Ma Zhiyuan (1250~ 132 1) was a famous dramatist in Yuan Dynasty. Most (now Beijing) people. Ma Zhiyuan walked in the world of words. No. "Dongli" to show Tao Yuanming's ambition. His age is later than that of Guan Hanqing and Bai Pu, and his date of birth should be before Zhiyuan (starting from 1264), and his date of death should be between the reform of Zhi Zhi and the first year of Taiding (132 1- 1324). He once worked as a provincial official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and then lived in seclusion. Famous dramatists in Yuan Dynasty, zaju 15 kinds. Today, there are six kinds of zaju, such as The Lonely Goose in the Autumn Night in the Han Palace, Tears in the Blue Shirt of Sima in Jiangzhou, Chen Bosi's Sleeping in Huashan Mountain, Lv Dongbin's Three Drunken Yueyang Tower, Ma Danyang's Three Times Being a Wind Son, Midnight Thunder and Blessing Monument, etc., which complement Li Shizhong and Li Er and others. He is also a master of Sanqu, with a volume of Dongli Yuefu, existing poems 104 and 23 sets of divertimento.

There are sixteen kinds of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, among which there are seven existing ones: Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, Lonely Goose in Autumn in the Han Palace, Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, Thunder at Midnight, Ma Danyang Being a Wind Son Three Times, Opening an Altar to Teach Yellow, and Sleeping in Chen Tuan on the West Huashan Mountain. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu works are also famous. A volume of Dongli Yuefu, revenue 104, 17 episodes. The content of his zaju is mainly deified Taoist priests, and all his plays involve stories of Quanzhen religion. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jia said in his poem: "Fairy horses are among the flowers, and immortals are far away", and "the name is fragrant all over the pear garden".

When Ma Zhiyuan was alive, Mongolian rulers began to attach importance to "obeying the Chinese law" and appointed Han literati, but it failed to be universally implemented, which brought a little fantasy and more disappointment to Han literati. In his early years, Ma Zhiyuan was ambitious in his official career. In a group of stray songs, he claimed that "he wrote a poem for the Dragon Family", but it was fruitless for a long time. Later, as a small local official, I was completely dissatisfied and my working hours were probably not long. In such a wasteful experience, he gradually became disheartened. While complaining, he claimed that he had seen through worldly fame and fortune, regarded himself as a hermit and sought liberation in Taoism.

Autumn in the Han Palace is Ma Zhiyuan's early work and the most famous of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, which tells the story of Wang Zhaojun's departure from the fortress and marriage. In history, this incident was originally just that the Han Yuan emperor married the maid-in-waiting to the attached southern Xiongnu Khan as a means of netting, and the records in Hanshu were also very simple. The story of the Southern Xiongnu, however, has joined the story of Zhao Jun's invitation to leave the fortress, and Yuan Di was stunned by his beauty and wanted to stay but could not, making it a story. Later note novels, literati poems and folk singing literature all mentioned this matter many times, which greatly improved the historical facts.

Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty adds fiction to the legend, and writes the relationship between Han and Xiongnu as a weak Han dynasty oppressed by powerful Xiongnu. The reason why Zhaojun went to the fortress was written as Mao Yanshou's unsuccessful bribery, and Zhaojun was vilified in the portrait. After the defeat, he fled to Xiongnu, led the troops to attack and forced Suo Zhaojun; Write Yuan Di as a cowardly, sentimental emperor who deeply loves Wang Zhaojun; Zhaojun's ending is about committing suicide by throwing himself into the river in Heilongjiang at the junction of Han and Xiongnu. In this way, Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty has become a fictional court love tragedy under the pretext of a certain historical background.

Autumn in the Han Palace may contain certain national feelings. However, we should pay attention to Ma Zhiyuan's basic attitude towards life, either actively seeking fame under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty or regarding all values as illusory. Therefore, it is inappropriate to overemphasize this aspect. The drama is directly related to real life, which mainly reflects the personal misfortune in the national war. For example, Jin married a princess under the oppression of Mongolia, and his concubines and maids were taken to the north after the death of the Song Dynasty. These contemporary historical facts will give the author a deep feeling. Autumn in the Han Palace is the last play, and the protagonist is the emperor of the Han Dynasty. In the play, the emperor can't dominate himself or keep his beloved woman. Then, the inner feelings that individuals are dominated by fate and bumped by historical changes are even stronger. In fact, Ma Zhiyuan's Han and Yuan emperors also showed more emotions and desires of ordinary people.

