The rising oil price in the international market has recently exceeded $70 per barrel, which has brought increasing pressure on China's rapidly developing social economy. For more than a century, oil is the most widely used fossil energy, and it is called "the blood of modern society". It is not only the mother of energy, but also the basic raw material of modern industrial products such as textiles, electronics, chemicals and materials. High oil price, shortage of resources, pressure of environmental protection and the need of rapid growth have formed irreconcilable contradictions, which directly restrict China to accelerate the construction of a "well-off society in an all-round way" and national security. According to the reporter's investigation and interview, China has studied the bioenergy and biomaterials industry with the ability to replace oil for decades, and has also accumulated a certain amount in biomass energy processing and transformation and related environmental protection technologies. Experts believe that China has the conditions for large-scale industrialization and industrialization of bioenergy and biomaterials, which will generate an output value of one trillion yuan in 2020, and form a partial substitution capacity at the "turning point of oil exhaustion".
Oil consumption is still the symbol of China's national consumption level, and huge imports endanger social and economic development and national security.
In this century, the rise in oil prices has put pressure on many ordinary people. Take No.93 gasoline as an example, the current price has risen from about 1.8 yuan before 2000 to about 4.4 yuan now. Professor Ni, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and former vice president of Tsinghua University, said in an interview a few days ago: According to the prediction of the US Department of Energy and the World Energy Council, the exploitable life of global petrochemical energy is 39 years for oil, 60 years for natural gas and 2 1 1 year for coal, which are mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Russia and the Middle East. China is a country with relatively poor oil resources. Experts estimate that the stable supply of oil will not exceed 20 years. 2020 is likely to be a "turning point year" for us to achieve a "well-off society in an all-round way".
According to the information provided by the General Administration of Customs, China has become a net oil importer from 1993. In the past 10 years, China's oil demand almost doubled. In 2004, the imported crude oil was 65.438+0.2 billion tons, an increase of 34.8% over the previous year, accounting for more than 40% of the total oil supply in China. Dependence on oil imports will rise to 57% this year. By 20 10, the total oil consumption in China will reach 400 million tons. The domestic production capacity is only 65.438+0.6 billion tons to 65.438+0.7 billion tons.
In addition, China's demand for petroleum-based energy and materials, such as ethylene and alcohol, has soared. In 2004, the actual consumption was more than160,000 tons, and imports accounted for more than 40%. Experts predict that by 20 10, the demand for such products will rise to about 30 million tons. These are the basic raw materials for chemicals, electronics, automobiles, textiles, plastics and energy products. Moreover, at present, this complete set of equipment for petroleum processing products is monopolized by large foreign companies.
According to the rough statistics of relevant departments, the international crude oil price rose in 2004, which caused China to pay an extra $6 billion to $8 billion, equivalent to the minimum living allowance for 20 million unemployed workers for one year. On August 25th, 2005, the oil price in new york reached a new high, exceeding $67. At the same time, Goldman Sachs predicts that oil prices will continue to rise and may eventually reach $0/05 per barrel. Recently, the International Monetary Fund once again predicted that the international crude oil price would steadily climb above 100 USD due to the continuous and substantial increase of China's oil imports. Some experts even analyzed that developed countries will continue to push up oil prices as an important means to suppress China, Indian and other post-developed countries.
Petroleum is the basic energy raw material. Due to resource constraints, it is impossible to control the price, which has caused great pressure on the domestic market. Take Anhui as an example. In late March, the price increase of Anqing refined oil triggered a strike petition in the taxi industry, and the whole city was paralyzed. Previously, similar incidents occurred many times in large and medium-sized cities such as Nanjing. On August 1 day, another taxi strike directly triggered by oil prices occurred in Hefei. Even without considering the influence of international political changes on China's energy security, it has become a top priority to ensure the healthy and stable development of social economy and realize the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way.
Building a "well-off society" and developing the automobile industry are still the mainstream.
