The total length is 36 kilometers, the total cost is 654.38+0.4 billion yuan, and the average cost per meter is 400,000 yuan.
From then on, the journey from Ningbo to Shanghai will be shortened by 120 kilometers, and the annual freight rate will be reduced by more than 2 billion yuan.
Brief introduction of bridge
Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a sea-crossing bridge across Hangzhou Bay in China. It starts from Zhengjiadai, Haiyan, Jiaxing, Zhejiang in the north and ends at Shuilu Bay, Cixi, Ningbo, with a total length of 36 kilometers. It is the longest sea-crossing bridge in the world, which is 1 1 km longer than the King Fahd Bridge connecting Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, and the second bridge in the world after the Pontchartrain Lake Bridge in the United States.
After the completion of Hangzhou Bay Bridge, the land distance between Ningbo and Shanghai will be shortened by120km, providing a convenient passage for the national trunk line-the third line crossing Hangzhou Bay. The bridge is designed as a two-way six-lane expressway with a design speed of 100 km/h, a design service life of 100 years and a total investment of about1400 million yuan. Construction started on June 26th, 2007 165438+20031October 4th. After 43 months of engineering construction, the whole bridge was completed. It is planned to complete the bridge deck pavement before June 30, 2007. The bridge was completed on the evening of May 1 2008.
The construction of the bridge is conducive to actively docking with Shanghai, expanding opening up, promoting cooperation and exchanges in the Yangtze River Delta, improving the opening up level of Zhejiang Province, especially Ningbo and Jiaxing, and enhancing its comprehensive strength and international competitiveness; It is conducive to improving the layout of the Yangtze River Delta regional highway network and national trunk lines and alleviating the traffic pressure of the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway; It is conducive to changing the situation of Ningbo's transportation hub, thus becoming a transportation hub and implementing the regional development strategy around Hangzhou Bay; It is conducive to promoting the development of tourism in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai.
Overview of bridges
Hangzhou Bay Bridge is a convenient passage for the national trunk line-the third line to cross Hangzhou Bay. The bridge starts from Zhengjiadai, Haiyan, Jiaxing City in the north, spans the wide Hangzhou Bay and ends at Shuilu Bay, Cixi City, Ningbo City, with a total length of 36 kilometers. After the completion of the bridge, the land distance between Ningbo and Shanghai will be shortened by more than 120 km, thus greatly alleviating the pressure of the already congested Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway and forming a two-hour traffic circle between Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai with Shanghai as the center.
The total investment of the bridge is expected to exceed 65.438+04 billion RMB, including 36 kilometers of the bridge, 65.438+065.438+08 billion RMB; North shore connecting line is 29 1 km,1.700 million; The south bank connecting line is 55.3 kilometers and 3.4 billion. Private capital accounts for half of the total capital, including Youngor, Tai Fang Kitchenware, Haitong Group and other private enterprises. The toll period of the bridge is 30 years, and the toll standard is expected to be 55 yuan/vehicle.
Hangzhou Bay Bridge is designed as a two-way six-lane expressway with a design speed of 100km/h, a design service life of 100 years and a total investment of about11800 million yuan. The bridge has two navigation channels, namely, the North Channel Bridge is a rhombic steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with twin towers and double cable planes with a main span of 448m, and the navigation standard is 35,000 tons; Nanhang Road Bridge is a type A steel box girder cable-stayed bridge with single tower and double cable planes, with a main span of 3 18m and a navigation standard of 3,000 tons. Except for the South and North Waterway Bridges, the other approach bridges all adopt prestressed concrete continuous box girder structures ranging from 30 to 80 meters. Hangzhou Bay Sea-crossing Bridge is the longest sea-crossing bridge built or under construction in the world. The main project of the bridge will ensure smooth construction in 2003 and be completed and opened to traffic in 2008.
The project company was established in September, 20001year. The investment in bridge construction is11800 million, and the capital is 3.85 billion yuan. Among them, Ningbo holds 90% and Jiaxing holds 10%. Private enterprise investment accounts for 50.25% of the company's capital. Four banks, including China Development Bank, Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, China Bank and Shanghai Pudong Development Bank, have been invited to lend 7 billion yuan for this project, and loan agreements have been signed.