When the courtiers advised Emperor Han Yuan to give up Zhaojun on the grounds of "being defeated by women", he said angrily, "Zhaojun has both successes and failures. Who is like this? Your official position is not free! " When Baqiao saw him off, he said with emotion, "My husband and wife are coming soon, and our small family also pretends to go out." Show admiration for the husband and wife living together. In particular, the fourth sentence of A Lonely Goose in a Dream is a long and sad lyric, which shows the infinite attachment of the Han and Yuan emperors to their lovers and makes the tragic atmosphere of the script more intense. Here, while portraying dramatic characters, it also directly expresses the author's feelings about historical changes and impermanence of life.

Blessing Monument is also one of Ma Zhiyuan's early plays. It is unlucky to write about Zhang Gao, a poor scholar, again and again. Even the elders of Jianfu Temple asked him to print inscriptions in the temple and take them to Beijing to sell them as travel expenses to take the exam. Lightning will destroy the inscription in the middle of the night Later, luck changed, and with the support of Fan Zhongyan, he won the top prize and made great achievements. Many places in the play show dissatisfaction with the current social situation, such as: "This wall blocks the road to virtue, and that wall blocks the career path.

The smarter you are now, the smarter you get, the more you enjoy dementia and the richer you get. "This drama reflects the author's dissatisfaction with the status quo and fatalism, and also reflects the anguish of many contemporary literati in the case of extremely low social status.

Tears in Shirt is a love drama adapted from Bai Juyi's Pipa Trip, which fictionalizes the sad and happy story of Bai Juyi and prostitute Pei Xingnv, with the deception and destruction of businessmen and his wife in the middle, resulting in dramatic entanglements. In the triangle relationship composed of literati, businessmen and prostitutes, prostitutes love literati rather than businessmen after all, which is also a kind of narcissism of depressed literati.

Ma Zhiyuan wrote the most drama "Immortal Daoism". The Story of Yueyang Tower, Sleeping in Chen Tuan, Ren Fengzi, Huang Liangmeng, etc. all tell the story of Quanzhen religion and publicize its teachings. The main tendency of these Taoist fairy stories is to preach that life is like a dream, wealth and fame are not worth mentioning, and to ask people to tell me everything, get rid of all the fetters of family, wife and children, and get relief and freedom in seclusion in the mountains and seeking immortality. It is a cowardly and pessimistic attitude to advocate avoiding realistic contradictions and opposing people's struggle for their own practical interests. On the other hand, the play also criticizes the social status quo, denies the traditional values centered on fame and fortune, and puts the "self-adaptation" of life in a more important position, which also contains the significance of attaching importance to the individual's existence value, although the author failed to find a reasonable way to realize the individual's value.

Among the numerous writers in Yuan Dynasty's zaju, Ma Zhiyuan's creation most intensively shows the inner contradictions and ideological depression of contemporary literati, thus reflecting the cultural characteristics of an era. In connection with this, Ma Zhiyuan's plays are not realistic, and the characterization is not very prominent. Drama conflict usually lacks tension, but it has many elements of self-expression. Including works with historical themes such as Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty, the characters in the play often dissociate themselves from the drama conflict and make long lyricism, and it is often the author who expresses his feelings through the characters in the play. For example, in Yueyang Tower, Lv Dongbin sang "He Xinlang":

Looking at Longteng's old country, I laugh at Cao Cao's treacherous man, and I cry for overlord. Laugh and lament for the rise and fall, but the sunset is late. If you miss us for a hundred years, you are in the middle of this turning point. I heard people drinking tea in front of the building arguing like wild gulls on the river. The situation of people in a hundred years is illusory.

This is actually a feeling of life that the author wrote many times in his Sanqu.

