Gansu
Gansu belongs to Yongzhou in ancient times, with Lanzhou as the capital. Located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the geographical center of China, it is between 32 31 ′-42 57 ′ north latitude and 92 13 ′-118 46 ′ east longitude. It borders Shaanxi in the east, Bashu Qinghai in the south, Xinjiang in the west and Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the north. It is the key place and golden section of the ancient Silk Road, and borders Mongolia. It is like a magnificent treasure jade embedded in the Loess Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau in central China, with more than 1,611 kilometers winding from east to west and 453,711 square kilometers in vertical and horizontal directions, accounting for 4.72% of the country's total area. The population is 23.45 million (9.68 million in 1949), including Han, Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang, Yugur, Baoan, Mongolian, Kazak, Tu, Salar and Manchu.
A Gansu name began in the 21th century, which was taken from the initials of Ganzhou (now Zhangye) and Suzhou (now Jiuquan). Because Xixia was divided into twelve military supervision divisions in its territory, Gansu was one of them, and Gansu Province was established in the Yuan Dynasty, which was called Gansu. Because most of the province is in the west of Longshan Mountain (Liupan Mountain), and Longyou Road was set here in the Tang Dynasty, it is also called Longlong.
an overview of historical evolution
in the pre-Qin period, the whole country was divided into Kyushu, and Gansu province was subordinate to Yong and Liang, which was formerly called "the land of Yong and Liang". After Qin Shihuang unified China, the whole country was divided into 36 counties, and the southeastern part of the province was Beidi County and Longxi County. In the Han Dynasty, Liangzhou was first set up in the province, and in the fifth year of Yuanfeng (before 116), the province was successively set up in Wudu, Longxi, Jincheng, Tianshui, Anding, Beidi, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan and Dunhuang. In the Tang Dynasty, the county was changed to Dao, and the provinces belonged to Guannei Dao, Longyou Dao and Shannan Dao, and * * * governed 22 states. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Gansu Province has been established, which governs seven roads and two states to the west of the Yellow River, and Xingyuan Road in Shaanxi Province to the east of the Yellow River. In the Ming Dynasty, the abolished province set up a department, and the provincial territory belonged to Shaanxi Chief Secretary, Shaanxi Dusi and Shaanxi Hangdu. In the Qing Dynasty, the right chief secretary of Shaanxi Province was established, and later the chief secretary of Gansu Province was changed. The administrative center was moved from Gongchang (now Longxi County) to Lanzhou City, which now governs Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces. In the 11th year of Guangxu (1884), Xinjiang was separated. In 1912, the province was divided into seven roads: Ningxia (formerly Shuofang), Xining (formerly Haidong), Lanshan, Jingyuan (formerly Longdong), Weichuan (formerly Longnan), Ganliang (formerly Hexi) and Ansu (formerly Border Pass). In 1927, the road was abandoned, and in 1929, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces were divided. During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, Longdong in the province belonged to Longdong and Guanzhong in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. On August 26th, 1949, Gansu Administrative Office was established. On October 8, 1951, the People's Government of Gansu Province was formally established, and the name of Gansu Province has been around ever since.
Gansu province has a history of more than 711 years. The organizational system of the county is earlier than that of the province, and it has been more than 2211 years since it began to sprout in the Spring and Autumn Period. When Xixia ruled Hexi in the early Northern Song Dynasty, there was a Gansu Military Division (stationed in Ganzhou, now Ganzhou District of Zhangye City). This is the earliest name of Gansu. However, as the name of local administrative division, Gansu Province was formally established in Yuan Dynasty. The naming of the province was the first word synthesis of Ganzhou (now Zhangye City) and Suzhou (now Jiuquan City) in the Western Wei and Tang Dynasties. Short for gan. Because most of the province is in the west of Longshan Mountain, it is also called Longxi and Longyou, or simply Longxi.