Cars are considered as a symbol of a modern well-off society. In 2000, our government proposed to build a "well-off society in an all-round way". At that time, there was a blowout in China automobile sales market, and at the same time there was a major turning point from group buying to individual car buying. According to the introduction of Anhui Chery Group, 2000 was designated as "the first year of China automobile" by the automobile industry, which was considered as the starting point for China automobile to enter a period of rapid development.
At present, the high price of refined oil has a certain impact on the development of automobile industry and the popularization of products, but from the experience of developed countries and the development trend of China, the rapid increase of automobile ownership is irreversible. Recently, the International Monetary Fund once again predicted that by 2030, the number of cars in China will reach 390 million, about 20 times as much as it is now.
Hefei University of Technology is one of the cradles of automobile talents in China. During the interview, experts and professors unanimously stated that "developed automobile industry" is an inevitable pillar for a country to step into industrialization and modernization. The research group of "National Economic Development Period" in the Business School of China University of Science and Technology has come to the conclusion that the industrialization process of any developed country can not be separated from the contribution of the automobile industry, especially the car industry. In the past 65,438+000 years, no invention can be compared with the automobile in promoting human progress. With the change of national consciousness and the leap-forward improvement of national quality, the popularization of automobiles plays an incomparable role. Automobile is a master of new technology, new materials and new technology, which promotes technological progress in all directions. Automobile is also an industry with high industrial relevance. According to the recognized data, the automobile industry, which is dominated by family cars, can pull the auxiliary industries and related industries to1:7:11; According to the survey, there are seven countries in the world whose GNP exceeds 1 trillion dollars, including China. The other six countries have "internationally competitive automobile industries", with 200-600 cars per thousand people. Only China is relatively backward in the national automobile industry, so the per capita GDP is only one twenty-first of the top six.
According to a survey conducted by the Research Office of the Ministry of Science and Technology, the automobile market in China has entered a period of rapid growth since 2000, with an increase of over 30% in the last two years. In 2003, the automobile output increased by 35.20% compared with the previous year, and the sales volume increased by 34.2 1%. The output of special purpose vehicles increased from 109.28 in the previous year to 206.89, an increase of 84.7%.
China's bioenergy industry has broad market prospects.
According to experts' analysis, oil is no longer the fuel for Li's sustainable development, and there are four major problems in over-dependence, including: the double risks of domestic resource shortage and fierce international oil competition; The performance of gasoline and diesel oil can no longer meet the sustainable development requirements of high level and high cleanliness of automobiles; Oil prices remain high and the burden on users increases; Dependence on imports will consume a lot of foreign exchange and affect domestic employment. Huge international procurement will make China crude oil fall into a "price encirclement" similar to the current iron ore market. In order to meet the demand of automobile consumption, it is an inevitable trend to establish an alternative fuel system for vehicles.
It is understood that the number of cars in China currently exceeds 20 million, and it will reach 50 million to 60 million in 20 10. By then, the annual output of domestic automobiles will reach more than100000, and the market scale of automobile refined oil will be several hundred billion yuan. On the other hand, environmental protection forces China to adopt oil substitution technology. In Beijing, Shanghai and other big cities, buses have earlier implemented the measures of replacing oil with natural gas, mainly because of environmental factors. At present, natural gas, coal, biomass energy and other technical routes to replace oil, their combustion emissions are less than about 40% of oil. According to the urban progress of China, 400 million people will "enter the city" before 2020, and the number of cars will increase dramatically. Without clean alternative energy, it is impossible to maintain a suitable urban living environment for human beings. It has been calculated that in big cities, every car uses 15KG of gasoline and diesel, and10.5 million tons of gasoline and diesel is used for/kloc-0 1.8338 million cubic meters of oxygen in the air, making it an oxygen-free gas containing only carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Because carbon dioxide is much heavier than air, most of it is distributed near the ground, and it can be accumulated within 100 square kilometers 1.83m thick, which is a slap higher than normal people in China. What a terrible scene it would be without the airflow given by nature!
