At the end of the Qing Dynasty, two officials from our government visited California, USA. At that time, they were wearing official uniforms. As we all know, it looked funny to Americans. So two American farmers discussed how to arrest one of the officials and throw them into the river. As a result, they did, and one of the officials fell into the river and drowned alive. And the result? Nothing happened! Nothing happened to these two farmers!
shame
list of unequal treaties
treaty of nanking August 1842 Britain
Main contents
1. Cut Hong Kong Island to Britain
2. Pay compensation of 21 million silver dollars
3. Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, There are five trading ports in Shanghai
4. China Customs should agree with the British side on the tariff rate of goods imported and exported by British businessmen
1. China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society
2. The main contradiction changed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class
to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation. The contradiction between feudalism and the masses of the people
3. The contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation has become the most important contradiction
4. The people of China have since shouldered the dual revolutionary task of opposing foreign capitalist aggression and domestic feudal rule
5. China entered the old democratic revolution period
the five-port trade charter and the Humen Treaty in 1844, from which Britain
seized consular jurisdiction. Privileges such as one-sided MFN treatment and detention of leased land and houses at trading ports
Wangxia Treaty and Huangpu Treaty in 1844
Main contents
Obtaining more aggressive rights and interests
Tianjin Treaty in 1858
Main contents
1. Foreign ministers stationed in Beijing
2. Opening more coastal and riverside commercial ports
3. Navigation
4. Foreigners can travel, trade and preach in the mainland of China
5. The Qing government compensated Britain and France for 2 million taels of silver each. Compensation for the loss of 2 million taels of silver to British merchants
Beijing Treaty 1861 Russia
Main contents
1. The Qing government recognized Tianjin Treaty as effective
2. Opening Tianjin as a commercial port
3. Dividing a local area of Kowloon Division to Britain
4. The compensation to Britain and France increased to 8 million taels of silver each
Tianjin Article and Beijing Treaty * Chinese and foreign reactionary forces openly colluded with each other to suppress the resistance of the Russian people
The degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China deepened
The Beijing Treaty from 1861 to the 1981s in China
. Invade the territory of more than 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest of China
treaty of shimonoseki 1895 April Japan
1. Cut Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province and its affiliated islands and Penghu Islands to Japan
2. Compensate Japan for its military expenditure of 211 million taels of silver
3. Open Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports. Japanese ships can sail into the above ports along the inland river
4. Japan can invest and set up factories in China's trading ports, and the products can be transported and sold in the mainland of China without the influence of domestic tax
1. China's territory and sovereignty suffered serious losses again
2. Since then, imperialism has been scrambling to divide its sphere of influence in China. Set off a frenzy to carve up China
3. Forced the Qing government to borrow heavily from the big powers
4. The opening of the new trade port case made the foreign invading forces go further into the mainland of China
5. Allow Japan to invest and set up factories in China, and expand the channels for its capital export to China. It has seriously hindered the development of Chinese national capitalism
6. The degree of semi-colonialism in China society has been greatly deepened
The Treaty of Love and Ugliness 1911 September, Britain, the United States, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, Italy and Austria
Main contents
1. The Qing government compensated 451 million taels of silver to various countries, and paid it off in 39 years, with the principal and interest of 981 million taels
2. The compensation was made in China's customs duties and taxes. China's tax revenue is controlled by foreign countries to a greater extent
3. An "embassy circle" is set up in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing, and China people are not allowed to live in it during the term, and troops are stationed in various places to protect it
4. The battery from Beijing to Dagu is demolished, and countries are allowed to send troops to strategic locations along the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan
5. Punish officials who "opposed" the powers in the Boxer Rebellion. China people are forbidden to form and join anti-imperialist organizations forever
6. Change the Prime Minister's yamen into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Being on the top of six ministries
influences
The embassy circle has become the occupied territory of the great powers in China's capital
The Qing government has completely become a tool for the imperialists to rule China and suppress the people
