Self-rescue and escape in a fire 1. Basic methods of self-rescue 2. First condition of escape 3. How to choose the way of escape. Fire is extremely destructive and harmful. It will not only burn the fruits of people's hard work, but also take away people's precious lives. Therefore, everyone should have a certain knowledge of fire control and enhance their awareness of self-help, just in case. Before I know and master the way to escape from the fire, I will give you an actual fire case to discuss with you. The fire in the underground bath center of Hawaii Hotel in a city on the night of February 26th, 1999 caused 21 deaths and 18 injuries. However, in this fire, more than a dozen people were in distress and tried to save themselves, and finally escaped from danger. What happened was that an Anshan guest Gao was "on fire!" I was awakened by the shouts, and I looked at my watch inadvertently. The pointer pointed to 4: 14, and there was no smoke and fire in the lounge. My companions rushed to the dressing room together to get dressed. When I was putting on my shoes, the smoke and fire had already jumped into the dressing room, and then the power was cut off and it was dark. Mr. Gao told his companions to run to the bathroom. Although there was no fire in the bathroom, there was a lot of smoke. A waitress lit a candle and went into the bath, and * * * ran into 15 people. They closed the door, soaked the bath towel with water and plugged the door. The others began to look for the exit and found a smoke vent, but failed to pry it open. Mr. Gao was already sweating profusely, but he kept reminding everyone: "Speak less and breathe slowly". At this time, there was a lot of smoke seeping into the bathroom, which was choking. Mr. Gao was busy dialing 119, 121, 111 and the mayor's office phone for help. Because the door of the steam bath room was tightly closed, everyone hid in the steam bath room again, holding on and waiting. By 6: 11, when the firemen rushed in and carried them out of the fire, they were all in a trance. After understanding the treatment methods of people trapped in this fire, we should realize that whether a fire can become a survivor is related to the size of the fire, the time of fire, the height of the floor and whether there are alarm, smoke exhaust and fire extinguishing facilities in the building, but it is mainly related to the self-rescue ability of the trapped people and whether they know the steps and methods of escape. Before implementing self-help actions, we must force ourselves to keep a cool head and choose self-help methods according to the surrounding environment and various conditions. First, the basic method of self-help When a fire breaks out, trapped people should be calm and try to take some measures to save themselves. 1, at the beginning of the fire, in addition to immediately call the police, should try to escape. In the process of escape, every minute counts. Don't waste time dressing and wearing a hat, or looking for valuables. Of course, it is possible to actively rescue items when conditions permit, but if it is too late to rescue them, you should escape as soon as possible, and don't suffer casualties because of looking for items, especially when you run outdoors, you will be worried about valuables indoors and return to the fire, so there is a danger of not getting out. There are many examples of people who died in the fire because of greed. 2. Handling of initial fire. (1) The initial fire is generally very small. Residents should not only put out the fire by themselves, but also call the police quickly, so as not to cause a major fire because of the late alarm. (2) When people are in a fire room or a non-fire room, they should close the door behind them after fleeing to the outdoor, so as to control the development of the fire and extend the allowed time for escape. Second, the first condition for escape Familiarity with the environment is the first condition for safe escape in case of fire emergency. For the buildings where we often work or live, we can make a more detailed escape plan in advance and carry out necessary escape training and drills. When necessary, the identified escape exits (such as doors and windows, balconies, outdoor stairs, safety exits, stairwells, etc.) and routes can be drawn on the map, and posted in obvious positions, so that everyone can be familiar with it at ordinary times and escape from the dangerous area smoothly according to the escape methods, routes and exits on the map in case of fire. When people walk into shopping malls or unfamiliar environments such as theaters, dance halls and entertainment halls, they should pay attention to the positions of fire exits, stairs and exits, as well as the positions of fire extinguishers, fire hydrants and alarms, so that they can escape from the danger zone in time or put out the initial fire in time when they are facing the police, and call the police for help in time when they are trapped. Third, how to choose an escape method (1) Choosing an escape method There are various ways to escape. Because of the size of the fire, the location of the trapped people and the life-saving equipment used are different, and the escape methods adopted are different. Once you find or realize that you may be trapped by fireworks and your life is threatened, you should immediately put down your work so that you can take corresponding escape measures and methods, and you must not delay the opportunity to escape. According to the fire situation, give priority to the simplest and safest passages and evacuation facilities. When you find smoke at night, turn over and get out of bed and climb towards the door. Even if you can stand it, you should try your best to avoid it. Because the air above 1.5m already contains a lot of carbon monoxide, don't stand and open the door. 2. If the building is on fire, the first choice is to escape from the fire, so when you escape, you