Ouyang Pingkai, academician of China Academy of Engineering, director of the National Research Center for Biochemical Engineering Technology and president of Nanjing University, said that the National Committee of the United States predicted that by 2020, 50% of organic chemicals and materials would come from biomass raw materials. In China, biomass conversion was the earliest way to replace petroleum, that is, ethanol gasoline. Biodiesel is a vehicle fuel extracted from vegetable oil and animal oil, which can directly replace diesel oil, with low emission, no need to modify the engine, and has a protective effect on the vehicle engine. Countries all over the world attach great importance to this and develop rapidly. The United States, Canada, Brazil, Japan and India all have huge development plans. European Union countries use vegetable oil to process biodiesel, and the processing capacity of 200 1 year reaches 1 10,000 tons. Our government also attaches great importance to this work in this century. In recent years, many biodiesel plants with annual output exceeding 1 10,000 tons have been built one after another. It is estimated that by 20 10, the demand for biodiesel in China will reach 20 million tons.
The automobile energy market is stable and huge. In the case of high oil prices, the oil extended substitution market is also very considerable. Anhui Fengyuan Group built the world's first biomass raw material ethylene production device in Suzhou, which was put into operation at the end of 2004, with an annual output of 20,000 tons and considerable benefits. At the end of July 2005, when the reporter interviewed the enterprise, Wu Yuxi, the person in charge, said, "When the price of crude oil is around 35 dollars per barrel, the enterprise can make a profit; To 40 dollars a barrel, the profit per ton of products can reach 5000 yuan, and the profit per ton of products can reach 8000 yuan when the crude oil exceeds 50 dollars a barrel, with a profit rate as high as 35%.
The interviewed experts and entrepreneurs emphasized that there is an alternative route of coal chemical industry in the oil substitution industry. But replacing one scarce energy source with another can only be a stopgap measure. The industrial chain of bioenergy and biomaterials is very long, involving basic research, process creation, complete sets of equipment, transportation and distribution, design and production of end products and so on. China is shifting from export-driven to domestic demand-driven, and the "domestic demand" of energy and raw materials is strong, which inevitably calls for a huge oil substitution industry.
Alternative energy: Replacing oil will make China's resource situation from short to long.
-The second bioenergy development survey
Judging from the current research level at home and abroad, there are still many technical uncertainties in fuel cell vehicles, electric vehicles and hydrogen-powered vehicles, and it is still unknown when they will be put into operation. The cost of hybrid electric vehicles is high, and the consumption of refined oil is still the main factor. On the other hand, the application of petroleum is not only the driving force of transportation, but also the chemical products such as ethylene derived from it are the basic materials that are more widely used than steel. Therefore, the development of bioenergy is the only way to solve the problems of automobile fuel and energy and raw materials in the middle and long term after the oil age.
At present, bio-energy technology is relatively mature in the world, and the ways to replace oil are: grain, straw and other plants. -Fermentation-ethanol-automotive oil, ethylene, nontoxic solvents and hundreds of chemical raw materials. The other is to use inferior edible oil and jatropha curcas seeds to directly process and produce high-quality automotive diesel oil. No matter what kind of biomass conversion, it is the "long leg" of China resources. Developing bioenergy is the best opportunity for a large agricultural country and "oil-deficient and coal-rich" resources to change from short to long.
Developing oil substitution industry is conducive to solving the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers.
The problems of agriculture, rural areas, farmers, environment and resources are the key to achieve balanced development and build a harmonious society in a country with a population of 654.38 billion. The establishment of a huge "oil substitution" energy system not only provides a good opportunity for China's agricultural industrialization and rural urbanization, but also is an important driving force for China's long-term development and the best starting point for solving these outstanding problems. One of the most famous agricultural scientists in China, Shi Yuanchun, an academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering, recently publicly proposed that farmers in China should "plant a green big green tree".