The economic benefit of the bridge itself is an important basis for attracting investors. According to the traffic flow survey, the traffic flow of the bridge reached 52,000 vehicles in 2009, 80,000 vehicles in 20 15 and 96,000 vehicles in 2027. According to the calculation, the financial internal rate of return of the bridge will reach 8.03 ~ 10. 1%, the payback period will be 14.2 years, and the return on investment will be 15. 10% (excluding the construction period) and1.
Engineering characteristics
1, engineering environment characteristics
The weather in Hangzhou Bay is complex and changeable, and typhoons, tornadoes, thunderstorms and sudden small-scale disastrous weather occur from time to time. The natural conditions of Hangzhou Bay have the following characteristics:
(1) The sea area is vast, with many typhoons, large tidal range and fast current, which has typical maritime climate characteristics and few effective working days;
(2) Deep soft soil and deep bearing stratum bring a series of problems to the design and construction of offshore foundation;
(3) The South Beach is long, and the construction conditions are complicated, so it is difficult to meet the requirements of the construction period by using conventional design schemes and construction methods;
(4) The environment is corrosive;
(5) Shallow gas is enriched in many places in the south beach, which endangers the construction safety.
2. Difficulties in engineering construction
(1) The project scale is large, and the offshore engineering quantity is large. The total length of the bridge project is 36 kilometers, and the offshore section is 32 kilometers. The whole bridge has a total of 2.45 million cubic meters of concrete, 820,000 tons of various steel products,+03,565,438 steel pipe piles, 3,550 bored piles, 0/272 caps/kloc and 65,438 piers, and the project scale is huge.
(2) The natural environment is harsh. The tidal range is large, the flow velocity is fast, the flow direction is chaotic, the waves are high, and the erosion is deep. In some areas, the soft soil layer is thick and the shallow gas is rich. Among them, the south bank 10 km beach area is dry and wet alternately, and most offshore projects are offshore operations, so the construction conditions are poor. Affected by hydrometeorology, there are few effective working days. According to on-site construction statistics, the annual effective days of offshore construction operations are less than 180 days, and the tidal flat area is about 250 days.
(3) It is very difficult to make the overall design scheme. The design requirements are new, in which the approach bridge in the underwater area (18.27km) and the approach bridge in the south bank beach area (10. 1km) are the key points of the whole project. The problem of structural corrosion protection is very prominent, and there is no standard to follow; In the process of bridge operation, the driving environment on the bridge deck is affected by unfavorable factors such as strong wind, dense fog, heavy rain and driver's visual fatigue. It is the key to ensure the driving safety on the bridge deck to adopt reasonable and effective design countermeasures. The design scheme involves the application of new materials, new processes and new technologies and the development of a number of large-scale special equipment.
In terms of construction technology, it faces many key construction challenges, such as overall prefabrication, transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in high pier area of offshore rapids, long-distance transportation and erection of large-tonnage box girder in wide beach area, design of super-long spiral steel pipe pile, anti-corrosion and pile sinking construction. In the aspect of measurement control, the deformation of structure measurement caused by the effect of super-long bridge length and earth surface is very prominent. Restricted by the marine environment, the traditional measurement methods can no longer meet the requirements of construction accuracy and progress. How to realize rapid and efficient survey construction with the help of GPS technology is the core technical problem that restricts the construction period of the whole bridge.
(4) The construction objectives are demanding, and the construction organization and operation management are difficult. This large-scale bridge project has attracted worldwide attention. At the beginning of the construction, Ningbo Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government clearly put forward that the bridge project should be implemented according to the standard of "three first-class goals". Facing the complex construction environment and challenging projects, how to organize and manage the bridge project is a great challenge for the headquarters. Due to the large number of construction sites and long battle lines, there are synchronous and overlapping processes, which brings difficulties to organizing construction and controlling project quality, progress, safety and funds. How to take effective engineering control and operation management measures under meteorological and hydrological conditions such as typhoon, strong wind, spring tide, huge waves, rapids, heavy rain, fog and lightning is a new topic that needs to be faced in engineering management.
Bridge highlights
The total length of the bridge is 36 kilometers, which makes it surpass world famous bridge, such as Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Bahrain Embankment Bridge, and become the longest cross-sea bridge built or under construction in the world.
According to preliminary verification, the bridge * * * needs 769,000 tons of steel, cement 1.29 1.000 tons, petroleum asphalt 1.65438 tons, wood 1.9 1.000 cubic meters and concrete. The 50-meter * 16-meter box girder in Nantan adopts the technology of whole-hole prefabrication and large-scale flat car transportation, which sets a new record for transporting heavy beams at home and abroad.