should choose the stairs downstairs. For the stairs going downstairs, first choose safety evacuation stairs, outdoor evacuation stairs, ordinary stairwells, etc. In particular, smoke-proof stairwells and outdoor evacuation staircases are safer and more reliable, and should be fully utilized when escaping from fire. However, you can't take the ordinary elevator on the fire, and the elevator shaft leads directly to all floors of the building. Smoke and heat can easily flood in, which will cause the elevator to get out of control or deform under the action of heat. The toxicity of smoke and fire or fumigation can endanger people's lives, so don't take the elevator in case of fire. When you are in a room and open doors and windows, you must first touch whether the doors and windows are hot. If you have a fever, you can't open it. You should choose other exits. If it is not hot, you can only open it slowly and quickly, and then close the door immediately. 3. When the frequently used passage is blocked by fireworks, it should be evacuated away from the fireworks first, and then to the exit and the ground. When evacuating in the direction away from fireworks, horizontal evacuation should be given priority to, and evacuation upstairs should be avoided as far as possible. At the same time, once you reach a safer place, never stay where you are. You should take measures quickly and use all means of escape to escape in the direction close to the ground. 4. When you can't think of a better evacuation route at the moment, and the evacuation route of others is relatively safe and reliable, you can imitate the behavior of others to evacuate. But don't blindly and passively imitate the behavior of others. If you blindly follow others, blindly follow others to jump off a building, which will lead to a more painful tragedy. For example, a fire broke out in the Pearl Hotel in Xuancheng on the evening of May 7, 2111. When the fire broke out, there were 34 people in the dance hall on the fourth floor of the hotel. In the panic, 16 people jumped off the building, 3 people fell dead and 13 people were seriously injured. However, two people used curtains to form ropes and slipped down from the third floor guest room window to escape safely. 5. If doors, windows, passages, stairs, etc. have been blocked by fireworks but not collapsed, and it is still possible to rush out, you can pour some cold water on your head and body or wrap your head with a wet towel, and wrap your body with a wet quilt and blanket and rush out of the danger zone. Don't be afraid to hesitate and lose the opportunity. If the downstairs stairs have collapsed, you can go up to the floor, and the roof will delay the time and wait for the opportunity to save your life. 6. If you are trapped in the second floor by fireworks, you can also jump off a building to escape without escape equipment or assistance. However, before jumping off a building, you should throw some soft objects such as quilts and mattresses on the ground, then grab the windowsill or balcony with your hands, and your body will droop and fall naturally. At the same time, pay attention to bending your knees and landing on your feet, which can shorten the distance and protect your body from injury. If you are trapped in a floor above the third floor, don't jump in a hurry. You can move to other safer places and wait patiently for rescue. When all the passages are blocked by fireworks, you should keep calm and look for available escape equipment and ways to save yourself. 7. Use the refuge floor to escape. In high-rise buildings and large buildings, there are refuge floors and shelters near elevators, stairs, public toilets and the end of bag-shaped corridors. In case of fire, people who can't be evacuated to the ground in a short time, people who can't move easily, and people who can't stop working during fire fighting, such as medical staff and radio and communication staff, can be temporarily evacuated to the shelter. When other trapped people can't evacuate to the ground in a short time, they can also evacuate to the refuge floor to escape. (2) make full use of all kinds of escape equipment and facilities. 1. Use the descent control device to escape. The descent control device consists of a hook (or lifting ring), a sling, a rope and a speed controller. It is a safe lifesaving device that slowly descends by people's own weight, and can be fixed on windows, balconies, outer edges of roofs and other places of buildings with installation appliances. 2. Use the life-saving bag to escape. Life-saving bag is a long bag with two open ends, which allows escapees to enter its interior from a height and slowly slide down. When trapped people enter the bag, they can rely on their own weight and different postures to control the landing speed and slowly land on the ground to escape. The length of a general life-saving bag is not less than 21 meters. 3. Use the self-rescue rope to escape. If you are directly threatened by the fire and must leave immediately, you can use ropes to tie people down or slowly slide down by themselves in places that can bear weight, such as indoor weights, table legs and solid windows. You can wear gloves when falling, if you don't have gloves, replace them with clothes and towels to prevent the rope from hurting your hands. If there is no rope, in an emergency, sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. can be tied together as a self-rescue rope. Fix one end of the rope, throw the other end outdoors, and then slide to a safe zone or the ground along the self-rescue rope. When slipping, first, make sure that the rope can bear your weight; Second, if you can get out of danger by going down to a floor below, you don't have to reach the ground. You can kick the glass into a floor below that is not on fire. If you don't jump off the building, you will die. Choose some elastic things before jumping off the building, such as spring mattresses, sofa quilts, etc. When jumping off, put your hands on the pillow, bend your knees and jump off. If there is an escape cushion below, you should stretch your limbs and lie face down and jump off at the sign on the cushion. 