According to the investigation of the relevant units of the Ministry of Science and Technology, sugarcane and cassava in the south of China, wheat and rice in the central and eastern regions, potatoes and corn in the north, and tung oil in the west. Jatropha curcas, sweet potatoes in arid areas, etc. They are all good raw materials for processing converted fuel alcohol and biodiesel. Jatropha curcas seeds contain 50% oil, which is a good material for producing biodiesel. There are 654.38+ten thousand mu in southwest China, and the planting area will reach1ten thousand mu by 20 10. Wang Hongguang, director of the Biotechnology Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology, told reporters in an interview: At present, the processing and transformation of surplus agricultural and sideline products in China can truly "recreate the anniversary", which is equivalent to 50 million tons of crude oil. If the straw burned by farmers every year is collected and processed to produce ethanol instead of automobile oil, the total amount can reach 60 million to 654.38 billion tons. Li Rongjie, chairman of Anhui Fengyuan Group, who has begun to replace petroleum products with processed biomass products, estimates that it is profitable to process biomass energy into fuel alcohol, biodiesel, ethylene and polyester as long as the oil is not less than $35 per barrel.
Wang Jingkang, an academician of China Academy of Engineering and a professor at Tianjin University, and other experts pointed out: "The predictions of many countries and organizations in the world show that renewable energy will exceed 50% in one-time energy consumption in the middle of this century." Once bio-hydrogen production, which is difficult in science and technology, is put into use, the prospect of bio-energy will be broader. Fortunately, the biomass energy-rich areas in China are often poor areas and pure agricultural areas, and the economic construction is relatively backward. Developing biomass energy is not only of economic significance, but also of great significance to solving agricultural industrialization, rural surplus labor transfer, rural industrialization and building a harmonious society. Professor Shi Yuanchun, a famous agricultural expert in China, and other experts stressed that the development of biomass energy should achieve "four birds with one stone": first, the comprehensive utilization of biomass energy can solve the problem of increasing farmers' income; Second, developing small and medium-sized processing enterprises can accelerate agricultural industrialization and rural urbanization; Third, the poor rural areas in the central and western regions with abundant biomass energy and land resources will form a biomass energy enterprise cluster in China, thus promoting the process of a harmonious society; Fourthly, combined with the adjustment of China's energy strategy, China's self-owned brand automobile industry can consider producing bio-energy automobile products that adapt to China's energy system, catch up in the process of automobile popularization and enhance its competitiveness.
Developing bioenergy and raw materials can achieve "four noes"
Energy and raw materials are the supporting systems of the country and society. Will the strategic adjustment touch the social foundation and various interests, thus causing greater social shocks? The China Biotechnology Development Center of the Ministry of Science and Technology has conducted a lot of investigation and research, and Wang Hongguang, director of the center, summed it up as "four noes": "Do not compete with people for grain, with grain for land, with traditional industries, and with developed countries for resources".
"Don't compete with people for grain and land for traditional industries" is a new feature of developing biomass energy utilization in China, which has been emphasized by researchers from the Ministry of Science and Technology, the National Development and Reform Commission, Tsinghua University and Beijing Agricultural University. Wang Hongguang, director of the Biotechnology Development Center, Li Shizhong, a professor at Beijing Agricultural University, and Xiu Zhilong, dean of the School of Life Sciences of Dalian University of Technology, said: China has great potential in scientific utilization of grain. Every year, aged grain and feed grain are about 654.38 billion tons, and a considerable 50 million tons of crude oil can be obtained through processing and transformation, and 30% will continue to be used as feed. The current situation is that 80 million tons of grain are directly used as drinks every year, and more than 30 million tons of starch are wasted. According to the data provided by Henan Tianguan Fuel Ethanol Co., Ltd., only the substances extracted from wheat bran have the same value as wheat. At present, the raw materials for developing bioenergy and biomaterials are plants with wide distribution and high utilization value. For example, the yield of sweet corn studied by scientists in China can reach 70 tons per hectare, which can produce more than 6 tons of fuel alcohol. Cassava, sugarcane, Jerusalem artichoke, potato and sweet potato in the south. These inedible plants are the best raw materials to be converted into bioenergy and materials. In addition, China now wastes 654.38 billion tons of crop straws and forestry wastes every year, which is equivalent to more than 654.38 billion tons of fuel gasoline.