Gansu is located in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. In ancient times, the climate here was warmer and wetter than now, and it was a sparse grassland environment. Abundant water resources in low depressions, dense shrubs in high mountains, loose loess on the platform, shrubs and various animals living on the grassland provide a natural and suitable environment for primitive human survival. Therefore, it is one of the areas where economic development, especially agricultural reclamation and ancient culture developed earlier in China's history, and it is an important birthplace of the splendid culture of the Chinese nation. According to a large number of archaeological excavations, it is proved that our ancestors lived and multiplied in this place as far back as the Paleolithic Age 1.2 million years ago, and fought tenaciously against nature with simple stone tools. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, stone tools, bone implements, animal fossils and the remains of early human fire in the middle and late Paleolithic period have been found in Jiangjiawan, Sigoukou, Heituliang, Qingyang Jujiayuan, Huanxian Loufang and Liujiacha. There are 1,111 cultural relics belonging to the Neolithic Age, among which the famous Qijia culture, which is developed under the influence of Yangshao culture and centered on the middle and lower reaches of Taohe River, Daxia River and Huangshui River, is in the stage of matriarchal clan commune; There are also Xindian, Siwa and Kayao cultures, which were later than Qijia culture and found their own bronzes and entered the late primitive society or the early slave society. In ancient legends, Emperor Yan (No.Shennong) and Huangdi (No.Xiong's andNo. Xuanyuan's) four thousand years ago also started in the northwest. In recent years, archaeologists in our province have discovered and excavated an early Neolithic cultural site dating from 7,811 to 4,511 years ago in Dadiwan, Qin 'an County, in the eastern part of the province. More than 8,111 cultural relics have been unearthed, including ground paintings 7,111 years ago, concrete 5,111 years ago and a grand primitive social hall building with a building area of 451 square meters, which is the first discovery in China. This site is comparable to that of banpo village in Xi 'an. The rare treasures of three-legged pots and three-legged jars found here are more than 1,111 years earlier than the Banpo type of Yangshao culture. The discovery of the Dadiwan site provides important information for the study of prehistory, especially for the study of ancient architecture, the origin of characters and human life.
administrative divisions of Gansu province
Gansu province consists of Lanzhou, Jiayuguan, jinchang, Baiyin, Tianshui, Wuwei, Zhangye, Jiuquan, Pingliang, Qingyang, Dingxi, Longnan, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture.
Lanzhou: five districts and three counties
Chengguan District, Qilihe District, Xigu District, Anning District, Honggu District, Yuzhong County, Gaolan County and Yongdeng County.
Jiayuguan City
jinchang: one district and one county
Jinchuan District and Yongchang County.
Baiyin city: two districts and three counties
Baiyin district, Pingchuan district, Huining county, Jingyuan county and Jingtai county.
Tianshui City: two districts and five counties
Qincheng District, Maiji District, Qingshui County, Qin 'an County, Gangu County, Wushan County and Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County.
Wuwei city: one district and three counties
Liangzhou district, Gulang county, Minqin county and Tianzhu Tibetan autonomous county.
Zhangye City: one district and five counties
Ganzhou District, Shandan County, Minle County, Linze County, Gaotai County and Sunan Yugur Autonomous County.
Jiuquan City: one district, two cities and four counties
Suzhou District, Yumen City, Dunhuang City, Jinta County, Anxi County, Subei Mongolian Autonomous County and Aksai Kazak Autonomous County.
Pingliang City: one district and six counties
Kongtong District, Jingchuan County, Lingtai County, Chongxin County, Huating County, Zhuanglang County and Jingning County.
Qingyang City: one district and seven counties
Xifeng District, Zhengning County, Huachi County, Heshui County, Ningxian County, Qingcheng County, Zhenyuan County and Huanxian County.
Dingxi city: one district and six counties
anding district, Tongwei, Longxi, Zhangxian, Weiyuan, Minxian and Lintao counties.
Longnan City: one district and eight counties
Wudu District, Chengxian County, liangdang county, Huixian County, Xihe County, Lixian County, Kangxian County, Wenxian County and Tanchang County.
Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture: one city and seven counties
Linxia City, Linxia County, Kangle County, Guanghe County, Yongjing County, Hezheng County, Dongxiang Autonomous County and Jishishan Baoan Dongxiang Salar Autonomous County.
Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture: one city and seven counties
Cooperative city, Zhouqu county, zhuoni, Lintan county, Diebu county, Xiahe county, luqu county and Maqu county.
geography and landform
Gansu province is located in the west of the motherland, in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, with a vast territory. It is between 32 11 ′ ~ 42 57 ′ north latitude and 92 13 ′ ~ 118 46 ′ east longitude. It borders Shaanxi in the east, Sichuan in the south, Qinghai and Xinjiang in the west, Inner Mongolia and Ningxia in the north, and borders the Mongolian people. Gansu's landform is complex and diverse, with mountains, plateaus, Pingchuan, river valleys, deserts and Gobi distributed alternately. The terrain inclines from southwest to northeast, and it is long and narrow, with a length of 1,655 kilometers from east to west and a width of 531 kilometers from north to south. It can be roughly divided into six regions with their own characteristics:
Longnan Mountain: here, the mountains are stacked, the mountains are high and the valleys are deep, the vegetation is rich, and there are endless streams everywhere. This area generally includes the mountainous areas south of Weishui, Lintan and east of Diebu, which is the western extension of Qinling Mountains. The mountains and hills are high in the west and low in the east, the green mountains are facing each other, the streams are surging, the peaks are sharp and steep, just like the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and the mountains are winding. The "fiber show" in southern Xinjiang and the "roughness" in northern China have been perfectly integrated here.
the loess plateau in central Gansu province: located in the middle and east of Gansu province, starting from the border of Gansu and Shaanxi province in the east and reaching Wushaoling in the west. Here once gave birth to the ancestors of the Chinese nation. There are pines and cypresses, gurgling streams, rich oil and coal, and famous mountains and rivers. The Yellow River flows through here, and the three major reservoirs, Liujiaxia, Yanguoxia and Bapanxia, are embedded in this vibrant land like pearls, giving endless power and light to this land and giving it new vitality.
Gannan Plateau: It is the "roof of the world"-a corner of the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with high terrain and an average elevation of over 3,111 meters, which is a typical plateau area. Here, the grass beach is broad, the water plants are abundant, and the cattle are fat in Ma Zhuang, which is one of the main animal husbandry bases in Gansu Province.
Hexi Corridor: located in the north of Qilian Mountain and south of Beishan Mountain, it starts from Wushaoling in the east and reaches the border of Gan Xin in the west, and it is a long and narrow strip inclined from east to west and from south to north. It is between 1111-1511 meters above sea level, about 1111 kilometers long and several kilometers wide. Hexi Corridor is a famous Gobi oasis with flat terrain, good mechanized farming conditions, sufficient light and heat, and abundant water resources. It has broad prospects for agricultural development and is the main commodity grain base in Gansu. ?
Qilian Mountain: Qilian Mountain is located in the south of Hexi Corridor, with a length of more than 1,111 kilometers, most of which are above 3,511 meters above sea level. It is a natural solid reservoir in Hexi Corridor, with obvious vertical distribution of vegetation, desert, grassland, forest and snow, which form a colorful three-dimensional picture.
the area to the north of Hexi Corridor: This area is more than 1,111 kilometers long from east to west and at an altitude of 1,111-3,611 meters. People are used to calling it Beishan Mountain. The land here is close to Tengger Desert and Badain Jaran Desert. The wind and sand are strong, the rocks are exposed, and the deserts are contiguous. It is a difficult place to cultivate, and it is sparsely populated. You can enjoy the Gobi scenery of "the desert is lonely and the long river falls in yen".
Gansu is a mountainous province. The most important mountains are Qilian Mountain, Wushaoling Mountain and Liupanshan Mountain, followed by Altun Mountain, Mazong Mountain, Heli Mountain, Longshou Mountain, Xiqing Mountain and Ziwuling Mountain. Most of them are northwest-southeast trending. The forest resources in the province are mostly concentrated in these mountainous areas, and most rivers also form their own sources of diversion from these mountains.