As mentioned earlier, most of the zaju in Ma Zhiyuan are not very dramatic. The predecessors spoke highly of his zaju, mainly for two reasons: first, the life feelings expressed in the drama are easy to arouse the admiration of the literati in the old days; second, the language art is superb. The language of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju is classical, but it is not as gorgeous as The West Chamber and Wu Tongyu. Instead, simple and natural sentences are refined into exquisite and vivid expressions. For example, a Yao folk song "Jing Yan" in "Autumn Day in Han Palace":

Yaya flew over the giant knotweed, and the lonely goose never left the phoenix. The iron horse clanged in the eaves, and there was no one in the hall. It was even colder, the leaves rustled, the candles were dim, and Nagato was quiet.

Style of works

Bold and unrestrained, it shows its elegant and depressed style.

Ma Zhiyuan's zaju has beautiful language, and is good at tempering simple and natural sentences into delicate and vivid expressions. Wen Qu is full of strong lyricism and subjectivity.

Ma Zhiyuan Sanqu. Expand the field of subject matter and improve the artistic conception. The tone is harmonious and beautiful, the language is simple and generous, and both refined and popular tastes.

The words are clear and elegant, but not gorgeous. Taihe Yin Zhengpu was rated as "the word of Ma Dongli, such as Chaoyang Mingfeng". Its dictionary is elegant and beautiful, comparable to Jing Lingguang Fu's, and it is inspiring. And if the phoenix flies in the sky, how can it talk to every bird? Should be above the hero.

original text

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Dead vines, old trees, faint crows,

Small bridges and flowing water,

The ancient road and the west wind are thin.

The sun went down,

Heartbroken people are at the end of the world.

translate

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Old trees with withered vines are inhabited by crows returning home at dusk, and several families are reflected in the flowing water by the bridge. On the desolate ancient road, a thin horse walked alone against the bleak autumn wind. As the sun sets, wandering wanderers are at the end of the world.

Make an appreciative comment

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This is Ma Zhiyuan's famous song, and 28 calligraphy and paintings show a lonely place. This song is heartbroken. The author's lyrical motivation can be seen from the title.

In the first two sentences, the old vines make people faint, and the small bridges flow, creating a cold and bleak atmosphere and showing a fresh and quiet realm. The old vines here give people a bleak feeling, and it is already evening. Small bridges and flowing water make people feel relaxed and happy. 12 calligraphy and painting create a quiet pastoral scenery in late autumn. The ancient road became thinner with the west wind, and the poet described a bleak and desolate artistic conception of autumn wind, adding another layer of desolation to the quiet rural map. The setting sun adds a bit of bleak light to this bleak picture and deepens the sad atmosphere. The poet skillfully connects ten plain and objective scenes in series, and naturally puts the poet's infinite worries in the picture through words such as withered, old, light, ancient, western and thin. In the last sentence, heartbroken people are the crowning touch in the horizon. At this time, a wanderer appeared on the picture of the country in late autumn. On the desolate ancient road when the sun sets, he leads a thin horse and walks in the biting autumn wind. It hurts, but he doesn't know where his home is. This poem reveals the poet's sadness and expresses the theme appropriately.

short review

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This poem has only five sentences and 28 words, and the language is extremely concise but huge. With a few strokes, I drew a homesick picture of a wandering wanderer, which vividly conveyed the voice of a wandering wanderer.

This picture consists of two parts:

First, carefully selected groups of scenery that can represent Xiao Qiu form a twilight autumn wild map;

Second, describe a wanderer walking alone in the cold autumn, with endless pain in his heart.

The first painting is *** 18 with nine nouns, without empty word, which is natural and fluent, with rich connotations. With his skillful artistic skills, the author bathed nine different landscapes in the afterglow of the sunset, presented them to us in a "montage" brushwork like a focal plane, and brought the readers into the late autumn season at once: several dead vines were wrapped around several bald trees with yellow leaves. We can imagine that crows can still have old trees to return to, but wanderers are homeless. How miserable and helpless it is! Next is a small bridge, flowing water, and a small farmhouse with faint smoke. The rural scenery in which such people live is so quiet and sweet, comfortable and carefree. All this can't help but remind the wanderer of the bridges, flowing water and relatives in his hometown. Here, the sad feelings are written in the happy scene, which sets off the helpless sadness of the wandering wanderer.