As far as the land resources for developing bioenergy and materials are concerned, there are about 4 billion mu of low-quality and barren slopes and beaches in China, which can be used to grow suitable species; There are 300 million winter fallow fields in the south of Huaihe River, which are used to grow rape to produce biodiesel, which is equivalent to "rebuilding Daqing". According to experts, the research on processing crops and potato plants replacing petroleum products in China has a long history, rich sources and great potential. As early as the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan, ministries and universities organized scientists to tackle key problems and found many inexhaustible plant germplasm. If there is a stable market, the conditions for promoting planting are quite mature. A professor from Dalian University of Technology planted hundreds of thousands of acres of Jerusalem artichoke (Jerusalem artichoke) on the seashore of Shandong, which grew well. This plant is planted by farmers in the north and south of China on a small scale. On barren land, saline-alkali land and tidal flat can grow well and have strong sand-fixing ability. Plant once and grow naturally. Dig its tuber every year, and the next year it will grow by itself. The yield per mu can reach 10 thousand Jin. The sugar content is more than 30% of that of sugarcane, and the sweetness is twice that of sucrose. Combined with the "Mountain River Reconstruction" project, a large number of plants rich in biomass energy can be planted in China. Jatropha curcas and other woody oil plants in southwest China have developed rapidly, and the oil content of seeds has reached 50%, which is currently 6.5438+million mu and 6.5438+million mu in 2065.438+00.
According to experts' analysis, the front end of biomass energy utilization, especially the energy and material industries that replace oil, is agriculture, the middle is biotransformation such as fermentation, and the back end is the existing large chemical industry. Therefore, the large-scale development of China's biomass energy industry will not impact the traditional chemical industry. At the same time, the demand for energy and raw materials in China is growing too fast, and the consumption is high. The traditional oil processing industry can't meet the market demand at all, and the product supply guarantee ability is weak. Now the "oil shortage" in Guangdong and other places is a precursor. Therefore, the traditional petrochemical field is generally optimistic about bioenergy and raw materials, and national monopoly petrochemical companies such as PetroChina are also pushing the utilization of biomass energy.
Professor Andy Lau of Tsinghua University and others emphasized that the utilization of biomass energy, especially replacing oil, is the best starting point for China to build a harmonious society and solve the problems of agriculture, energy and environment. China's ancient and poor border areas are rich in biomass energy and land resources. By developing bio-industry, these areas can form new industries, and rural areas can form the fulcrum of industrialization. Liu Jiaoshou made a special investigation in Qinghai Province, which is twice as large as German, and is very suitable for planting rape. At present, the annual output of biodiesel in Germany is 6.5438+0.4 million tons. If Qinghai can develop to the level of Germany, its industrial chain income will be very considerable. China's Xinjiang cotton producing area is vast, and introducing an oil-producing gene into cottonseed can produce high side benefits. China's dependence on foreign oil exceeds 50%, and its demand will expand every year; The pollution of fossil products to the environment is becoming more and more serious. In contrast, the pollution emissions of fuel ethanol and biodiesel are more than 50% lower than those of fossil fuels. Biological materials, such as polylactic acid, can be made into degradable plastics, green coatings and textiles.
Alternative energy: learn from the experience of foreign oil substitution and bioenergy development.
-The Third Bioenergy Development Survey
1907, the automobile inventor Ford made the first engine burning pure ethanol; In 1930s, many countries used alcohol combustion instead of oil as vehicle energy. During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China, many of our cars used ethanol as fuel. However, it has been about 20 years since the foreign industry really replaced oil.