The great powers can strengthen their control over the Qing government through diplomatic channels
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China-Russia-Mongolia Agreement (June 7, 2115, China and Russia, signing place: Chaktu, Outer Mongolia)
Minsi Treaty (Article 21) (May 25, 2115, China and Japan, signing place: Beijing)
Manzhouli Boundary Agreement (1915). Signing place: Manzhouli)
Sino-British renewal of the Tibet-India Treaty (April 27th, 1916 (Guangxu 31th year), signing place: Beijing)
The Sino-Japanese conference on the three eastern provinces is about (February 22nd, 1915 (Guangxu 31th year), signing place: Beijing)
The Sino-Japanese treaty (1911 (Xin Chou). Signing place: Guangzhou Bay; China and France)
Book a special article for ahava (time: July 1, 1898 (Guangxu 24th year); Signing place: Beijing; China and the United Kingdom)
Special article on developing Hong Kong's boundary (time: June 9th, 1898 (Guangxu 24th year); Signing place: Beijing; China and Britain)
Sino-Russian land lease treaty (March 27th, 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), signed in Beijing. On May 7th, 1898, the Treaty on Renewing the Land Lease of the Brigade was signed in Petersburg, Russia)
Sino-German Jiaoao Concession Treaty (March 6th, 1898 (Guangxu 24th year), Beijing; China and Germany)
Sino-Japanese treaty of commerce and navigation (signed in Beijing on July 21th, 1896 (Guangxu 22nd year)
Sino-Russian secret treaty (Moscow on June 3rd, 1896 (Guangxu 22nd year))
treaty of shimonoseki (Maguan on April 7th, 1895 (Guangxu 21th year), and Supplementary revision: February 5th, 1893, Darjeeling)
Sino-British Yantai Treaty (1876 (Guangxu 2nd year) Yantai; China and Britain)
China-Japan Beijing Special Article (1874 (Tongzhi 13) 11.31)
Sino-Russian demarcation of the northwest boundary (1864 (Tongzhi 13) 11.7, Talbahatai)
Sino-German Trade Treaty (1861 (Xianfeng 11) 12 September. Beijing)
Sino-French Beijing Treaty (Beijing, October 25th, 1861 (Xianfeng 11))
Sino-British Beijing Treaty (Beijing, October 24th, 1861 (Xianfeng 11))
Sino-French Tianjin Treaty (June 27th, 1858 (Xianfeng 8). Tianjin)
Sino-US Tianjin Treaty (Tianjin, June 8th, 1858 (Xianfeng 8th year))
Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty (Tianjin, June 3rd, 1858 (Xianfeng 8th year))
Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty (aihui, May 28th, 1858 (Xianfeng 8th year). Shanghai)
Sino-Russian Talbahatai Trade Charter (August 6th, 21851 (the first year of Xianfeng), Yili)
Huangpu Treaty (October 24th, 21844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and Huangpu, France)
Wangxia Treaty (the 24th year of Daoguang), July 3rd, 21844. Humen)
treaty of nanking (August 29th, 1842 (Daoguang 22nd year), with Britain and Nanjing)
In p>1917, Germany and Austria-Hungary became enemies of China in World War I, and the unequal treaties were abolished. In 1917, the Soviet Union voluntarily gave up its privileges in China (which were not fully realized afterwards, and the territory acquired in the treaty was not returned). In 1943, the United States and Britain voluntarily gave up their privileges in China. Italy and Japan lost their special status because they became enemies of China in World War II. In 1946, the French gave up its privileges in China.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in p>1949, it did not recognize all the unequal treaties signed before.
in what ways is China growing stronger?
Fasten a "safety belt" for life
Safety in production is one of the key areas of supervision by the Party and the government, and measures such as the promulgation of the Law on Safety in Production, the reform of the national safety supervision system, and the severe punishment of violations of laws and regulations have attracted widespread attention. However, the situation of safety production in China is still grim, and accidents occur frequently in high-risk industries such as coal mines. According to the long-term goal of safe production, by 2117, China will establish a relatively perfect safety supervision system, the national safety production situation will be steadily improved, the accident-prone situation in key industries and fields will be reversed, and the number of accident deaths in industrial and mining enterprises, the death rate of one million tons of coal mines and the death rate of 11,111 vehicles in road traffic will drop to a certain extent.
children can afford to go to school
In p>2114, the average education period of the population over 15 in China was 8.3 years, which was 1 years higher than the world average. However, only 7.2% of the education practitioners have received higher education, and the investment in education is still seriously insufficient. In 2116, popularizing and consolidating rural compulsory education will become the top priority of education. The growth of fiscal education expenditure will be higher than that of fiscal expenditure, teachers' salaries and public funds per student will gradually increase, and problems related to the vital interests of the people such as poor school conditions, difficult operation and unreasonable fees for education will be gradually solved. By the year 2111, the population coverage rate of nine-year compulsory education will be close to 111%.
