Steps and methods of drawing construction drawings 1. Determine the number of drawings. Determine the number of drawings according to the shape, number of floors, complexity of layout and structural contents of the house, as well as the specific requirements of construction, so as to ensure that the expression content is neither repeated nor omitted. The number of drawings should be as small as possible under the condition of meeting the construction requirements. 2. Choose an appropriate proportion. 3. Make a reasonable layout of the drawings. The layout of the drawings should be clearly defined, arranged evenly and compactly, expressed clearly, and the projection relationship between the drawings should be maintained as much as possible. Drawings of the same type and closely related contents are concentrated on one or several drawings with continuous drawing numbers for cross-reference. 4. Drawing method of construction drawing The order of building construction drawing is generally carried out in the order of plan-elevation-section-detail drawing. First draw the manuscript with a pencil, and after checking it is correct, deepen the drawing line according to the line type specified in the national standard. When pencil is deepened or inked, the general order is: draw the upper part first, then the lower part; Draw the left first, then the right; Draw a horizontal line first, then a vertical line or an inclined line; Draw a curve first, then a straight line. Examples of drawing method of building construction drawing 1. Drawing method of building plan 1) Draw all positioning axes, and then draw the contour lines of walls and columns. 2) Determine the position of doors and windows, and draw details, such as stairs, steps, bathrooms, etc. 3) After the inspection is correct, wipe off the redundant lines and deepen the lines according to regulations. 4) Mark the axis number, elevation dimension, internal and external dimensions, door and window numbers, index symbols and write other text descriptions. In the ground floor plan, you should also draw a section symbol and a legend of the north arrow at an appropriate position outside the plan to indicate the orientation. Finally, write the name and scale of the drawing at the bottom of the plan. 2. Drawing steps of building elevation. Generally, building elevation should be drawn above the plan, and side elevation or section can be placed on one side of the drawn elevation. 1) Draw the outdoor terrace, the positioning axes at both ends, the outline of the external wall, the roof line, etc. 2) According to the floor height, various sub-elevations and the size of the hole of doors and windows in the floor plan, draw the outline of doors and windows, cornices, awnings, storm drains and other details in the elevation. 3) Draw details such as door sash, wall frame line, rainwater pipe, etc. For the same structure and practice (such as facade and opening form of doors and windows), only one of them can be drawn in detail, and the rest can only be drawn in outline. 4) Deepen the drawing line after inspection, and note the elevation, drawing name, scale and relevant text description. 3. Drawing method of profile 1) Draw the positioning axis, indoor and outdoor floor lines, floor lines and roof lines of each floor, and draw the outline of the wall body. 2) Draw the structural thickness of floor and roof, and then determine the position and details of doors and windows (such as beams, slabs, stair sections and rest platforms, etc.). 3) After inspection, erase the redundant lines. Deepen the drawing line according to the requirements of the construction drawing, and draw the material legend. Note the elevation, size, drawing name, scale and relevant text descriptions. 4. Detailed drawing steps of stairs (1) Floor plan of stairs (1) First, draw the width, depth axis, wall thickness, door and window openings of stairwells. Determine the platform width, stair width and length. 2) Divide the step width by using the method of randomly dividing the distance between two parallel lines. 3) Draw railings (or railings), up and down arrows and other details, deepen the drawing line after inspection, and note the elevation, size, cutting symbol, drawing name, proportion and text description. (2) Drawing method of stair profile Step 1) Draw axis, indoor and outdoor ground and floor lines, platform position and wall body, and measure the horizontal length, vertical height and starting point position of stair section. 2) Divide the width, number of steps, height and series of steps by dividing the distance between two parallel lines equally. 3) Draw the thickness of the floor slab and platform slab, and then draw the details such as stairs, doors and windows, platform beams, railings and handrails. 