According to the investigation by the National Development and Reform Commission, the formation of fuel ethanol replacing oil industry led by the United States and Brazil can be divided into four stages: First, in the 1970s, the first international oil crisis made developed countries and oil-poor countries pay attention to oil substitution to solve the problem of high dependence on oil. The United States, Brazil and other countries have developed ethanol to replace automobile oil on a large scale. Natural gas and coal chemical products such as methanol are introduced into the automobile energy system; The second stage, in 1980s, mainly solved the problem that surplus agricultural products affected agricultural development and farmers' income. In the third stage, in the 1990s, the automobile industry developed rapidly and the number of automobiles increased greatly. The introduction of alcohol solves the problem of oxygenation of automobile engine oil, and ethanol is used to improve engine performance and reduce air pollution caused by automobile exhaust. The fourth stage is entering the 2 1 century. Both developed and developing countries attach importance to oil substitution and solve all the above problems from all aspects. For our country, this is the most fundamental way to solve the sustainable development.
"Solar energy-biomass-ethanol fuel-energy utilization-carbon dioxide and water" in biomass energy conversion is highly sought after by scientific circles and environmentalists because it fully embodies "green" and "recycling". At present, Canada, France, Sweden, Germany, Mexico, Japan, India, South Korea and Thailand all have plans to develop oil substitution industries, which are implemented on different scales. Brazil is the largest. At present, all cars use ethanol gasoline, and the fuel alcohol (ethanol) that replaces petroleum accounts for 43%. Ethanol gasoline has a market share of 12% in the United States. California began to implement the "Flexible Fuel Vehicle Plan" from 1993, and formulated the E85 fuel specification: 85% ethanol+15% gasoline.
Brazil is the most comparable to China in developing oil substitution industry. Brazil has an area of 85 1 0,000 square kilometers and a population of10.65 billion. Agriculture is an important pillar of Brazil, in which sugarcane planting and sucrose export rank first in the world. Brazil is also an oil-poor country. From 1930, 5% to 15% ethanol was used in gasoline. After the oil price fell to 1 USD 1 barrel, Brazil's maritime traffic was very convenient, and the production of oil substitute products was suspended for a long time.
Brazil's automobile industry developed earlier, and domestic automobiles became popular rapidly in 1960s. 1973, the oil crisis broke out. At that time, the Brazilian government paid more than 4 billion dollars to buy oil, which dealt a heavy blow to the Brazilian economy and made the government determined to develop oil substitution industries. 1975, the Brazilian government launched "Bioenergy Plan" and "National Implementation Plan for Developing Fuel Ethanol Production". The core of the two schemes is to produce fuel ethanol from sugarcane by fermentation, and then mix it with gasoline as vehicle power. The Brazilian government has invested billions of dollars in several years to support the implementation of the above two plans. By the 1990s, the output of fuel ethanol reached100000 tons, ranking first in the world. In automobile oil products, the addition of fuel alcohol ranges from 35% to 5%, and some cars use ethanol as fuel. At present, the number of cars in Brazil is more than 80 per thousand people, which is much higher than that in China per thousand people 16, but the pressure on automobile energy is not as prominent as that in China.
Brazil develops oil substitution industry and combines it with its pillar industry-sugarcane production-fuel alcohol-ethanol vehicle, which is a brand-new production chain. The number of cars in China is12.9 million, and the number of pure ethanol cars is 3.7 million. These ethanol processing plants produce edible sugar for export when the sugar price is high and fuel alcohol for domestic use when the sugar price is low. At present, not only the impact of international oil prices on Brazil's social economy is greatly weakened, but also farmers' sugarcane planting and sucrose production are relatively stable.
According to statistics, in the 33 years since the implementation of the two major plans of Brazil's oil substitution industry, the government has invested a total of11700 million yuan to build fuel ethanol production bases 10, providing China with10.5 million jobs, saving foreign exchange of $22 billion. The total output value of ethanol-gasoline related industries reached 8% of the gross national product, exceeding the information technology industry including telecommunications.