Lanzhou, the provincial capital. Tianshui, Jiayuguan, Yumen, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Baiyin are the main cities in the province. The province is located at the junction of the Loess Plateau, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Inner Mongolia Plateau, and the terrain is mainly plateau and mountain. Hexi corridor stretches in the northwest of the province; Sand magnetism, Gobi and oasis alternate. The main mountain ranges are Qilian Mountain, Longshan Mountain, Xiqiao Mountain, Longshou Mountain and Mazong Mountain. Most rivers in this province belong to the Yellow River system, with the Yellow River and its tributaries Taohe River, Weihe River and Zuli River as the main ones.
ethnic groups in Gansu province
Gansu is a multi-ethnic province. There are 54 ethnic minorities in the province, with a total population of 2.199 million, accounting for 8.7% of the total population of the province. There are 16 ethnic minorities living in Gansu, including Hui, Tibetan, Dongxiang, Tu, Yugur, Baoan, Mongolia, Salar, Kazak and Manchu. Among them, Dongxiang, Yugur and Baoan are unique ethnic groups in Gansu. There are two ethnic autonomous prefectures in Gannan and Linxia, including Tianzhu, Sunan, Subei, Aksai, Dongxiang, Jishishan and Sol Zhang, and there are 39 ethnic townships. The land area of ethnic autonomous areas is 1.79 million square kilometers, accounting for 39.8% of the province's area.
In terms of distribution, Hui people mainly live in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture and Zhangjiachuan Hui Autonomous County, and are scattered in Lanzhou, Pingliang and Dingxi. Tibetans mainly live in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and the east and middle parts of Qilian Mountain in Hexi Corridor. Dongxiang, Baoan and Salar are mainly distributed in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. Yugu, Mongolia and Kazak are mainly distributed in the middle and west parts of Qilian Mountain in Hexi Corridor. Among the 86 counties, cities and districts in the province, there are scattered ethnic minorities in the remaining 65 counties, cities and districts except 21 counties and cities where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities.
Cultural specialties
Most of Gansu is over 1111 meters above sea level, surrounded by mountains and mountains. There are Liupan Mountain, Heli Mountain and Longshou Mountain in the north; Minshan, Qinling and Ziwuling in the east; West of Altun Mountain; And Qilian Mountains; Nanrang Qingniling. The territory has undulating terrain, continuous mountains and rivers, and the terrain is quite complicated. There are snow-capped peaks directly into the sky, vast grasslands, vast Gobi desert, lush secondary forests, magical green lakes, beautiful springs, natural scenery with the charm of the south of the Yangtze River, and famous flowers and fruits unique to the northwest.
Hexi Corridor is a famous granary in Gansu Province, and it is also the ancient battlefield of Tiema Jinge and the traffic artery of ancient silk road. The world-famous customs of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yugur people in Sunan, Mongolian people in Subei, Aksai customs, Tianzhu Tibetan customs, Leitai wonders, ancient Jiuquan legends, Jiayuguan legends, Yumenguan and Guyangguan, Qiaowan people's leather drums, folk banquets, camel teams and other exotic customs shine here.
Tianshui city and Longnan area in the southeast of Gansu province are natural fertile places with a long history, beautiful mountains and rivers, rich products, pleasant climate and peculiar folk customs, and are known as "Little Jiangnan". Tang Xuanzang's legend in Tianshui has made Fogongjiao, Wanzi Mountain and Jinjin Temple the main attractions of folk tourism.
Gannan and Linxia autonomous prefectures, which are adjacent to Tianshui and Longnan, are the gathering places of Tibetan, Hui, Dongxiang, Baoan and Salar ethnic minorities, and have unique folk customs and customs. The Labuleng Temple, with its exquisite architecture, seven large-scale ceremonies and numerous festivals every year, makes the religious and folk activities of Labuleng Temple unprecedentedly colorful. The quaint and elegant Linfu Mosque is a gathering place for Muslims, and the religious and folk activities here are unique and grand, which is amazing.
Qingyang and Pingliang areas in eastern Gansu are old revolutionary areas with a long history. In addition to numerous revolutionary relics in China, the Taoist holy land Kongtong Mountain, where the Yellow Emperor boarded and Guang Chengzi practiced Taoism, the Queen Mother of the West hosted a banquet in honor of Zhou Muwang's Queen Mother Palace Mountain, and temple fairs such as Gong Liu Temple and Bodhisattva Mountain, all of which have become the spreading positions of the people's culture and the trading places of the folk economy. In particular, folk culture such as suona, paper-cutting, social fire and traditional Chinese opera is particularly attractive.
characteristics of climate resources