Huizhou architecture

Huizhou architecture school name. In the process of forming, the ancient Huizhou architecture was influenced by the unique geographical environment and humanistic concept, showing distinct regional characteristics, and was unique in many aspects, such as modeling, function, decoration and structure. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the rise of Huizhou gentry and commercial groups, Huizhou gardens and residential buildings also stepped out of Huizhou mainland synchronously, in the south of the Yangtze River and in the north of the Yangtze River. Jinling, Hangzhou in Zhejiang, Jinhua, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and other places are cities with relatively dense Huizhou architecture all year round. "Huizhou Architecture" is a mature school of ancient architecture in the late period of ancient China. Its technological characteristics and modeling style are mainly reflected in residential buildings, temples, memorial archways and gardens. As a designer and implementer, The folk "Huizhou Gang" craftsman group in the south of the Yangtze River has played an important role in the formation of this school. The most distinctive style of "Huizhou architecture" is the traditional folk houses, which reflect the mountain features, geomantic wishes and regional aesthetic tendency of Huizhou. The structure of Huizhou houses is mostly in the form of multi-entry courtyard (the small ones are mostly three-way courtyard), generally facing south, facing the mountains and facing the water, and stressing geomantic value. The layout is symmetrically divided by the central axis. In front of the hall, the courtyard is called patio, with lighting and ventilation, and the courtyards are set together, creating a deep self-sufficient family living space. The appearance of residential houses is very integrated and aesthetic, with high walls closed, horse heads tilted, wall lines scattered, black tiles and white walls, and elegant colors. In terms of decoration, the beauty of Huizhou residence's "three sculptures" is breathtaking, with blue brick door covers, stone carvings leaking windows and wood carving columns integrated with buildings. It can be called a major feature of Huizhou-style residence. Ancestral temples and memorial archways in Huizhou are also quite heavy in Huizhou-style buildings. Ancestral temples are divided into general temples and sub-temples, which are generally large in scale, and are composed of mountain gates, enjoyment halls and sleeping halls. The beams are majestic, and the "three sculptures" are wonderful and magnificent. Memorial archways are mainly made of stone, with four columns and five floors, four columns soaring to the sky and eight columns. It is an important part of ancient Huizhou cultural landscape. "Huizhou architecture" is still full of vitality today. In the north and south of the great river, Huizhou new buildings can often be seen. As a traditional architectural school, Huizhou architecture, which is quaint, concise and rich, still maintains its unique artistic style.

Portal Huizhou architecture format. Huizhou architecture gates are all equipped with gatehouses (smaller ones are called gatehouses). The main function is to prevent rainwater from splashing down the wall on the door. Generally, the door cover of a farmer's house is relatively simple. In a position a little away from the upper part of the door frame, the eaves and feet protruding outwards are built with water mill bricks, and the roof is covered with tiles, and some simple decorations are carved. The gate house of the rich family is very particular, and there are many brick carvings or stone carvings. The gate house of the Jinshi Gate House in Yansi Town, Huizhou District has three four columns and five floors, which are built in imitation of the Ming Dynasty archway. The gate house is made of bluestone and water mill bricks. There are huge drum-hugging stones on both sides of the column, which are elegant and luxurious. The gatehouse of a residential building in Yuliang Town, Shexian County, and a brick carving "Hundred Pictures" between two horizontal purlins, with hundreds of sculptures at different levels, are vivid and vivid. The gatehouse is the face of the house and has become a symbol of the owner's status.

The hall-style Huizhou architectural structure, also known as Hui Hall. The small three rooms are opposite to the hall, and the population enters through the doors on both sides of the front screen of the hall. One hall has two rooms. The hall is smaller than the formal three rooms, with patio lighting.

Hall-style Huizhou architectural structure. The hall is a hall with three rooms open, and it is convenient to use in winter with movable partitions. Generally, the hall has two corridors facing the patio. There are also screen doors for the middle population, which enter and exit from both sides of the screen doors every day. Then it enters and exits from the middle door of the screen door. The variation of the hall sometimes has a side door population, a guest room is set under the patio to entertain visitors, or two rooms are set up by the front door population. The hall is mainly used for courtesy activities in Huizhou residence, such as welcoming VIPs and handling wedding and funeral gifts. It is also used as a place for daily activities and is the main part of the whole house.