According to the latest data, Volkswagen and BMW are working hard to develop bio-energy vehicles, which are expected to be introduced into the mainstream automobile supply market before 2008. Ford Motor Company of the United States developed a "multi-purpose vehicle" earlier, using electronic technology to adapt the automobile engine to a variety of energy sources. There is a 10,000-ton biodiesel factory in Fujian, China, and its products are mainly exported to Europe.
Throughout the world, developed countries such as the United States, Germany, Japan, South Africa, Brazil, South Korea, developing countries such as India and Thailand. It provides a good reference for the development of oil substitution industry in policy system, technical perfection, equipment construction and vehicle manufacturing, and paves the way for China to take the road of oil substitution with China characteristics. Brazil's experience, in particular, has more practical significance. Shi Yuanchun, an academician of China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering, said in an interview that China is a big agricultural country with a population ten times that of Brazil, and its resources and market conditions are more suitable for building an oil substitution industrial chain, which makes it more urgent for farmers in China to plant "Green Daqing" and form an energy system with China characteristics.
Alternative energy: China has made steady progress in replacing oil with biomass energy, with remarkable results.
-The fourth bioenergy development survey
In China, biomass energy and coal are the main resources and technical conditions that may replace petroleum products on a large scale. Since April 2000, the leaders of the State Council approved the research and implementation of denatured fuel ethanol, which was promoted in pilot cities in 2002, and in April 2005 1, Anhui, as the fifth province, began to sell ethanol gasoline in the whole province. In just five years, a successful production and operation mode has been established, which has been initially accepted by consumers, and has written a good start for China's oil substitution industry. The research on coal conversion and substitution is stronger, with more investment and rich experience in accumulation and local operation.
According to Zhang, a researcher at the Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, bioenergy mainly refers to the utilization of starchy organisms, such as grain, potatoes and crop straws. It is processed into ethanol (fuel alcohol), biodiesel, biological hydrogen production, etc. , and directly used as power supply; Secondly, using biotechnology to transform grain into biomaterials, and using corn to produce petrochemical ethylene, polyethylene, ethylene conversion and a series of chemical products.
The utilization of biomass energy in China started earlier. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Henan Alcohol Factory produced fuel alcohol for anti-Japanese vehicles. In the late 1980s, when the world oil price rose for the second time, China listed bioethylene as a key development project and invested 800 million yuan to build a factory in Suzhou, Anhui. However, due to technical and cost reasons, the factory failed to fully produce. At present, China has fully sold ethanol gasoline in three northeastern provinces, Henan and Anhui provinces, involving a population of nearly 300 million. According to the arrangement of the National Development and Reform Commission, it will be closed in Shandong, Hebei, Hubei and other provinces and cities in the near future. There are four different types of enterprises supplying fuel ethanol, namely Jilin Fuel Ethanol Co., Ltd., Henan Tianguan Fuel Ethanol Co., Ltd., Heilongjiang China Resources Jinyu Industrial Co., Ltd. and Anhui Fengyuan Group.
According to international experience, the proportion of ethanol in China is 10%, which is better than MTBE which pollutes groundwater and oil may cause cancer, and there is no need to modify existing vehicles. Based on the situation of the National Development and Reform Commission and the pilot areas, biomass energy conversion has good economic, social and environmental benefits. First of all, the pilot situation shows that ethanol vehicles for vehicles are fully adapted in China. Not only in urban and rural areas of Henan and Anhui, but also in Harbin and Zhaodong in cold areas in winter, the experiment shows that fuel ethanol can adapt, which lays the foundation for further promotion. Secondly, the technical problems in use are solved. In use, there are good solutions to oil-water separation, insufficient power of individual vehicles, and oil circuit blockage. Third, the environmental protection benefit is obvious, and the pollutant discharge is reduced by 25%-30%. Fourth, production enterprises explore large-scale production mode, and the comprehensive benefits are generally improved. At present, all production enterprises use the aged grain in the national strategic reserve, mainly corn and wheat. Fuel ethanol production only uses starch, and others can produce protein feed, oil and so on. Anhui Fengyuan, Henan Tianguan, etc. Can "eat dry and squeeze out". Fifth, a number of effective laws and regulations have been established. For example, the pilot scheme for the use of ethanol gasoline for vehicles and the implementation rules for the pilot work of ethanol gasoline for vehicles. It has provided accumulation for China to further develop oil substitution. Sixth, the government of China and the oil sales industry have accumulated initial experience in promoting oil substitute products.