In the second painting, we can see that in the bleak autumn wind, on the lonely ancient road, a wanderer suffering from homesickness rides a long-delayed thin horse and wanders into the distance in the heavy twilight. At this time, the sun sets, scattering a bleak oblique light. This is the reunion moment when birds return to their nests, cattle and sheep return home and people return home. However, the wanderer is still "the end of the world is reduced." At this moment, this situation, a wandering in a foreign country, in the face of such a bleak and desolate scene, how can it not be sad, heartbroken and heartbroken! The heart of a wandering wanderer drops blood in the autumn wind. ...

A very short ditty expresses its indescribable connotation, vividly depicts the sad inner world of a wanderer and gives people a shocking artistic feeling. Reading makes people feel bitter, and singing makes people feel more sad. People who watch this song without tears don't know what it means.

On the one hand, this poem has won such high praise because it depicts a wonderful late autumn evening scene and truly shows the loneliness and sadness in the world. Although depressed, it reflects the depressing atmosphere of the times at that time and has certain social significance. On the other hand, more importantly, it has high artistic achievements. The obvious features are:

1. Simple and profound interdependence

Song Yu, an ancient man, once described a beautiful woman's figure as "adding one point is too long and subtracting one point is too short". The refinement of the characters in Tianjingsha Qiu Si can also be said to have reached the point where one word cannot be added or subtracted. There are only five sentences and twenty-eight characters in the whole article. No exaggeration, no allusions. This vivid picture is outlined by pure line drawing: at dusk in late autumn, a travel-stained wanderer rides a thin horse and walks alone on the ancient road against the chilly west wind. He walked past an old tree covered with withered vines and saw crows hovering in the treetops at dusk. He crossed the small bridge across the stream and came to the doors of several families by the stream. At this time, the sun is about to set, but he hasn't found a place to stay. It will be a long night, and he can't help feeling sad and deeply sad. As for why the wanderer drifted here? Where on earth is he going? These meanings can be left to the reader to imagine. This poem is really a masterpiece with simple words and rich meanings, and less wins more. In the first three sentences and eighteen words of the poem, * * * wrote nine things: rattan, tree, crow, bridge, water, home, road, wind and horse. Every word, every word and every scene can be described as "cherishing ink as gold". However, brevity is not simple. Before the names of nine things, there are modifiers expressing their own characteristics, such as withered, old, faint, small, flowing, human, ancient, western and thin, which make all things have distinct personalities and make unrelated things form a unity in the desolate late autumn twilight. The author has no place to write these things, nor does he write about the relationship between these things and the activities of vagrants, but readers can imagine them and connect them closely. In simplicity, you can see depth and fineness.

2. Static and dynamic scenes set each other off.

The artistic effect of Tianjingsha Qiu Si is also due to the successful use of foil techniques. The author brings many relatively independent things into a picture at the same time, thus forming the mutual contrast between dynamic and static, bright and dark, background and subject: the "flowing water" in dynamic contrasts with the "small bridge" and "people" in static, showing a quiet environment; "West Wind" and "Ancient Road" set each other off to make the road more desolate; On the autumn scenery map sketched by the author, on the one hand, the dead vines, old trees and crows are gloomy in the autumn wind and small showers, and on the other hand, the afterglow of the sunset paints the dead vines, old trees and crows with a touch of gold; The "small bridge flowing water" presents an elegant and comfortable scene, which is in contrast with the wanderer who fell into a foreign land, making the "heartbroken person" more sad. Judging from the whole composition, the first four sentences are about scenery and the last one is about people. But people are the main body and scenery is the background of people's activities. When the background is written, the main body is set off. This is the wonderful use of mutual contrast.