The architectural format of "big roof kiss" refers to the large-scale roof kiss decoration of Huizhou school. The word of Huizhou ancient architecture. Large-scale buildings, such as houses and mansions, follow the official practice of the Song Construction Law, and adopt the big roof ridge kiss, the front kiss, the crouching ridge beast, the vertical ridge kiss, the horn shovel beast, the set beast, etc. The shape is different from the official practice, and it belongs to the Huizhou style, and its origin is accompanied by many interesting legends. For example, the front kiss refers to the fish (arowana) on both ends of the ridge. As a temple kiss, the fire disaster is suppressed. "Orthodoxy kiss is thus inherited. Another example is the vertical ridge kiss: the figure ornament located at the ridge head perpendicular to the orthodox ridge is called" immortal ".There are different opinions about the immortal. There are often people who say that Dagong Jiang is here to" kill demons and catch special things ".There are also people who say that" Dayu "is afraid that there will be too many fish on the roof, and that the fish will turn over and flood easily. The beast standing on the ridge is a "roaring dog", which also means that Erlang God catches evil spirits in this town. All kinds of statements are to protect peace and express endless happiness.

The architectural format of Feilai Chair is an elegant name for setting chairs around the patio upstairs of Huizhou residential buildings. See [Beauty Crash ].

The architectural structure of Huizhou residential buildings with high walls. There are many ancient residential buildings in Huizhou, which are surrounded by high walls. Only a few small windows are opened, and the lighting mainly depends on the patio. This kind of residence is often very deep. The entrance is a vestibule, with a patio in the middle and a hall in the back. Generally, people live there. The hall is separated by a middle door, with a two-bedroom room. There is a bank up wall behind the hall, with a patio on the wall and wings on both sides. This is the first entry. The second entry structure is a ridge divided into two halls, with two wells in the front and back, and a partition in the middle. The structure is basically the same. All the people living in this kind of deep house are a family. With the offspring's reproduction, the house will be built one by one, so the big house has the saying of "thirty-six patios and seventy-two sill windows". Generally, one branch lives one by one. Once the door is closed, each household will live independently; As soon as the door is opened, a gate comes in and out, and an ancestor worships under the sign. It vividly reflects the ancient folk custom of Huizhou where people live together. This kind of high-walled and deep-dwelling building, which has never been scattered by thousands of people, is rare in China.

The lattice window Huizhou architectural format. Huizhou folk houses use wooden lattice windows to separate spaces along the patio, and its functions are lighting, ventilation, dust prevention, heat preservation and division. The main forms of grid core strips are square (square, square, oblique square, mat pattern, etc.), round (round mirror, crescent moon, ancient money, fan face, etc.), glyph (cross, sub-word, Tian Zi, I-word, etc.) and assorted (flowers, animals, utensils, totems, etc.). The grid window patterns mostly use metaphors and homophones to express auspiciousness. "Fu Shou Shuang Quan" is represented by longevity peach and bergamot pattern; "Four Seasons Peace" means putting Chinese rose flowers on a vase; The combination of ears of grain, bees and lanterns is used in the "Five Grains Harvest"; "Fu Lushou" is represented by a bat, a deer and a peach. The lattice window also uses veiled silk, colored paper and bamboo curtains to increase indoor light transmission.

The three unique Huizhou architecture is known as the ancient poetry hall, the ancient houses and the ancient archway, which is the most outstanding representative of the artistic achievements in Huizhou ancient architecture.

The Huizhou architecture format of crossing the street is also called "Riding on a horse". Quite elegant. Generally, the building is about 2 meters high, 3-5 meters long and 4-5 meters wide. On both sides of the longitudinal street, the lower half of the building is built with brick walls, and the upper half is equipped with removable trough plates. The overpass is an accessory building of the big house in shape, which plays a role in decorating the community. Whenever there are weddings and funerals, the wallboard of the upper section of the overpass is removed, and the trumpet drummer stands upstairs to play music, which can be played by the owner in the house according to the overpass. Determine the greeting etiquette.

The architectural format of Huoxiang Huizhou School is generally set in a large residence, which is spacious and deep. Its function is mainly fire prevention, so it is also called Huoxiang. It is also used as a living room passage. In the old days, ladies of wealthy families had to take a sedan chair when they went out, but they could not go up and down outside the gate, and Huoxiang became a place for their harem to get on and off the sedan chair. When they went out, the sedan chair bearers lifted it at two o'clock and carried it out of the gate before they could go out. On the contrary.

The Huizhou style architecture of the upstairs hall. In ancient Huizhou, there was abundant rainfall, humid climate, few people and high mountains. In order to prevent the gas of furuncle in the mountains, people took the upstairs as their main living place. Therefore, the upstairs hall was particularly spacious, with not only bedrooms, halls and wings, but also beautiful people along the patio. The design was exquisite and beautiful. It is quite artistic. The upstairs hall retains the pattern of "dry-column" architecture of the ancient Shanyue people.

