Longwangmiao from a dangerous point to a scenic spot, and enhanced the city's disaster resistance.
in p>2112, the city's total water supply was 737.63 million cubic meters, and the penetration rate of tap water in urban areas reached 111%. There are 118 LPG storage stations in the city (including 5 large storage and distribution stations with a storage capacity of more than 3,111 cubic meters) with a storage capacity of 54,646 cubic meters. In 2112, the city's total gas supply was 97.46 million cubic meters, and the total gas supply of liquefied petroleum gas was 92,621 tons.
at the end of 2112, there were 247 bus lines, 1277 buses, 4363 special buses and 12137 taxis.
(2) Environmental protection: In 2112, Wuhan made great efforts in environmental protection. The number of days when the city's air quality reached or was better than Grade II reached 61.4% of the whole year, the annual average value of air pollution index dropped below 111 for the first time (98), the water quality compliance rate of centralized water resources reached 97.2%, and the average environmental noise in the central city area was 54.9 dB. The daily average value of inhalable particulate matter in urban air is 1.31 μ g/m3, the daily average values of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are 41 μ g/m3 and 51 μ g/m3 respectively, and the monthly average value of urban dustfall is 8.95 tons/km2. < P > The removal rate of industrial dust is 55.9%, the removal rate of industrial dust is 97.64%, the discharge standard rate of industrial wastewater is 92.11%, and the industrial reuse rate is 92.11%. The comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste is 92.3%, and 284 sets of industrial wastewater treatment facilities are owned by key polluting enterprises, with a normal operation rate of 1.111%.
New breakthroughs have been made in the construction of sanitation infrastructure, and the construction project of the internationally advanced Erfeishan garbage disposal site in Jiangxia is progressing smoothly, with the first landfill area initially formed, the ring road connected and the sewage treatment area completed, thus achieving the goal of garbage disposal in advance. The construction of Guodingshan waste incineration power plant in Hanyang has been approved by the state.
(3) Urban greening: In 2112, the urban green area of the whole city was 6,279.8 hectares, the public green area was 3,131.49 hectares, there were 34 parks, 314 street parks and 11 green squares. The rate of green space in the built-up urban area is 29.31%, the green coverage rate is 34.16%, and the per capita green space is 7.13 square meters. The urban greening in Wuhan is at the upper-middle level among similar cities in China. Since 1998, the whole city has focused on the strategic decision of "building Wuhan into a landscape garden city in five years" designated by the Municipal Party Committee and the Municipal People's Government, vigorously promoted urban environmental innovation and implemented the "Green Wuhan" project, and the enthusiasm of the whole society for building a landscape garden city has never been higher. Since 1998, 11 parks such as Simeitang, Hanshui and Changqing have been newly built (renovated or expanded), 71 street parks such as Nangan Canal and Wujiawan have been newly built, and 11 green squares such as Hongshan, Optics Valley, Northwest Lake, Tiantian and Shouyi have been implemented, and a number of key greening projects such as the renovation of Zhongshan Park, the renovation of Jiangtan Green Land and Tianli Road have been vigorously promoted.
economic construction
in p>2112, Wuhan actively responded to the new situation after China's entry into the WTO, and achieved steady growth of the national economy and all-round development of social undertakings. The gross domestic product for the whole year was 149.319 billion yuan, up by 11.8% compared with the previous year at comparable prices, of which the added value of the primary industry was 8.953 billion yuan, up by 3.8%. The added value of the secondary industry was 66.149 billion yuan, up by 12.2%; The added value of tertiary industry was 74.317 billion yuan, up by 12.5%. The per capita GDP increased from 17882 yuan in the previous year to 19564 yuan. The proportion of the added value of primary, secondary and tertiary industries in GDP has changed from 6.3: 44.1: 49.6 in the previous year to 6.1: 44.2: 49.8.
fiscal revenue grew rapidly. The fiscal revenue for the whole year was 19.654 billion yuan, an increase of 15.5% over the same caliber of the previous year; Among them, the local fiscal revenue was 8.583 billion yuan, an increase of 27.1%.
the market price is low and stable. The overall level of consumer prices in the whole year decreased by 1.4% compared with the previous year, the ex-factory prices of industrial products decreased by 3.7%, and the purchase prices of raw materials, fuel and power decreased by 1.6%.
new progress has been made in employment. At the end of the year, there were 4.173 million employees in the city, an increase of 2,111 or 1.3% over the end of the previous year. In the whole year, 71,111 laid-off workers were re-employed, and the registered unemployment rate in cities and towns was 4.98% at the end of the year.
(1) Agricultural economy: In 2112, Wuhan actively promoted the reform of rural taxes and fees to promote the healthy development of agriculture with the adjustment of agricultural structure as the main line and the goal of agricultural development and increasing farmers' income. The total output value of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery was 14.125 billion yuan, an increase of 5.2% over the previous year. Among them, the planting industry was 8.429 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7%; Forestry was 87 million yuan, up by 24.9%; Animal husbandry was 3.384 billion yuan, an increase of 4.7%; Fishery was 2.224 billion yuan, up 6.2%.
the agricultural structure has been adjusted. With the gradual deepening of the marketization of agriculture, the adjustment of agricultural planting structure has been intensified, and the traditional planting area of grain, cotton and oil has decreased. The annual grain output was 1.217 million tons, an increase of 1.3% over the previous year; Cotton output was 4511 tons, down by 33.7%; Oil production was 1.752 million tons, down by 3.3%; The output of vegetables was 5.3715 million tons, an increase of 7.5%.
the pace of ecological forest construction has been accelerated. Actively carry out afforestation and seedling raising to create an eco-city, with an annual increase of 8995 hectares, an increase of 55.3% over the previous year; 8.129 million trees were planted sporadically, an increase of 2.1%; In that year, the nursery area was 1,216 hectares, an increase of 77.5%.
animal husbandry and aquaculture have increased. In the whole year, 1.983 million pigs were slaughtered, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year; 42.779 million poultry were released, an increase of 4.9%; The milk output was 74,111 tons, an increase of 6.1%; The output of poultry eggs was 1.489 million tons, an increase of 6.9%; The output of aquatic products was 363,211 tons, up by 7.1%.
(II) Industrial economy: In 2112, Wuhan's industrial production grew steadily, and key industries continued to play a strong supporting and driving role. In 2111, the industrial added value was 53.4 billion yuan, up by 11.9% over the previous year. Among them, the added value of industrial enterprises above designated size was 36.38 billion yuan, up by 12.6%. In the whole year, the added value of heavy industry and light industry in enterprises above designated size was 25.411 billion yuan and 11.971 billion yuan respectively, up by 16.8% and 1.5% respectively. The five industrial bases have developed well. In the whole year, the industrial added value of the five industrial bases above designated size reached 22.49 billion.