3. Scenery and emotion blend together

Poetry expresses ambition. This poem aims to express the sorrow of the people who were born. But people's thoughts and feelings are abstract and difficult to express. The author uses the traditional writing method of attaching affection to things to portray this bitterness and sorrow incisively and vividly. Dead vines, old trees, faint crows, westerly winds, thin horses, sunset, tangible and sensible things all have obvious late autumn colors, which are similar to intangible and abstract bitterness. Only by seeing and touching can people feel concrete and vivid. Just like "Ask you how worried I can be?" ? Just like a river flowing eastward, "sorrow" has nothing to do with "water", but the author uses the river as a metaphor for sorrow, and the two are "like". It is very profound to express infinite sadness with the scenery of the river flowing eastward. Natural scenery originally had no thoughts and feelings, but when the poet incorporated these objective things into his aesthetic comprehension and feelings, they were endowed with emotional colors and merged with people's thoughts and feelings. "Little Bridge Running Water" is just a very common landscape, but when it is in the same picture with "Tianya heartbroken man", it is no longer an isolated scene, but the fuse of heartbroken people, which brings a sad atmosphere to the picture. The so-called "feelings are presented by scenes, and scenes are born by feelings" is the truth. "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" can be called a masterpiece with feelings in the scene, scenery in the feelings and a seamless scene.

The song "Tianjingsha", although short in length, is well known by many people, and it can be regarded as a swan song throughout the ages. In just 28 words, it depicts a very real and vivid picture of the sunset in the suburbs in autumn. The first three sentences are a pair of legs, and nine pictures are presented in turn: dead vines, old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, people, ancient roads, west winds and thin horses. The scenery is set off by the scenery, and the feelings are born in the scenery, which outlines the wandering and sad feelings of travelers on the desolate background. Here, the author creatively combines isolated natural objects skillfully, making the whole picture full of fluidity and life. At the same time, consciously highlight the darkness and cold of the picture, thus fully showing the strong sadness of "sad people" wandering around the world.

Tianjin sand autumn

Bai Pu

Sunset in a lonely village

Crows fly at dusk on the old trees with rotten vines;

A small flying shadow.

Clear water and lush mountains

White grass, red leaves and yellow flowers.

Although it is similar to Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, it also has its own characteristics. The first two sentences are based on Lonely Village, deliberately rendering the cold silence of autumn dusk. "A Little Hong Fei" brought vitality to the cold static picture, which caused the emotional transfer of the song. Then the poet described the beautiful autumn scenery in five colors: blue, green, white, red and yellow, from far to near, from high to low, multi-level and multi-faceted, which made the whole picture full of poetry. This song is full of artistic tension. It successfully combines the bleak scenery of autumn with the bright and beautiful scenery, and takes the pleasing autumn scenery as the main theme of the song. It is another masterpiece of writing autumn.

Let's talk about our own views.

Similarities between the two words * *:

1, all depicting autumn;

2. They are all realistic.

3. They all express their inner feelings through autumn words;

The difference between these two words:

1, Qiu Si, as the most famous (at least one) word to describe autumn, starts with three sentences, each of which is described by three nouns, that is, three simple things in each line, and finally points out the artistic conception of "When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world". From the outside to the inside, from things to me, there are smooth changes from things to feelings, and also from feelings to things.

Autumn is also the object of writing, but the whole story has no love story, and only shows a beautiful picture of autumn, but there is no dubbing like the last sentence of Qiu Si, "The heartbroken man is at the end of the world", which can only be realized by the audience through the picture.

2. In the description of autumn scenery, autumn is also very different from Qiu Si. It's also about autumn scenery. From the beginning, Qiu Si felt the author's inner melancholy through the description of several subtle things. "Dead vines", old trees, faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, people, ancient roads, westerly winds and thin horses are all close-ups, but autumn is a distant prospect. This shows that the author's mood in autumn is different from that in Qiu Si.

3. The difference of color sense: Qiu Si doesn't have a color word in the whole word, but the whole word is gray; But the colors of "green, green, white, red and yellow" in autumn also show that the author's mood is different!

4, the degree of emotional catharsis is different! Compared with autumn, there are more people in Qiu Si who know Qiu Si, which also shows that the word Qiu Si is more recognized by everyone. Mainly, this word depicts those things that make people feel cold and gloomy by drawing lines, so as to point out the chilling sadness in the author's heart (in fact, ordinary people) about autumn, while autumn, which is much more cheerful emotionally, is not as powerful as Qiu Si in the impact of emotional catharsis, so it is easier for everyone to remember Qiu Si.