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From 111% to 1.6%, the change of the share of state-owned assets in the whole bicycle industry in Tianjin is a standard process of "retreating the country and advancing the people". The expansion and decline of the "flying pigeon" until today's new life has finally returned to normal step by step. However, it is an impossible dream for it to restore its former glory. Feng Xiang, reporter of China Weekly, reports from Tianjin
In Tianjin, Colin Industrial Park in Dongli District, the road is dusty, and trucks carrying goods are greeted.
"Are you looking for China Flying Pigeon?" Watermelon vendors and bicycle repair workers can accurately point out the direction, even if it is one or two kilometers away. "Flying Pigeon" is now called "Tianjin Flying Pigeon Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd." and has just moved here for more than three months.
This is the latest living state of "Flying Pigeon". What can be found on the Internet is that "Flying Pigeon" has become a thing of the past in two factories in Xiqing District and Beichen District, not to mention the old factory located in Liuwei Road in Tianjin. The place name that was once transmitted to more than 51 countries and regions around the world with bicycles now stands a wide residential area. The factory has already been sold to pay off debts.
Gao Yongliang, deputy general manager of Flying Pigeon Vehicle Industry, told China Weekly that the current annual production of Flying Pigeon is 1.2 million vehicles. Some of them are OEM.
This figure is not outstanding among the annual output value of 47 million bicycles in Tianjin. Compared with its own past, it can only be described as "weak". Once upon a time, "Flying Pigeon", a name familiar to China people, was synonymous with Tianjin bicycle industry. As the birthplace of bicycles in China, the name of Tianjin has always been associated with "flying pigeons". In 1951, the first bicycle designed and manufactured by China was born in Tianjin Bicycle Factory No.1, named "Flying Pigeon". In the process of bicycle becoming a common means of transportation for China people, "Flying Pigeon" and "Forever" and "Phoenix" in Shanghai have made a splash, and they are called the three major bicycle brands in China.
During the Sixth Five-Year Plan and the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the Tianjin Municipal Government successively invested 241 million yuan to carry out large-scale technical transformation of the flying pigeon. From liberation to the end of the 1981s, the bicycle industry in Tianjin, led by "flying pigeons", has paid more than 6 billion yuan in national profits and taxes, making it one of the pillar industries in Tianjin.
Zhao Zhiguo, a skilled worker at that time and now the minister of technical inspection, recalled that as "flying pigeon" workers, they enjoyed a welfare that won the general envy of the society: in the era when materials were supplied by ticket, each of them was given a ticket to buy "flying pigeon" every year. In the era when bicycles, watches and sewing machines were called the "three big pieces" of China's family, this ticket was so precious that it was often booked by relatives and friends early: "I will get married next year, please keep your ticket for me!"
At that time, a brand-new "flying pigeon" was often the whole dowry of the woman, which won a burst of envy. Many people can't get a ticket to buy a bicycle, so they have to try their best to collect bicycle parts and "assemble" one by themselves.
In p>1988, including another famous bicycle brand "Hongqi", the bicycle industry in Tianjin was concentrated under the name of "Flying Pigeon" and became a "Flying Pigeon Group" with more than 31,111 people. This is the top of the glory of the "flying pigeon" in the era of planned economy: state-owned assets account for 111% of the city's bicycle industry, with an annual output of 6.6 million vehicles. On February 25th, 1989, US President George Bush paid a visit to China. Li Peng, then Prime Minister of the State Council, met him at Diaoyutai State Guesthouse and presented the couple with two flying pigeon bicycles as a "national gift". Since then, the "flying pigeon" has successfully entered the American market, and it has also become one of the materials for China's foreign aid to third world countries.
under the apex, there is a huge crisis. As a large state-owned enterprise, "Flying Pigeon" relies on two magic weapons: bank loans under government instructions and underwriting all products. For decades, "flying pigeons" have basically only two colors: black and green.
A paper led by Professor Jin Sheng from the Institute of Enterprise Strategy and Culture of Tianjin University described the "flying pigeon" at that time as "conservative, narrow-minded, arrogant and self-centered" and "with distinct characteristics of state-owned enterprises". The reason is that "enterprises do not directly face the market and customers, all they have to do is to follow administrative orders to produce." The negative impact of political instructions on "flying pigeons" began in the mid-1981s. If you take off the logo of Geely and replace it with the logo of BMW, can you raise the price of a car?
of course not. However, this similar behavior is not a hypothesis, but a reality. "Flying Pigeon" and "Red Flag" did this against their will under the instructions of the government. The reason is only that the price of a "flying pigeon" is twenty yuan more than that of a "red flag".
You can imagine the embarrassing scene at that time: obeying the leadership and handing over the technical data and design drawings, the "flying pigeon" people were dissatisfied and thought they had robbed their own market; The "Red Flag" people were reluctant. Cheap and durable was a big selling point of the 26-type "Red Flag" at that time. The car was nicknamed "Little Donkey who didn't eat grass" and was popular in the rural market. Who wants to have their own brand cancelled?
