Bai people's eating habits 1. Etiquette and taboos in daily life
Bai people are hospitable, and it is the etiquette of Bai people to treat guests first. Guests came to the house and treated each other with wine and tea. The famous three tea is the hospitality of the Bai people. However, Bai people usually only pour half a cup of tea, but they need a full cup of wine. They think that wine is full of respect and tea is full of deception. Being warmly received by the Bai people, you should say "thank you" to show your gratitude and gratitude.
it is a traditional virtue of Bai people to respect their elders. When you see the old man, you should take the initiative to say hello, greet, give way, give up your seat, serve tea and pass cigarettes. The first cup of morning tea after getting up should be given to the elderly first. When eating, let the old man sit on the table and let the old man move chopsticks first. Don't swear in front of the old man, and cross your legs. In some mountainous areas, the family members of the Bai nationality have relatively fixed seats. Generally, male elders sit on the upper left, female elders sit on the upper right, and guests and younger generations sit on the upper and lower sides. The fireplace of Bai people's family is a sacred place. It is forbidden to spit in the fireplace and it is forbidden to cross it. The threshold of Bai people's families is also taboo to sit on people. Tools used by men should not be crossed by women. People wearing filial piety are forbidden to enter the family, thinking that it will bring impurity to the family.
2. Etiquette and Taboos in Festivals and Sacrificial Activities
March Street is a grand festival of the Bai people, and the festival lasts from March 15th to 21th of the lunar calendar every year. Besides, Bai people, like Han people, celebrate the Spring Festival every year from the first day to the tenth day of the first lunar month, and the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month is the ancestor worship festival. Bai people have many etiquette taboos on holidays. During the annual March meeting of the Bai people in Yuanjiang County or the Tianzi Temple Fair, killing is prohibited. Bai people in Dali are not allowed to use knives, carry water, splash water or sweep the floor on the first day of the Lunar New Year. When the Bai people in Nujiang worship their ancestors before dinner on New Year's Eve, outsiders are forbidden to be present. On New Year's Eve, you should get back what you lent to others, or you will have trouble finding money and poor food in the coming year. Therefore, things borrowed from other people's homes must be returned to others before the New Year's Eve. The seventh day of the Lunar New Year is Women's Day. Women don't cook, carry water or do any other work, but enjoy themselves. Men's Day is on the ninth day of the Lunar New Year, and men have a rest. The Bai people in Yunlong County are not allowed to wander around in July and a half.
3. Etiquette and taboos in weddings, funerals and childbirth
After being pregnant, Bai women wear a two-room apron with hinges, and the first page is folded in half around their waist as a sign of happiness. Outsiders should know how to pay attention to key protection when they meet. If the pregnant woman is injured by mistake, it should be guaranteed until the mother and child are safe after delivery. In some places, pregnant women of Bai nationality cannot enter the bridal chamber of the bride and groom. After the baby falls to the ground, whoever is the first to step into the door of the maternal home is stepping on the raw. Bai people believe that whoever tramples on life will be like a child in the future. Bai people are most afraid of people from Dai Xiao stepping on life, so after the baby is born, the family should immediately spread three arcs at the door with white lime and tie a green bamboo strip on the threshold. If you give birth to a boy, you should add a straw sandal under the green bamboo slips, and some even nail a basketry bottom on the gate to show taboos. Those who accidentally break into the maternal home must send a bowl of fresh thick rice soup, brown sugar, eggs, sweet white wine and a earthen pot of trotters stewed leek roots to the maternal. On the morning of the third day after delivery, the parturient's family should invite porridge and rice guests or porridge guests. When you go to the Bai people's house to make porridge and rice guests, you should use bamboo baskets to carry eggs, brown sugar, children's clothes and hats to congratulate you. In Dali and Jianchuan areas, after giving birth, the host should invite the first guest to eat poached egg dumplings, and the guest can't refuse, otherwise the host will be angry.
editing the ethnic diet in this paragraph
The daily diet in Dali Bai area varies with different local products. People in Pingba area live on rice and wheat, while those living in mountainous areas live on corn and adopted children. Vegetables commonly eaten are cabbage, green vegetables, radish, eggplant, melons, beans and peppers. Among the dietary customs of the Bai nationality, the following ones have national characteristics.
