Differences between Chinese and Western cultures:
China traditional culture emphasizes the unity of heaven and man, the correspondence between heaven and man, the unity of heaven and man, the golden mean and the unity of heaven and man. Western culture, on the other hand, emphasizes the thinking of nature, separates man from nature, and regards nature as a purely objective substance, with no life and only laws.
China culture is deeply rooted in the soil of small-scale peasant economy. "Food is the most important thing for the people" and "not suffering from poverty but suffering from inequality". China culture pursues fairness first, which is in line with rare edition culture. The attributes given to China culture by the small-scale peasant economy are inevitably manifested as "attaching importance to agriculture over commerce, hating competition, equalitarianism and abstinence". On the other hand, western culture based on market economy is just the opposite. The mechanism of market economy is to provide maximum convenience for people to pursue interests. Therefore, the attributes of western culture are: the expansion and reproduction of commodity economy promote the rapid development of industry and commerce, advocate competition and oppose egalitarianism, and commodity production makes members of society cross-flow materially and strive for innovation.
China's ancient culture is attached to patriarchal politics, while China's culture is based on kindness and official position, and there is a tradition of rule by man with morality as the mainstay and punishment as the supplement. It seeks long-term stability and social stability through interpersonal harmony. In order to consolidate the political power, it advocates the spirit of "learning officials" and being a monk. Western social politics is the product of western culture. To say that culture transcends politics does not necessarily serve politics, but "art for art's sake". Its main function is to develop science. Utilitarianism is a social moral standard, while benevolence and righteousness are ignored. Of course, there is no culture that completely transcends politics.
Different social goals China culture is unified, emphasizing the unity of the whole world, focusing on one aspect, emphasizing centralization rather than decentralization, and emphasizing the central government rather than local governments. "World peace and long-term stability" is the ideal social goal pursued by China culture. Therefore, it advocates the integration of "self-cultivation, family planning, governing the country and leveling the world". However, the pluralistic conflict culture in the west will inevitably lead to a pluralistic society. Since ancient Greece, there have been many city-states, and in modern times, there have been many in the West. In terms of the relationship between individuals and society, western culture emphasizes individuals, believing that individuals are the foundation of the country and that society should be a fully developed society, so society should be open rather than closed.
China culture belongs to humanistic chicken, and its cultural nature is different. Value orientation of attaching importance to human relations, ignoring material resources and taking morality as the basis. Pay more attention to synthesis than analysis. Re-understanding and speaking out of turn. Emphasize a meditation, mystery, and knowledge. Advocating group consciousness and emphasizing identity. Pursuing the harmony between man and nature. Western culture belongs to rational culture. Value material, light human feelings, and value orientation utility. Pay more attention to analysis than synthesis. Attach importance to concepts, avoid generalizations, emphasize human rights, advocate the supremacy of individuals, and attach importance to special identity. Emphasize the opposition between man and nature and man's demand for nature.
How to treat western culture, on the one hand, we should critically inherit excellent national traditional culture and innovate on this basis, on the other hand, we should open up in all directions and boldly absorb advanced foreign science, culture and technology and progressive values. We can't blindly inherit the tradition, nor can we "westernize" uncritically. To treat culture, we should seek truth from facts, discard its dross, make foreign things serve China, make the past serve the present and bring forth the new. Comrade * * * has repeatedly proposed that we should "seek truth from facts" and learn from our traditional culture and all the advanced things in capitalist countries. At the same time, we should resolutely oppose the decadent ideas of feudalism and capitalism and resolutely eliminate spiritual pollution in this regard. He said that the socialist economy is based on public ownership, and production is to meet the material and cultural needs of the people to the greatest extent, not exploitation. Because of these characteristics of the socialist system, our people can have the same political, economic and social ideals and the same moral standards, which will never be realized in a capitalist society. He also said: "Capitalism has a history of hundreds of years. We should inherit and learn from the science and technology developed by the people of all countries under the capitalist system and the useful knowledge and experience accumulated. We should attract advanced technology and other things that are beneficial to us in a planned and selective way, but we must never learn and introduce the capitalist system, and we must never learn and cause ugly and decadent things. "