It's comfortable to see a doctor
In the past five years, China's medical and health undertakings have broken through the mode of single development by the government, which is the fastest development period since the founding of New China. However, there are still many obstacles in the medical system and mechanism. The tendency of public medical institutions to pursue economic interests unilaterally is serious, and minor illnesses are "big prescriptions" and "excessive examinations", and it is difficult and expensive to see a doctor. In 2116, the pilot area of the new rural cooperative medical system will be expanded to 41%, and the phenomenon of poverty caused by illness and returning to poverty will be further curbed; The state will implement the necessary funds to support the construction of township health centers and county hospitals and provide farmers with safe and cheap basic medical services; The development of community health services will provide basic medical services for urban low-income people.
drink water and eat meat with confidence
in p>2115, in order to strengthen pollution control and ecological protection, promote pollution prevention and control in key river basins, and focus on solving environmental pollution, especially water pollution and air pollution, which seriously endanger people's health and safety, the state closed 15 kinds of small enterprises that waste resources and pollute the environment, and implemented the discharge of industrial pollution sources within a time limit. In 2116, it has become one of the important goals of governments at all levels to let people drink clean water and breathe fresh air. The country has made it clear that by the end of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, China's energy consumption per unit of GDP will be reduced by about 21% compared with that at the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and the construction of an environment-friendly society has increasingly become the knowledge of the whole society.
Set up an "umbrella"
In the first 11 months of p>2115, China achieved a total of 8.8 million new jobs in cities and towns, and the goal of 41 million new jobs in cities and towns during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period has been achieved ahead of schedule. However, China has entered the peak period of the growth of working-age population, and in the next few years, the annual gap between labor supply and demand will still reach 13 million to 14 million. In the future, enterprises should not concentrate on pushing surplus personnel to the society, and the state will also establish an employment-oriented index system for vocational education and training institutions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, 45 million new jobs will be created. Some discriminatory employment agreements will be banned. Optimizing the employment environment has become one of the important tasks of the government.
Home ownership
In p>2115, under the unified deployment of the State Council, many departments joined forces to control the real estate market, and the market order improved. But for ordinary people, the price of commercial housing is still "high above". With the continuous implementation of the central government's policy of stabilizing housing prices, the real estate market will develop in the expected direction of curbing investment, controlling investment, guiding rational consumption and stabilizing housing prices, speculative buying will be curbed, the housing problems of low-and middle-income groups will get more attention, and housing prices will connect with the people in a wider range.
A sense of security for the elderly
Statistics show that the social insurance premium for retirees nationwide increased by 119 times in 2119. However, at present, the coverage of public pension in China only accounts for 1.5% of the total population, and some retirees live in distress, and the rural elderly basically do not enjoy social security. With the continuous improvement of the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees, the coverage of basic old-age insurance will gradually expand, focusing on non-public enterprises, urban individual industrial and commercial households and flexible employees. The state will gradually implement individual accounts for old-age insurance, and more and more people will live a life of old age and medical care.
*** Enjoy the fruits of development
China's people's life has generally achieved a historic leap from food and clothing to a well-off society, but at present, the share of income or consumption of the poorest population, which accounts for 21% of the total population, is only 4.7%, while that of the richest population, which accounts for 21% of the total population, is as high as 51%. In 2116, the government will start with adjusting the national income distribution system and the national fiscal expenditure structure, and establish a support and protection system for agriculture, so that public services can benefit farmers; In the future, the new financial resources will focus on rural areas, agriculture and farmers, and the growth rate will be much higher than the growth rate of recurrent fiscal revenue; Strategic measures such as developing the western region, revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast China and promoting the rise of the central region will also accelerate the pace of prosperity.
migrant workers get their wages in time
with the great attention of the party and the government.