rawhide
rawhide is a unique dish of Bai people. This is to bake the whole pig or sheep on a straw fire. When it is half-cooked, remove the hair and then bake it until the flesh is golden yellow. When eating, cut the meat into shredded pork or sliced meat, and add seasonings such as ginger, onion, garlic, stewed plum, pepper and glutinous rice. It is fragrant and fresh, and it is a national delicacy for entertaining guests.
sea water boiled fish (live fish or hot and sour fish)
When fishermen near Erhai Lake cook fish, especially when they cook fat fish called "oily fish" locally, they generally don't need frying. They scooped up the water from Erhai Lake. When the water in the pot boils, they put in fresh fish, and then put on thick Chili powder and pepper powder, which is delicious and spicy, commonly known as "sea water boiled fish".
Xiaguan casserole fish
This is Xiaguan's ... > >
Bai people eat rice and wheat in Pingba area, while corn and buckwheat are the main foods in mountainous areas. Bai people like to eat sour, cold, spicy and other flavors. They are good at pickling ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes. They also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked, cut into shredded pork, and eat it with ginger, garlic, vinegar and so on. Bai people also like to drink roasted tea.
The famous three tea is a hospitality ceremony for Bai people
After giving birth to a woman, the host should invite the first guest to eat poached egg dumplings, and the guest can't refuse, otherwise the host will be angry.
when you get married, you can get
four or four seats (that is, four dishes, four plates, four pots and four bowls).
The daily diet in Dali Bai area is different with different local products. People in Pingba area live on rice and wheat, while those living in mountainous areas live on corn and adopted children. Vegetables commonly eaten are cabbage, green vegetables, radish, eggplant, melons, beans and peppers.
rawhide
rawhide is a unique dish of Bai people. This is to bake the whole pig or sheep on a straw fire. When it is half-cooked, remove the hair and then bake it until the flesh is golden yellow. When eating, cut the meat into shredded pork or sliced meat, and add seasonings such as ginger, onion, garlic, stewed plum, pepper and glutinous rice. It is fragrant and fresh, and it is a national delicacy for entertaining guests.
sea water to cook marine fish
When fishermen near Erhai Lake cook fish, especially when they cook fat fish called "oily fish" locally, they generally don't need frying. They scooped up the water from Erhai Lake. When the water in the pot boils, they put in fresh fish, and then put on thick Chili powder and pepper powder, which is delicious and spicy, commonly known as "sea water boiled fish".
Xiaguan casserole fish
This is the local specialty of Xiaguan. The fat carp in Erhai Lake is cleaned by laparotomy, smeared with a little salt, marinated for ten minutes, put in a casserole with various ingredients such as ham slices, tender chicken slices, fresh meat slices, pork liver slices, mushrooms, egg rolls, meatballs, sea cucumbers, tofu and magnolia slices, and then sprinkled with appropriate seasonings such as pepper, salt and monosodium glutamate, and cooked on a charcoal stove with slow fire. When eating, put the casserole on the mat, which is steaming and delicious.
stewed plums
Plums are produced in Dali, especially on the east bank of Erhai Lake. Plum trees are everywhere in the half-mountain and half-dam areas stretching for hundreds of miles. There are two kinds of plum: bitter plum and salt plum. Stewed plum made of bitter plum is a favorite condiment of Bai people. Stewing plum is to put bitter plum into a sand pot, add salt and pepper, cover it tightly, put it in the middle of a fire pit, pile rice husk around it, light it, and stew it for one to two days with low fire. At this time, the black stewed plum tastes sour and fragrant, and people often use it as a seasoning to eat raw skin, or add brown sugar to make stewed plum soup. Stewed plums can be stored for a year or two without spoiling.
carved plum
the carved plum produced in eryuan county is made by soaking the salted plum in lime water. After taking it out and drying it, carve a continuous zigzag pattern on the plum with a knife, and carefully squeeze out the plum core to make it empty, and after flattening, it looks like a blooming chrysanthemum. At this time, soak it in wine and then soak it in brown sugar. After a few months, I opened the bottle and took it out. The carved plum was golden in color and fragrant, and it was a superior fruit produced in Eryuan County.