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Question 2: How to treat western culture correctly? The problem of selfishness is much more common in China than ignorance and disease. It seems that there is nothing harmless from top to bottom. When it comes to the public, it almost means that everyone can use it, and they all have rights but no obligations. Our pattern is not a clear bundle of firewood, but a stone thrown on the water, like a water pattern pushed out in circles. Everyone is the center of the circle where his social influence is introduced. Things pushed by the ripples of a circle are connected. Everyone uses different circles at a specific time and place. The most important kinship in our society is the property of throwing stones to form concentric circles and ripples. Kinship is a social relationship based on the facts of birth and marriage. The network formed from fertility and marriage can be extended to include endless people, past people, present people and future people. This network is like a spider's web, with a center, and this center is itself. Each of us has such a network spread by blood relationship, but no network covers the same group of people. Mutual aid organizations and networks in the fixed life formed by families are not so much groups as spheres of influence. The so-called differential sequence mode has scalability. In rural society, families can be small, but when it comes to rich landlords and bureaucrats, they can be as big as a small country. China people's indifference to the world has a special feeling, precisely because this flexible social circle will change with the change of central power. The boundaries and entry qualifications of recognized groups in western society. In their view, it is not a question of clear understanding, but a question of rights. In western society, what we strive for is rights, but now we are really climbing relationships and talking about friendship. Taking "self" as the center and throwing it into the water like a stone, the social relationship formed with others is not like the molecules in a group standing on the same plane, but like the ripples of water, pushing outwards in circles, farther and thinner. Here we meet the basic characteristics of China's social structure: ethics-the discipline in the network formed by people's communication. The order of arithmetic. In this flexible network, there is a "self" as the center anytime and anywhere. This is not individualism, but egoism. Individuals are speaking to groups, not molecules to the whole. In individualism, on the one hand, it is the concept of equality, that is, all elements in the same group have equal status, and individuals cannot infringe on everyone's rights; On the one hand, the concept of constitution means that groups can't kill individuals, but can only control individuals on a right they are willing to hand over. These ideas must first assume the existence of groups. There is no such thing in China's traditional thought, because all we have is egoism, and all values are egoism. In the pattern of differential order, social relations are gradually pushed out from one person to another, which is the increase of personal relationships, and the social scope is the network of personal relationships. Therefore, all social morality in our traditional society only occurs in personal relationships. It is suggested to refer to Fei Xiaotong's Native China and Professor Lu Wei's Civilization and Savagery.
Question 3: How to correctly understand and treat the cultural differences between China and the West? Every country in the world has created different civilizations, which include both material culture and spiritual culture, including science and technology and natural culture.
1. We should respect the cultures of other countries. It is precisely because of the exchange of many cultures that the world has developed better. In this regard, we must accept all different cultures with an ocean-like mind.
We should learn from the advanced material culture and spiritual culture of other countries to develop ourselves and serve our people.
For the decadent and backward spiritual culture of other countries, we should resolutely * * * to avoid ideological invasion. Generally speaking, we just take the essence and discard the dross.
4. Actively publicize and promote advanced civilization and culture.
Question 4: How to treat western culture correctly, take its essence and discard its dross, that is, the garbage in western culture is the essence of sexual liberation and pornography. In religion, Christianity is one of the most important components of western culture. In short, no matter what culture, it should be measured by truth, goodness and beauty, and people with noble spirit should be inspired by excellent works to shape people's conscious, decadent, vulgar and unhealthy culture! ! !
Question 5: How do you view the influence of western culture on China culture? American culture has influenced every aspect of our lives, such as diet, movies, clothes, values and marriage. For example, in the street, hip-hop costumes from Europe, America, Japan and South Korea can be seen everywhere, wearing oversized earplugs on their ears and humming while walking; Or explosive heads, young people covered in metal ornaments; KFC, McDonald's, Zunbao pizza and other foods have attracted a large number of customers; In the video store, pop music such as rock and hip-hop is put on the most conspicuous shelves, and our traditional folk music is forgotten in inconspicuous places; Hollywood blockbusters in cinemas are the most powerful. The breathtaking shots and stunts have attracted many people's attention, and the box office has soared. There are countless festivals now, and the solemnity of Valentine's Day, April Fool's Day and Christmas has caught up with the Spring Festival. .
Especially the media (movies, TV programs, books, audio-visual products and Internet services, etc. ) has had an impact on China's cultural market (especially after China joined the World Trade Organization, these cultural impacts have become more obvious, stronger and stronger), and the values of young people in China will be subtly Americanized. At present, there is still a big gap between China and developed countries in economy and technology, and the cultural industry is not developed enough to meet the needs of some teenagers for high standards of food, clothing, housing and transportation, which makes them admire and yearn for the United States. The cultural values of some teenagers are biased towards western culture, and the idea of "Westernization" is very popular among these teenagers. Today, with the rapid development of network technology, the openness and globalization of the network enable the United States and other western developed countries to easily break through national boundaries and geographical restrictions to promote cultural hegemony, penetrate values and expand cultural influence.