4) Deepen the drawing line after checking that it is correct, draw a material legend within the cut outline, note the elevation and size, and finally write the drawing name and proportion at the bottom of the drawing. Introduction to Construction Drawings of Decoration Engineering The construction drawings of Decoration Engineering are technical documents for guiding the production of decoration construction according to the space scale, structural practices, material selection and construction technology determined by the decoration design scheme, and in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the architectural and decoration design specifications. Decoration engineering construction drawing is also the main technical document for cost management and engineering supervision. Decoration engineering construction drawing is divided into indoor decoration construction drawing and outdoor decoration construction drawing according to the construction scope. Characteristics of Decoration Engineering Construction Drawings The graphic principle of Decoration Engineering Construction Drawings is the same as that of the above-mentioned building construction drawings, and it is a drawing drawn by orthographic projection method to guide construction, and the drawing should comply with the requirements of Unified Standard for Building Architectural Drawing (GB/T51111—2111). Decorative engineering construction drawings reflect many contents and vary greatly in physical dimensions, so they are usually expressed in a certain proportion, with corresponding legend symbols, dimensions and elevations. When necessary, auxiliary expressions such as perspective and axonometric drawings are drawn to facilitate reading architectural decoration design. Due to the different design depths, the refinement of construction practices and the diversity of materials selected to meet the use functions and visual effects, decorative engineering construction drawings have their own rules in drawing and reading. Decoration design also goes through two stages: scheme design and construction drawing design. In the scheme design stage, according to the owner's requirements, site conditions, and relevant specifications and design standards, the design scheme is expressed in the form of perspective renderings, floor plans, indoor elevations, floor plans, dimensions, text descriptions, etc. After modification and supplementation, a reasonable scheme is obtained and submitted to the owner or the relevant competent department for approval, and then the construction drawing design stage is entered. Construction drawing design is the main procedure of decoration design. Composition of Construction Drawings of Decoration Engineering Generally, the construction drawings of decoration engineering are composed of decorative design description, floor plan, floor plan, ceiling plan, indoor elevation, wall (column) decorative section, decorative details and other patterns, among which the design description, floor plan, ceiling plan and indoor elevation are basic patterns, indicating the basic requirements and main practices of decoration engineering content; Wall (column) decorative section and decorative detail are detailed drawings for decorative construction, which are used to show the detail size, concave-convex changes, technological practices, etc. The layout of the drawings is also arranged in the above order. Relevant regulations on construction drawings of decoration engineering (I) Proportion of drawings Due to the needs of human activities, the decoration space should have a larger scale. In order to draw construction drawings on drawings, a reduced scale is usually adopted. When drawing, the commonly used scale should be given priority. The so-called available proportion refers to the proportion that can be selected when the commonly used proportion is difficult to express in drawing. (II) Legend Symbol The legend symbol of the construction drawing of the decoration project shall comply with the relevant provisions of the Unified Standard for Building Architectural Drawing (GB/T 51111-2111). (III) Fonts, drawings and other drawing requirements Fonts, drawings and other drawing requirements are the same as those in the construction drawings of construction projects. (IV) Drawing Catalogue and Design Description A set of drawings should have its own catalogue, and decoration construction drawings are no exception. Arrange the catalogue of this set of drawings in the appropriate position on the first page (sometimes use A4 format special catalogue page) for easy reference. Drawing catalogue includes drawing type, drawing number, drawing content, code of standard atlas, remarks, etc. In the construction drawing of decoration engineering, the general situation of the project, design style, material selection, construction technology, practices and matters needing attention, as well as other contents that are difficult to express in the construction drawing or that the designer thinks are important should be written into words and compiled into design instructions. Section II Layout Plan is the main pattern in the decoration construction drawing. It is a pattern drawn according to the decoration design principle, ergonomics and user's requirements to reflect the architectural layout, the division of decoration space and functional areas, the layout of furniture and equipment, greening and furnishings, etc. It is the main basis for determining the plane scale of decoration space and the positioning of decorative bodies. 