Bai girls in Eryuan are good at carving plums, which has become a sign to measure whether girls are clever or not. Because in the local wedding custom, before a girl gets married, she must send a plate of carved plum made by the girl to her husband's family as a gift. On the wedding night, the bride will arrange dessert and sweet seats for relatives and friends, which is called "putting fruit wine". The tenth case shows the honey money, dried fruit and carved plum brought by the bride to entertain the guests and let everyone comment. As a result, the girls in Eryuan are carefully carved, and the carved plum they made is not only a superior fruit, but also a kind of arts and crafts.
bait block
bait block, also known as Baba, is a traditional snack widely popular in Yunnan. However, Dali bait blocks are unique: steamed rice balls are placed on marble pads and rubbed with labor. Wrap sugar, walnut salt, halogen rot, etc. and bake in a charcoal stove. This kind of now-kneaded and now-burned bait block is soft and delicious.
milk fan
Deng Chuan Dam in Eryuan has fertile land and beautiful water plants. Farmers here have a tradition of raising dairy cows. The local milk fan is a well-known specialty. When making a milk fan, first ferment fresh milk into yogurt water, then put it in a pot and heat it to 61℃-71℃, then pour in fresh milk, gently stir it with bamboo chopsticks, so that protein and fat in the milk gradually condense into floccules, then spread it into thin slices with bamboo chopsticks and air dry it on a bamboo rack.
The milk fan with white yellow, pure and bright, as thin as paper, is rich in protein, fat and so on, and is rich in nutrition. It can be eaten raw, fried, steamed or roasted. But it is best to fry it in fragrant oil into light yellow, take it out and let it cool. It is crisp and fragrant, especially delicious. Confucius Ci is a delicacy for Bai banquet guests and a necessary sacrifice ... > >
what are the beliefs and diets of the Bai people? There are three categories, sometimes overlapping with each other.
The first is to protect the belief in God, which is called "the Lord", and the worship of the Lord is a unique religion that all the Bai people believe in. The "Lord" is the Lord of the territory and the patron saint of a village or a certain area of the Bai nationality. Almost every village has its own main temple, in which the idols of sandalwood wood carving, clay sculpture and stone carving are enshrined. The gods o worshipped in each village are different, and there is a birthday of the Lord who is sacrificed regularly every year. There are gods of nature worship, heroes worship, royal ministers of civil and military affairs of Nanzhao Dali State, as well as foreign figures or unknown figures of all colors in this Lord. In normal times, regardless of life and death or illness, weddings, festivals, going home, and having children all go to our main temple to worship and have dinner, in order to bless, and I hope that our Lord will be "responsive" and bless good people.
the second category is Buddhism, especially tantric Buddhism. Originated in the Nanzhao era of the Tang Dynasty, it was called Dian Mi. During Nanzhao Kingdom period, Buddhism spread in Tang Dynasty, among which a branch of Tantric Sect called Ali Religion was introduced into Dali area in Yunnan around the time of Tang Dynasty, and then it influenced Dali Kingdom period, and gradually declined after Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The main ways of practice are chanting, sealing and praying, and there are the so-called "three secrets", that is, the secret of language (reciting the truth), the secret of body (signing the seal by hand) and the secret of meaning (visualizing the mind). A Li religion has been circulating in Dali for a long time and has a wide range of influence. It was once the dominant religion in Nanzhao and Dali, a local political power in southwest China. In the process of long-term inheritance, it has interacted with the original religious culture of the Bai nationality and blended with each other to form a branch of China Buddhism esoteric Sect with the characteristics of the Bai nationality, which is called "Dali esoteric Sect" or "Baimi Sect" or "Dianmi Sect" for short.