After the reform and opening-up, a large number of western catering industries entered China, which impacted the catering industry in China and partially changed the eating habits of China people. The biggest influence is fast food, which conforms to the fast-paced life of contemporary people, so KFC and McDonald's bloom everywhere in China. China's fast food also came into being, which changed the eating habits of China people. Faced with the strong impact of American network culture, too much exposure of China teenagers may produce a sense of closeness, trust, and even a sense of identity and dependence. This cultural invasion will not only blur the younger generation's recognition of their national culture and identity, weaken their national consciousness, and even make them become people who worship American culture. Due to the influence of American culture, the concept of marriage in China society has become more open, and the social tolerance has obviously improved. The divorce rate and * * * obviously violate our traditional cultural concepts. So when we absorb the good aspects of foreign culture, we should always be vigilant and pay attention to ourselves. The impact of foreign culture makes people tend to seek new things and worship foreign countries, hedonism and individualism rise, which makes traditional moral conduct face the crisis of distortion and challenges people's political ideology.
Question 6: How to treat the historical process of human beings in Chinese and Western cultures has provided an extremely rich culture for future generations, and accumulated beneficial successful experiences and painful failure lessons. This huge and precious wealth is also an important resource for human civilization. We should make full use of these resources, broaden our horizons, change the traditional mindset, cultivate a wide range of interests and improve our cultural literacy.
Cultural literacy is an important part of a person's comprehensive quality. The level of cultural literacy is not only related to the quality of individuals, but also directly affects their concepts and interests, including values, outlook on life and morality; It also affects people's physical and mental health. Therefore, it is very necessary and important to improve everyone's own cultural literacy.
A very important reason why human beings can create rich material civilization and spiritual civilization is that they can constantly sum up their own development history, draw useful experiences from it and accept painful lessons. So as to promote the development of mankind from low to high, and promote the development of society from barbarism to civilization. In this sense, history can give people wisdom and enlightenment.
In the process of culture, eastern and western cultures have their own characteristics in the long river of time.
First, the different characteristics of Chinese and Western cultures: balance and realism
The different cultural characteristics of Chinese and western nations, namely balance and realism, also reflect the differences in ideas and consciousness between nations. These two basic cultural characteristics are embodied in specific cultural phenomena and literary works: namely, the traditional culture of China is characterized by stability, peace, harmony and freehand brushwork; Western traditional culture has distinct personality and strong realistic characteristics.
1. China traditional culture advocates balance and is characterized by stability, peace and harmony.
The pursuit of balance is a specific concept formed by the Chinese nation in the long-term agricultural production. Agricultural production is restricted by seasonal changes and crop growth laws, and it needs a stable social order. Agricultural production is threatened by natural disasters at any time, which requires people to unite and cooperate to build stable and harmonious interpersonal relationships; Natural climatic conditions and various meteorological factors needed for crop growth, such as light and temperature, waterproof, etc., need to be suitable, that is, "nothing is too bad." China's traditional martial arts, Tai Chi Kung Fu, combines rigidity with softness. The ancients believed that heaven and earth, yin and yang, and day and night were relative, and they should be kept in balance. The harmony between people and the balanced development between people and nature.
Confucius put forward the idea of "the doctrine of the mean" for "the way of being human": "A gentleman is the doctrine of the mean, and a villain is against a small temple". Neo-Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty explained the "golden mean" as follows: "those who are in the middle are impartial, and those who are in the middle are less than yuan". In other words, in order to make both ends meet, people need to develop and advance in the direction of justice. This understanding of treating others with integrity has also become the knowledge of the Chinese nation, and it has also cultivated the excellent moral character of the Chinese nation in adhering to principles and distinguishing right from wrong.
China's traditional diet has the characteristics of "balance", which is mostly empirical. In ancient times, people divided various foods into four "attributes": warm, hot, cool and cold, and divided them into five flavors according to their tastes: pungent, sour, sweet, bitter and salty. The "balance" of China's traditional diet is to match different foods according to their attributes and five flavors, so as to achieve the "balance" of "four flavors" and "five flavors".