The two factories are faced with the same task: the factory director does ideological work for the deputy factory director, the deputy factory director does ideological work for the workshop director, and the workshop director does ideological work for the workshop deputy director ...
It is hard to talk about the unification of two industrial brands. Need to change drawings, molds and lathes, not to mention two brands with different positioning and markets. The "flying pigeon" changed from "red flag" was quickly called "fake flying pigeon" by the people, which further affected the sales of the whole "flying pigeon". "Forever" and "Phoenix" took the opportunity to seize the market share ...
It was around 1986. The reform was carried out for more than a year and was forced to stop. "Reform was a failure, but it was also beneficial at that time. Who benefits? Government. " Xiao Qingyuan, then general manager of the group, told the reporter of China Weekly. He tried to talk about the significance of the reform from a positive perspective: Tianjin was in the period of stepping up the construction of municipal infrastructure and was extremely short of funds. The "red flag" was changed to "flying pigeon", which did increase some sales revenue at that time. This extra money was naturally turned over as profits, which were used to build several important highways in Tianjin, such as the Central Line.
after more than ten years, the "flying pigeon" people have been in arrears in their pensions and medical expenses for a long time due to the decline of their factories. No one could have expected such consequences.
since the 1991s, the system reform sweeping across China has been extended to the bicycle industry. Only then did the government realize that it could no longer support this huge and extremely low value-added industry. Since 1991, Tianjin Light Industry Bureau has issued a large number of temporary bicycle production licenses to private enterprises, on the other hand, it has reduced or even stopped its investment in bicycle industry, and identified this industry as "the industry where state-owned assets have withdrawn".
In this situation, many private enterprises and township enterprises have joined the bicycle industry rapidly. Unfortunately, at that time, "Flying Pigeons" basically only made 26 or 28 models, and even the 24-model bicycle, which was the general choice of women in China, was rare. It will take at least two years to change the model. "There is an analogy: the river is frozen. Let's go back to the mobilization meeting and start designing the ice car. People's private enterprises directly take an ice sledge and put it up: 51 cents each; The result was sent. When we bring the ice car next year, the river will melt. " A "flying pigeon" executive at that time said.
As of 1998, Flying Pigeon Group was completely annihilated, and suffered losses for five consecutive years, totaling more than 311 million yuan, with a large number of personnel losing. At the same time, private enterprises use the technology and management personnel of "flying pigeons" to grow bigger step by step. A district head in Tianjin said, "When a pigeon falls, thousands of sparrows fly." In 1998, hundreds of old employees of "flying pigeons" took to the Central Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road in Tianjin to express their demands by blocking roads. Because the "flying pigeon" was so famous and influential, the factory director and secretary at that time both dismissed. This event marks the complete decline of the "flying pigeon".
after that, no one was willing to take over this mess, and even the group appointed the then deputy general manager to concurrently serve as the factory director. Finally, the administrative instructions came into play: if you don't go, you will be dismissed immediately! "Flying pigeon" is the factory director.
Gong Xiaoyan, 64, was the deputy general manager of Flying Pigeon Group, who was in charge of "relief work". For those days, she didn't want to use the word "unbearable". Running to the municipal government, the district government, the labor bureau, the economic commission, the trade union, and the industrial and commercial bureau, one by one, begging for policies, treatment, and ways for workers. Even if it is in line with the regulations to rent the factory separately, she has to go to the relevant government officials and drag people to work on the spot. The employees have found another way out, or they are affiliated with the group to go it alone. The subordinate enterprises of Flying Pigeon Group have increased by 111 in three years. Late at night on a snowy day, she negotiated with hundreds of laid-off workers alone, earnestly begging them not to take drastic action ... Those days left her with diabetes, high blood pressure and a whole body of illness. Once, she was almost paralyzed and had to retire early.
"She (Gong Xiaoyan) asked the workers for at least 67 million during that time." An old flying pigeon said. For individuals, this number is huge enough and worthy of pride. But to save the Flying Pigeon Group, it can only be a drop in the bucket. According to Gao Yongliang, a former deputy director of the Financial Audit Department, at that time, the cost of treating retired workers in a subsidiary factory of Flying Pigeon Group was as high as several million yuan per month. If the whole group wanted to turn over, it needed between 511 million yuan and 211 million yuan per month. The ever-increasing interest on bank loans and corporate debts was astronomical to the "flying pigeons" at that time.