1. The floor plan is a horizontal orthographic drawing of the following parts by using a horizontal cutting plane to cut horizontally along the position of doors and windows on each floor, and removing the parts above the cutting plane. The cutting position is selected within the height range of the door and window openings on each floor, and it is not necessary to indicate the cutting position in the indoor elevation. The floor plan, like the building floor plan, is actually a horizontal profile, but it is customarily called a floor plan, and its common scales are 1: 51, 1: 111 and 1: 151. The contour lines of walls and columns cut in the floor plan are represented by thick solid lines; The contents that are not cut but can be seen are represented by thin solid lines, such as furniture, ground compartments, stairs and steps. In the floor plan, the opening line of the door leaf should be represented by a thin solid line. Second, the reading of the floor plan (1) First browse the functional layout and pattern proportion of each room in the floor plan to understand the basic content in the picture. (2) Pay attention to the layout of the plane scale, ground elevation, furniture and furnishings of each functional area. The living room is the main space in the residential layout. (3) Understand the internal symbols in the floor plan. (4) Read the detailed dimensions in the floor plan. In general, the size of fixed furniture or modeling should be marked in the floor plan. On the periphery of the floor plan, two dimensions should generally be marked: the first dimension is the opening of the door and window, the wall between the holes or the wall stack, and the second dimension is the width and depth of the house. When there are steps and other components around the outdoor house, the setting and positioning dimensions should also be marked. The floor plan determines the function and streamline layout of indoor space, which is the basic basis and condition for ceiling design and wall design. After the floor plan is determined, the floor plan, ceiling plan, wall (column) decorative elevation plan and other drawings will be designed. Third, the graphic content of the floor plan The floor plan should usually show the following contents: 1) The basic content of the building plan, such as the wall column and positioning axis, the layout and name of the room, the position and number of doors and windows, and the opening direction of the door. 2) Elevation of indoor floor (ground). 3) Location of indoor fixed furniture, movable furniture and household appliances. 4) Decorative furnishings, landscaping and other positions and legend symbols. 5) Interior projection symbols of indoor elevation (numbered in the circle clockwise from top to bottom). 6) The setting and positioning dimensions of the furniture made in the indoor field. 7) The dimension of the house periphery and the axis number, etc. 8) Index symbols, drawing names and necessary explanations, etc. Apart from beautiful renderings, six aspects that are very important but easily overlooked in interior design are: 1. Providing indoor sound, light and thermal effects that meet the requirements of use to meet the needs of indoor environmental material functions; 2. It has beautiful space composition and interface treatment, pleasant light, color and material configuration, and conforms to the environmental atmosphere of the building character to meet the needs of the spiritual function of the indoor environment; 3. Adopt reasonable decoration structure and technical measures, and choose appropriate decoration materials and facilities to make it have good economic benefits; 4, comply with the safety evacuation, fire prevention, health and other design specifications, comply with the relevant quota standards adapted to the design task; 5. With the passage of time, consider the possibility of adapting to the adjustment of indoor functions and updating decorative materials and equipment; 6. Considering the requirements of sustainable development, the indoor environment design should consider the energy saving, material saving and pollution prevention of the indoor environment, and pay attention to making full use of and saving indoor space. 1 The direction of the floor plan should be consistent with that of the general plan. The long side of the plan should be consistent with the long side of the horizontal format drawing. 2 When drawing more than one floor plan on the same drawing, the floor plans of each floor should be arranged from left to right or from bottom to top in the order from low to high. 3 In addition to the ceiling plan, all kinds of plans should be drawn by orthographic projection method. 4 The floor plan of the building should be cut horizontally at the doors and windows of the building (the roof plan should be above the roof), and the figure should include the building structure visible in the cutting plane and projection direction, as well as the necessary size and elevation, etc. If it is necessary to represent the invisible parts such as high windows, holes, vents, troughs, trenches and cranes, it should be drawn with dotted lines. The name or number of the room should be noted in the building plan. Note the number in the circle drawn by a thin solid line with a diameter of 6MM, and list the room names on the same drawing. 6 For buildings with large plane, the floor plan can be drawn in different areas, but each floor plan should draw a schematic diagram of the combination. Each district shall be numbered in capital Latin letters. The partition to be prompted in the assembly diagram should be indicated by hatching or filling. 7 ceiling plan should be drawn by mirror projection method. 8 In order to indicate the position of the indoor facade on the plan, the position, direction and elevation number of the viewpoint should be indicated with internal visual symbols on the plan. The circle in the symbol should be drawn with a thin solid line, and the diameter of the circle can be selected from 8 to 12 mm according to the scale of the drawing. The elevation number should be in Latin letters or Arabic numerals.