The architectural format of Horsehead Wall refers to the wall that is higher than the roof of two gables. In order to meet the needs of intensive fire prevention and wind protection of village houses, the old buildings in Huizhou have a "bank up Wall" built on the top of the two gables of residential houses. Because it looks like a horse's head, it is called "Horsehead Wall". Its structure: With the roof. Covered with small blue tiles, and mounted on the top of each pile head is a fan board (golden flower board). There are various Soviet-style "seat heads" on it, including "magpie tail type", "printing bucket type" and "sitting kiss type". "Magpie tail type" means carving a brick resembling a magpie tail as the seat head. "Printing bucket type" means firing a "field" in a kiln. However, there are two ways to handle the seal bucket holder: "sitting on the bucket" and "picking on the bucket". The "sitting kiss" is a kind of "kissing beast" which is put on the head of the chair by kiln, and there are common animals such as feeding chickens, octopus and tengu.

Beauty relies on Huizhou architectural format, which is an elegant name for setting chairs around the patio upstairs of Huizhou residential buildings. Huizhou ancient residential buildings often take the upstairs as their daily main habitat and activities. You can only lean on the chair around the patio and look out at the outside world, or peek at the entertainment that is ushered in downstairs, so you can call this chair "Beauty Lean". The backrest of this chair protrudes beyond the railing around the patio and is suspended in the air, so it is also called "Flying Chair".

Four-in-one Huizhou architectural structure is a combination of two groups and three rooms, which can be divided into two types: big four-in-one and small four-in-one. The lower hall is also a three-room, with a slightly shallower depth, a lower floor than the upper hall, and upper and lower sides are connected by wings, with movable partitions. The stairwell is located in the wing, and some are not behind the upper hall, and then a wing and a small patio are set up. The small four-in-one upper hall is the same as the big four-in-one, while the lower hall is a bungalow, with a small area and depth. Generally, the middle hall can not constitute the lower hall, but only serves as a passage, with two rooms. Stairs are all behind the upper hall.

Courtyard Huizhou architecture format. Except for a few "dark three rooms", most houses in Huizhou have no "patios". The patios of three rooms are located in front of the hall, and the patios of four-bedroom houses are located in the hall. This design makes the room full of light and ventilation, but it is cold in winter and rainy. The design of patios has a lot to do with Huizhou's business tradition. Business people are afraid of financial outflow. It's called "Four Waters Reaching the Hall" or "Four Waters Returning to the Ming Hall" according to the view, which is a good luck with no outflow of wealth.

The building materials of Xiaoqingwa Huizhou School are divided into board tiles, drip tiles, gutter tiles, flower tiles and other varieties. Board tiles are used for large-area coverage and can be laid into two shapes: bottom tiles and cover tiles to facilitate drainage. Bottom tiles (gutter tiles). The convex surface of the cover tile is opposite to that of the bottom tile, and it is covered between the two ditch tiles. The drip tile is made by adding a "wishful" drip lip on the head of a ditch tile, which forms a 31-degree slope with the ditch tile, so as to throw the rain further. The ditch tile, also known as the cat's head tile, is painted with a cat's head pattern, which is used in the front of the cover tile and forms a 91-degree angle with the cover tile to seal the two ditch tiles to prevent rats and birds from nesting in the tile ridge. The flower head tile is made in the ditch tile. Cover it on the overlapping gutter tiles. The roof and the roof of the wind-fire wall are also built with slab tiles to form "ridge ribs" and "panlong", on which the vertical tile ridges are densely placed or the tile ridges are short.

The architectural custom of Huizhou style is that the roofs of Huizhou style buildings are covered with small green tiles like fish scales, commonly known as "fish scale tiles". Fish scale tiles make the roofs appear row upon row, which is a typical tile making method in Huizhou. It is a unique architectural form influenced by Feng Shui consciousness. It is also called shadow wall or screen wall. Feng Shui pays attention to guiding air, but air can't rush directly into the hall or bedroom, otherwise it will be unlucky. The way to avoid air rush is to build a wall in front of the door or the door. In order to keep the air flowing, this wall can't be closed, so it forms the building form of zhaobi. No matter whether the zhaobi is located outside or inside the door, it has wind resistance and shields the line of sight. If there is decoration on the wall (such as the Nine Dragon Wall), it will have an effect on the scenery. Huizhou folk belief that ghosts walk straight and their feet don't touch the ground, so the wall can block ghosts and ward off evil spirits, and shield the wind and collect air. All the older ancient buildings in Huizhou are equipped with walls.