The 70m * 16m box girder of the approach bridge in the underwater area adopts the integrated scheme of full-hole system, transportation and erection, and the single girder weighs 2 180 tons, ranking first in China. The diameter of steel pipe piles driven into the approach bridge in the underwater area is 1.5- 1.6m, and the pile length is about 80m, totaling more than 4,000 steel pipe piles, which is the highest in the history of bridge construction in China.
The concept of landscape design was first introduced into the design of this bridge. With the help of the aesthetic concept of "Long Bridge Lying on the Wave" in Su Causeway of West Lake, the landscape designer determined the general layout principle of the bridge in combination with the hydrological environment characteristics of Hangzhou Bay and the psychological factors of drivers and passengers while driving. The plane of the whole bridge is S-shaped curve, and the overall linear shape is beautiful and lively. Viewed from the side, the navigation hole bridge of the North-South Waterway is arched and has an undulating elevation shape.
1.7km south of Nanhang Road, about 14km from the south bank, there is an offshore platform with an area of1.2000 square meters. During the construction period, the platform will serve as a living base for offshore operators and a platform for maritime rescue, survey, communication and maritime monitoring. After the completion of the bridge, this platform in the sea is a rescue platform for maritime traffic services and an excellent sightseeing platform for tourism and leisure.
Bridge characteristics
The high technology content is first reflected in the construction technology. We insist on respecting science and relying on experts to carry out extensive technical consultation and exchange activities. According to experts' opinions, the construction decision-making design is put forward, and the construction scheme of prefabrication, factory, large-scale and offshore construction changing into onshore construction is adopted, which breaks through the long-standing concept that design determines construction. The largest component for precast hoisting is a prestressed concrete box girder with a length of 70m, a width of16m, a height of 4.0m and a weight of 2180t, and the longest component is an ultra-long steel pipe pile with a length of 84m and a diameter of1.6m, which is called chinese odyssey. In order to reduce the corrosion of chloride ions in seawater on bridge reinforcement and concrete and ensure the service life of the bridge 100 years, the designer has specially formulated an effective scheme to prevent seawater corrosion. Wait, we can see the high-tech content of bridge engineering.
Hangzhou Bay Bridge will be a "digital bridge". Scientific research units will use hardware and interface technology, network and database technology, image graphics technology, artificial intelligence technology, computational mathematics, finite element technology, mechanics and other disciplines to establish a scientific evaluation system for bridge design, construction and maintenance. The whole bridge will be equipped with a central monitoring system, and 1 km monitors will be installed on average. In this way, not only can the bridge be scientifically and reasonably maintained and managed, but also the health status of the bridge can be grasped in real time. At present, this project has applied to the Ministry of Communications for the key scientific research project of bridge engineering 17, which is also rare in the domestic bridge industry.
The best bridge
1. The total length of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 36 kilometers, ranking first among the sea-crossing bridges under construction and built in the world.
2. Hangzhou Bay Bridge is located in a strongly corrosive marine environment. In order to ensure the service life of bridges, the durability requirement that the design service life is greater than or equal to 100 years is explicitly put forward for the first time in China.
3. The "Erection on Beam" technology of the 50m box girder of the Hangzhou Bay Cross-sea Bridge has increased the erection and transportation weight from 900 tons to 1.430 tons, setting a new record for bridge construction with similar technology and topography in the world.
4. The superstructure of Hangzhou Bay Bridge in deep water area adopts 70m prestressed concrete box girder prefabrication and maritime transportation technology. In order to solve the engineering problem of early cracking of large concrete box girder, the "secondary tensioning technology" was creatively put forward and implemented, which completely solved the "stubborn disease" of this project.
5. The maximum diameter of steel pipe pile of Hangzhou Bay Bridge is 1.6m, the maximum length of single pile is 89m, and the maximum weight is 74t, creating the largest steel pipe pile with large diameter and super-long full spiral bridge at home and abroad.
6. There is a large amount of shallow methane under the south bank of Hangzhou Bay Bridge 10 km beach, which poses a serious threat to construction safety. In the construction of bored piles in tidal flat area, the safe construction technology of controllable deflation is creatively adopted, and its construction technology is the first in the world under similar geographical conditions.