According to the data provided by Flying Pigeon Group, the price of bicycles on the market at that time was around 211 yuan, and the cost of a "flying pigeon" was 611 yuan. Those old workers who have worked hard all their lives have painstakingly studied to save costs, and a bell with more than 71 processes only earns a few cents; Can't stand the "flying pigeon" huge non-production departments: enterprise management office, quality management office, housing management department, administration department, catering department, kindergarten, hospital, technical school, staff university ... In the planned economy era, such a redundant structure is the ultimate development direction of all enterprises.
in p>1999, the central government issued the "decision on some major issues concerning the reform and development of state-owned enterprises", demanding that the functions of enterprises in running society should be separated, and schools, hospitals and other social service institutions should be gradually transferred to local governments for overall management. For the "flying pigeon", it is already too late.
The more production, the more losses, which has become an important reason why the government is determined to withdraw from this industry. Now the "flying pigeon", all the above departments are abolished. The few remaining departments have also become part-time production staff. The biggest advantage of the struggling Flying Pigeon Group is the name "Flying Pigeon". Any further delay is not the way. Flying pigeon group thought of a way: "cut down trees and leave roots to protect the brand." That is, divest part of the production capacity, deploy capable personnel, technology and equipment, and set up another enterprise entity. Flying Pigeon Group will transfer the brand "Flying Pigeon" to it for use in a paid form. In this way, the original debt will be shouldered by the group, and the new enterprise entity can go into battle lightly.
In p>1998, Flying Pigeon Group made another loan of RMB 15 million, and established a wholly-owned Flying Pigeon Bicycle Company, in which Zhao Zhiguo and Gao Yongliang were both involved. In one year, the company made a profit of 11 million yuan. However, can it look at the debt-ridden old group with tens of thousands of employees and be indifferent? All the profits of 11 million yuan were withdrawn by the group for emergency, and the company could not go on.
"At that time, there was an analogy: we were a small submarine and the group was an aircraft carrier. Can our submarine drag an aircraft carrier? " Gao yongliang said.
It is not difficult for people who know the law to see that "cutting down trees to keep roots" can't make "flying pigeons" leave behind their burdens at once. In 1999, Shanghai Baosteel Group filed a lawsuit against "Flying Pigeon" for the steel payment of RMB 14 million, demanding that the brand of "Flying Pigeon" be sealed up and prepared to force it to auction. At this time, the government finally rewarded the "flying pigeon" for its contribution over the years. Tianjin municipal government intervened, repeatedly negotiated and communicated with Shanghai, and finally reached a repayment agreement in 2112, so that the "flying pigeon" survived. There are several similar crises, which have been resolved by the government.
It's hard to say whether this lawsuit promoted the reform of Flying Pigeon. This year, the second "cutting down trees to keep roots" laid the foundation for today's "flying pigeons" cooperation form: joint stock management, public-private partnership. Tengda Company, a township enterprise in Xiqing District, Tianjin, donated land and workshops, and Hua Ze Investment Company, a subsidiary of Tianjin Economic Commission, set up "Flying Pigeon Bicycle Co., Ltd." with 4 million yuan. In 2114, Zhang Jian, the boss of Taimei Company, a private enterprise, and the management of Flying Pigeon invested 8.18 million yuan in his own name, and the shares held by three state-owned shareholders were reduced to 58%. In 2117, the annual output of this company reached 1.3 million vehicles.
however, under this business form, there are contradictions among shareholders. "At that time, the equity was chaotic and unclear. For example, the equipment used by our Flying Pigeon Group to buy shares is old equipment many years ago, and there is no depreciation charge; The total shares are 19.24 million yuan, and the factory building alone is worth 6.7 million yuan. " Gao Yongliang said that at that time, shareholders of all parties demanded that "Flying Pigeon" take a stake in the brand. In the situation that state-owned shares are not dominant, this is equivalent to selling the "flying pigeon" brand. This prompted the "flying pigeon" to "cut down trees and leave roots" for the third time.
In March, 2119, Tianjin Flying Pigeon Group withdrew the shares of all parties and adopted the operation mode of "managers holding shares". It invested 5 million yuan, and Zhang Jinying, the former deputy general manager, personally invested 3 million yuan and served as the general manager. Renting a factory in Dongli District has become the new nest of "Flying Pigeon": "Flying Pigeon Vehicle Manufacturing Co., Ltd.".
"Her (Zhang Jinying) 3 million yuan should also be collected by several friends." A "flying pigeon" employee quoted an unconfirmed message as saying.
8 million yuan has become the whole capital of the new "flying pigeon". This property right is completely clear, and all the production equipment is replaced. "Flying Pigeon" has finally become a thoroughly modern enterprise, able to unload its burden and compete in the market. However, such a scale has not been ranked in the bicycle industry in Tianjin.
There are also two small enterprises under the Flying Pigeon Group: Flying Pigeon Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. and Flying Pigeon Electric Tricycle Co., Ltd.. Are joint ventures between state-owned and private capital. In addition, the "Red Flag", which is as declining as the "Flying Pigeon", according to the data provided by Tianjin Bicycle Industry Association to China Weekly, the assets of the whole Flying Pigeon Group only account for 1.6% of the bicycle industry in Tianjin.