Tourism accounting practice: costs and expenses

1. Characteristics and contents of operating costs and expenses accounting of tourism service enterprises

1. Accounting characteristics

(1) Tourism service enterprises operate many projects, so accounting has different contents and methods. Business projects include travel agencies, guest rooms, bus rental services, commodity distribution services, and catering production services. For the production service business, there is a cost accounting for the collection of costs, for the commodity business projects, the operating costs should be accounted for, and for the travel agency and room service, the operating expenses and management expenses are mainly accounted for.

(2) Compared with industrial enterprises, tourism service enterprises are mainly characterized in that the latter is a material product production enterprise, and the main object of accounting is the manufacturing process, while the former is a tourism service enterprise, and the main object of accounting is commodity distribution and various service processes. Therefore, the business cost and expense accounting of tourism service enterprises has its own characteristics.

(3) The cost items and expenses of tourism service enterprises are mainly divided by operating costs and operating expenses. Management expenses and financial expenses are accounted for separately as current expenses and deducted directly from the operating income of each period.

2. Contents of business cost and expense accounting

Generally, the cost and expense items of tourism service enterprises are divided by expense elements, that is, they are divided into five items: business cost, operating expenses, auxiliary operating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses. Among them, auxiliary operating expenses should be allocated and amortized into various operating expenses at the end of the period. Therefore, the two subjects of "operating cost" and "operating expenses" are mainly used to calculate the costs and expenses of various business departments of enterprises. Management expenses are accounting for the expenses of the company's management institutions and non-operating expenses. "Financial expenses" are expenses such as interest expenses, exchange losses and procedures of financial institutions. The detailed items of operating costs and operating expenses are as follows:

(1) Detailed items of operating costs:

① Catering operating costs: including the actual costs of various food raw materials, beverages, seasonings and ingredients consumed by restaurants, bars, cafes and other departments in their operations.

② Cost of goods sold: refers to the purchase price of the goods sold.

③ Automobile operating costs: The actual costs incurred in taxi operation should be compared with the accounting system of transportation enterprises, including driver's salary, fuel costs, material costs, tire costs, depreciation costs, maintenance costs, road maintenance fees, amortization of low-value consumables, uniforms and other direct costs.

④ the operating costs of travel agencies include various collection fees, such as room fees, meals, transportation fees, entertainment fees, baggage fees, ticket fees, tickets fees, professional activities fees, visa fees, escort fees, labor fees, publicity fees, insurance fees, airport fees, etc. ⑤ The operating costs of service enterprises such as photography, dyeing and repair mainly refer to the cost of raw materials consumed.

(2) Detailed items of operating expenses:

① Staff salaries: refer to the salaries of department managers and service personnel, which are accrued according to relevant regulations.

② employee welfare expenses: refers to various expenses that should be paid by enterprises to employees according to national regulations, such as bathing expenses, transportation expenses, one-child expenses, milk expenses, books and newspapers expenses, and travelling expenses for visiting relatives.

③ working meals: refers to the expenses paid by enterprises to provide working meals for employees according to regulations.

④ material consumption: including daily necessities, office supplies, daily maintenance materials, spare parts and other expenses of the enterprise.

⑤ packaging fee: refers to the expenses of packaged goods consumed by tourism service enterprises in business activities such as selling commodities.

⑥ storage fee: refers to the expenses incurred by the tourism service enterprise in providing luggage, clothing and other items for the guests.

⑦ exhibition fee: refers to the expenses incurred by enterprises for holding exhibitions.

⑧ cleaning and hygiene expenses: refers to the expenses incurred by hotels, restaurants, restaurants and other enterprises to keep the service places and equipment clean and hygienic.

9 amortization of low-value consumables: refers to the amount of low-value consumables used by enterprises spread into the current period. ⑩ Depreciation expense: refers to the fixed assets that provide business services and the relevant regulations within the enterprise. All departments can also exclude depreciation expenses, and the depreciation is uniformly accrued by the enterprise and included in the management expenses.

11) Fuel cost: refers to the gas cost actually paid by the catering department for cooking food, and the actual expenditure of gasoline and diesel cost consumed by bus rental, etc.

12) repair expense: refers to the expenditure of department property repair.

13) water and electricity charges: refers to the actual water and electricity charges of various departments within the enterprise.

14) uniform fee: refers to the expenditure on work clothes of employees in various departments.

15) Washing expenses: refers to the expenses of enterprises for washing curtains, tablecloths, uniforms and other fabrics.

16) Lease fee: refers to the fee paid by the department to lease property to other units. Including the expenditure on the improvement of leased fixed assets and major repair works.

17) Labor insurance supplies expenses: refers to the expenses of labor insurance supplies required by employees of relevant departments.

18) insurance premium: refers to the expenses paid by the department's property to the insurance company.

19) Post and telecommunications fee: refers to the post and telecommunications fee actually paid by the department.

21) Travel expenses: refers to the travel expenses of department employees.

21) Freight and miscellaneous expenses: refers to the expenses such as transportation, loading and unloading, packaging, etc. paid by the department when purchasing goods.

22) handling fee: refers to the handling fee paid by the department to other units in the course of business.

23) advertising expenses: expenses incurred for business promotion.

24) Inventory deficit and inventory surplus: refers to the inventory surplus or inventory deficit of a department.

25) other operating expenses: generally including newspaper and magazine fees, vehicle and vessel license fees and travel expenses.

ii. accounting of operating costs and expenses

1. accounting of operating costs

the operating costs of an enterprise should be matched with its operating income. The sales revenue realized in the current month shall be registered and accounted for at the same time as its related operating costs. As there is a settlement period for the settlement of expenses between travel agencies, when the expenses incurred cannot be recorded at the same time as the realized operating income, they should be carried forward according to the planned cost first, and the difference should be carried forward after the actual cost is calculated. When carrying forward operating costs, debit the subjects of operating costs and credit the subjects of raw materials, goods in stock, accounts payable and bank deposits. At the end of the period, the balance of "operating cost" should be transferred to "profit this year". There should be no balance in this account after carry-over. The subsidiary ledger of the "operating cost" account should be adapted to the subsidiary ledger setting of the "operating income" account.

2. accounting of operating expenses

operating expenses refer to various expenses incurred by various business departments of an enterprise in their operations. When expenses occur, debit the account of "operating expenses" and credit the accounts of "cash", "bank deposit", "accumulated depreciation" and "wages payable". At the end of the period, the balance of the "operating expenses" account should be transferred to the "profit of this year" account. There should be no balance in this account after carry-over. "Operating expenses" subjects should be set up according to the expense items.