According to the materials provided by the Energy Research Institute of the National Development and Reform Commission, Brazil produced fuel ethanol from sugarcane in 1980, and the price per ton was as high as 849 US dollars. To 1998, the cost is lower than 300 yuan dollars. At present, the production price cost of fuel ethanol in China is about 3500 yuan tons, and the high-tech Fengyuan Group can be reduced to less than 3000 yuan, and the unit comprehensive cost is 2993 yuan.
Academician Shi Yuanchun suggested that if high technology is adopted to improve species, the cost will be further reduced. For example, the comprehensive cost of planting sorghum to produce fuel ethanol can be reduced to less than 2,800 yuan per ton, and the cost of producing biodiesel from woody oil such as Jatropha curcas should be less than 3,000 yuan per ton. Professor Tsinghua University and Professor Cao Zhuan, former director of Tsinghua University Biological Research Center, told the reporter: "The sources of crops and potato plants for processing petroleum products in China are very rich and have great potential. As early as the Seventh Five-Year Plan and the Eighth Five-Year Plan, ministries and universities organized scientists to tackle key problems and found many inexhaustible plant germplasm. If there is a stable market, the conditions for promoting planting are quite mature. " Professor Cao takes Jerusalem artichoke (Jerusalem artichoke) as an example, which shows that farmers in northern and southern China have small-scale cultivation. This perennial herb can grow well in barren land, saline-alkali land and tidal flat. Plant once and grow naturally. Dig its tuber every year, and the next year it will grow by itself. The yield per mu can reach 10 thousand Jin. The sugar content is more than 30% of that of sugarcane, and the sweetness is twice that of sucrose. "This is the research conclusion of 10 years ago, but the big market has not been determined, and the research results cannot be promoted."
It is understood that among the pilot enterprises, Jilin Fuel Ethanol Co., Ltd. adopts the most advanced Austrian VOGELBUSCH process technology, Henan Tianguan adopts traditional technological transformation, and Anhui Fengyuan adopts the world-class technology system independently developed. These successful explorations provide technical and installation conditions for the large-scale development of fuel ethanol in China. Coupled with the successful pilot sales, from south to north, the investment enthusiasm of using cassava, corn, sugarcane and other different biomass to replace oil is high, and the specific research and development work is greatly strengthened.
Alternative energy: The conditions for the formation of bioenergy industry with independent technology are ripe.
-The Fifth Bioenergy Development Survey
From leaders to residents, from experts to economic circles, it is agreed that China, as a big country with a population of 654.38+0.3 billion, must base its energy system on "taking me as the main factor".
In the aspect of replacing oil with biomass conversion, China enterprises have mastered key technologies and reached the international first-class level; However, it has reached the international leading level in key technologies such as straw fermentation and utilization (lignocellulose hydrolysis). It is the most realistic choice to use the independent technology of China enterprises to form oil substitution industry.
China has basically mastered the key technologies of biomass energy utilization, ranking first in the world.
The utilization of biomass energy first forms commodities through fermentation, separation, extraction and chemical processing. Fermentation, separation and environmental protection are three key parts in the whole processing and transformation process. Different from other fields, China has basically mastered the field of biomass energy utilization.