In contrast, due to the fast pace of life and work in the west, convenient and clean eating methods and what nutrition is lacking and what nutrition is supplemented have become the main theme, which also shows the difference in dietary realism.
2. The characteristics of western traditional culture: realism
Influenced by the production of animal husbandry, western nations have formed many unique concepts, among which realism is the most prominent and important, that is, paying attention to reality.
2. 1 the reflection of realism in western social life
The concept of realism is very obvious in western social life. It is reflected in the fact that western nations are based on reality when they look at society, deal with interpersonal relationships and daily life.
The western nation's "consumption in advance" in the consumption concept, that is, the practice of first consuming and then repaying the loan, is to proceed from reality, first consider the immediate actual needs and meet people's needs for reality. As for the next repayment, it is also decided according to the actual needs, so westerners often have the phenomenon of repeated borrowing.
The concept of realism has also played an important role in the history of civilization development in western countries and societies. A series of great inventions in modern world history and the establishment of modern natural science discipline system are basically the contributions of nomadic descendants in history.
In the foreign policy of western countries, the concept of realism is also reflected. "round table ... >>
Question 7: How to correctly understand and evaluate the concept of western culture? The word culture originated from Latin, which means cultivating land (hence gardening in English), and was later extended to cultivate people's interest, spirit and intelligence. In Primitive Culture (187 1), the British anthropologist edward tylor first put forward the concept of culture. And expressed as "culture is a complex, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morality, law, customs and the abilities and habits acquired by society." Therefore, the cultural coverage is extremely extensive. This is a complicated system. Culture in a broad sense refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in social and historical practice. Culture in a narrow sense refers to social ideology and its corresponding institutions and organizations. As an ideological culture, it reflects and acts on the politics and economy of a certain society. With the emergence and development of a nation, culture has a national character. Every social form has its own culture, and every culture follows social material.
Cultural differences between China and the West are manifested in many aspects:
First, the differences between Chinese and Western languages
In China, caring about other people's health is a sign of being educated and polite. However, care for the health of westerners cannot be done in the traditional way of China. A China student union said with concern, "You should see a doctor! (You should go to the hospital). " Unexpectedly, this kind word made the teacher very unhappy, because in the teacher's view, even the child is sick and knows the simple thing of seeing a doctor, and no one needs to teach him. If you give an opinion on a small matter, it is obviously a doubt about their ability. Thus greatly hurting their self-esteem. China people's hospitality at the dinner table is often misunderstood by westerners as uncivilized behavior. Because westerners think that it is entirely up to the guests to eat more or less, it is extremely shameful to eat too much, so the host doesn't have to persuade the guests to eat after eating. An American guest was very uncomfortable when he saw China's host helping him with food. Afterwards, he complained that "the host treated me like a pig." China Or say in a caring tone, "Dude, you've lost weight again. Pay attention to your health! " "Westerners will feel embarrassed when they hear you say" You are so fat "or" You are so thin ",and it is difficult to answer, even if they are familiar with it.
Question 8: How to treat China's traditional culture and western culture should adhere to the dialectical view of negation. First, dialectical negation is self-denial through internal contradictions of things; Second, negation is the link between development and contact, and it is sublation, that is, both overcoming and retaining. To treat traditional culture, we should adopt the attitude of critical inheritance, criticize and eliminate the dross of feudalism, absorb its essence, and make the past serve the present and bring forth the new. At the same time, we should oppose the historical nihilism of completely denying traditional culture and the retro-ism of completely affirming traditional culture. We should adopt an analytical, selective and critical attitude to learn and absorb foreign experience. We should not only actively absorb all the outstanding achievements of foreign experience, but also criticize and criticize the decadent things of foreign bourgeoisie. We should not only oppose narrow nationalism that is closed to the outside world and blindly exclusive, but also oppose the wrong tendency of worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things and westernizing completely.
Question 9: How to treat and understand western contemporary culture correctly? Every country in the world has created different civilizations. Culture includes both material culture, spiritual culture, science and technology, natural culture and so on.
First of all, we should respect the cultures of other countries. It is precisely because of the exchange of various cultures that the world has developed better. In this regard, we must embrace all different cultures with an ocean-like mind.
Second, we should learn from the advanced civilizations of other countries to develop ourselves and serve our people.
Third, we must resolutely * * the decadent and backward spiritual culture of other countries so as not to invade our minds. Generally speaking, it is to take its essence and discard its dross.
Fourth, actively publicize and carry forward advanced civilization and culture. I believe you already have the answer in your heart.