compared with other tantric sects, the "Yunnan Mi" Ali has the following obvious characteristics: First, the monk especially worships the goddess of mercy. The title of "Ayiye Guanyin" is rarely seen in Buddhist classics, and it is unique to Ayili religion. The Avalokitesvara statue is tall and slender, with wide shoulders and thin waist, dressed in Indian Bodhisattva clothes, so Bai believers commonly call it the thin waist Guanyin. Avalokitesvara is the product of localization and nationalization after Buddhist statues were introduced into Bai areas. Second, the main god is the big black god. The big black god is a free translation of the Sanskrit "Mahagaro" and the protector of the "Dian Mi" Ali religion. The big black god has a very lofty position in the Bai nationality and enjoys the worship of believers. Third, monks can have families. As a religious school, Yunnan Secret has become history, but as a form of religious belief, it has not completely disappeared from the social life of the Bai people, but has been passed down from generation to generation by the Bai people by being integrated into other religions. Up to now, we can still find traces of the Ayli religion in some beliefs of the Bai people.
the third category is Taoism and other natural religions, which are also manifested in Dali and other areas where Bai people live. Bai people have been in contact with Han people for a long time and are very familiar with the folk culture of Han people. Among them, the belief in ghosts and gods related to Taoism in Han customs is also manifested in Bai culture.
You can just read Baidu Encyclopedia for the information about the Bai nationality's settlement, dress characteristics, eating habits and major festivals ... The following is what I copied:
Bai nationality is the 15th largest minority in China, mainly distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and other provinces, among which the Bai nationality in Yunnan Province has the largest population, mainly living in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. In addition, it is also distributed in Sichuan and Chongqing.
Bai costumes have a long historical development process, in which they have formed their own national characteristics. Bai people advocate white, and their clothing styles are slightly different from place to place, and white clothes are noble.
from Qin and Han dynasties to the southern and northern dynasties, the ancestors of Bai nationality "wore headdresses and feathers" of Dian k people with Dianchi lake as the center. In the bronze dance image unearthed in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, the dancers are all wearing feather crowns, with long feathers at the top, * * * on their upper bodies, and a striped skirt with animal skins and feathers. Erhai area, Xi 'erman, one of the ancestors of Bai nationality in the early Tang Dynasty, is covered with felt skin for men and women, and J-cloth for women. Men and women are barefoot. There are five clouds in Yunnan Annals: "There are white men in the east, and husbands and women are dressed in white clothes, but they can't get down to their knees." "Woman, all don't make-up, with crisp ze hair. You take brocade as your skirt. " "If the children and the four armies are below Luo Mao, then when the forehead is a bun, they must not wear horns; When the top is tied in a bun and covered with felt. Vulgarity is common, but the head bag has a special ear. HongLing is used in Nanzhao, and the rest are made of soap silk. " "Cao Chang has to wear a gold burial belt below". "Those who have extraordinary skills will have to wear all polo skins (that is, tiger skins)." Nanzhao royal family, Qingping officials and generals have served Hanfu, with round neck, wide robe and big sleeves, wide pants and tight legs, and boots. The head sac of the imperial edict is Zhong Ding style, the head sac of the civil servant is black lotus style, and the military attache is tiger head style.
The ancient Bai people
The Bai people in Dali, the royal family and officials are all dressed in silks and satins. In the Yuan Dynasty, wearing color, "slightly originated from the Han Dynasty", "men wear felt-like vertebral buns, while women do not apply powder, which makes their hair crisp. Green yarn is braided around the head system and wrapped in a black scarf. Ear gold ring, ivory wrapped around the arm. Clothing embroidered square, with semi-fine felt as the upper clothing. "
Men in central areas such as Dali usually wear white or blue buns, white double-breasted clothes, black collar and jacket, and white and blue trousers. Bai men in the eastern part of Erhai Lake wear suede collars, or leather and satin collars, embroidered stomachs at the waist and blue or black trousers. When going out, they often carry bags on their backs, and some even wear long knives.
since the Ming and Qing dynasties, generally speaking, men's clothes are basically the same everywhere, while women's clothes are different everywhere.
women's clothing varies from place to place. In Dali area, embroidered cloth or colored towels are often used to wrap the head, wearing white coats and red waistcoats, or light blue coats and coats with black velvet collars. Silver ornaments of "Three Beards" and "Five Beards" are hung on the right lining button, and the waist is embroidered with short waists, blue wide pants and embroidered shoes. Married person holding