4. Use natural conditions to escape. When the trapped people are evacuated, they can make full use of the natural conditions in and around the building to save themselves when the evacuation facilities are unavailable and there are no other emergency materials for life-saving equipment. Such as balconies, window sills, roofs, downpipes, lightning wires, and objects close to buildings. But pay attention to check whether the downpipe and lightning conductor are firm, otherwise they can't be used. (3) Temporary refuge method In the case that various passages are cut off, the fire is strong, and there is no one to rescue them for a while, for buildings without refuge rooms, they should return indoors and wait for the rescue of the public security fire brigade. When waiting for rescue, trapped people should open temporary shelters to fight against smoke and fire. When trapped in the room, you should close the doors and windows facing the fire and open the doors and windows facing the fire, but you can't break the glass. If there is smoke coming in the window, you should close the window. If smoke comes in from the cracks in doors and windows or other holes, you should use wet towels, wet sheets and other items to block or hang up wet quilts and other items, and constantly sprinkle water on the items and doors and windows, and finally sprinkle water on the ground, and wet all combustible materials in the room to delay the spread of the fire. At the same time, throw some soft objects out of the window and tell the people downstairs that someone is trapped upstairs. At night, you can shine a flashlight and knock on the basin to send out a distress signal, and use all means and measures to fight the fire until the fire brigade arrives to rescue you from danger. For example, in a large fire in a residential area in Harbin, there was a family of three. When the fire spread to the building, it was impossible to run out of the stairs. So the whole family first closed the doors and windows, hung quilts, blankets and other items for plugging on the doors and windows, and used wet towels and wet rags to plug all the gaps that might penetrate into the smoke to prevent the smoke from entering. Then the bathtub, washbasin and other appliances are filled with water, and the barriers hanging on the doors and windows are soaked with water. Then hide in the bathroom and open the window a little, which can control the smoke and breathe fresh air. Then patrol the house. Once the shelter is found to have been dried by fireworks, it will be drenched with water immediately, and it will always be kept in a wet state until the fire is extinguished. As a result, all the houses in the whole building were burned down, but one was intact. Even if the family property is preserved, the whole family is safe and sound. When opening a shelter, you should choose a room with water source and contact with the outside world, so that the water source can cool down, extinguish fire and eliminate smoke, which is beneficial to the survival of asylum seekers and at the same time, contact with the outside world to get help. If there is a phone, you should call the police in time. If there is no phone, you can stretch out colorful clothes or throw small objects out of the window to send out a distress signal, or other obvious signs to call the police. You can turn on the light or use a flashlight to call the police at night. (4) Take smoke prevention measures. Most evacuees can only leave the fire area through a smoky corridor, and smoke is more harmful to their lives than fire. Previous fires have proved that most of the so-called people who died in the sea of fire suffocated before being burned. Therefore, it is very important to prevent inhalation of smoke and dust during escape. 1. In the initial stage of the fire, the smoke and toxic gas near the ground are relatively thin and the visibility is relatively good. When the victims escape, they should walk in a low posture and explore the steps. If the smoke is too thick, they should crawl along the ground and escape from the scene after judging the accurate direction. 2. Use a gas mask to prevent smoke and gas. Large luxury theaters, hotels and restaurants, if equipped with filter gas masks, can filter smoke particles and toxic gases such as CO in the smoke. If it is confirmed that a fire has occurred, you should put on a gas mask quickly. The method is to put the lower part of the mask into the lower jaw first, and then lift it up to tighten the headband so that the mask is close to the face to prevent air leakage. 3. Cover your nose and mouth with dry towels, clothes, padding cloth and other fabrics to prevent smoke and virus. Using towels and other fabrics, the smoke removal effect is better. Practice has proved that by stacking dry towels into 16 layers, the smoke concentration through towels can be reduced to below 11%, that is, the smoke elimination rate can reach above 91%. However, considering practicality, a towel should be stacked into eight layers, and its smoke elimination rate can reach 61%. If other fabrics are used, the number of folded layers should be determined according to their thickness and density. Generally, the more layers, the better the smoke removal effect. When using towels and other fabrics to cover your nose and mouth, you must make the area of cigarette filter as large as possible and cover your nose and mouth tightly. Never remove the towel from your nose and mouth even if you feel increased breathing resistance (dyspnea) when passing through the smoke area. Because once removed, the poison gas reaches a certain concentration, and it will be poisoned immediately after a few breaths. ]