1. Classification according to the spatial distribution characteristics of light flux:

1. Direct type: more than 91% of the luminous flux directly shines downward, with high efficiency, but there is almost no luminous flux in the upper part of the lamp, and the strong directivity leads to a thick shadow. According to the light distribution curve, it can be divided into five types: wide illumination, uniform illumination, matching illumination, deep illumination and extra-deep illumination.

semi-direct type: most of the luminous flux (61-91%) of this kind of lamps is emitted to the lower hemisphere space, and a small part is emitted to the upper part. The component emitted to the upper part will reduce the hardness of the shadow produced by the lighting environment and improve the brightness ratio of each surface.

3. Diffuse type (including direct-indirect type with little light in horizontal direction): The upward and downward luminous flux of lamps is almost the same (41%-61% respectively). The most common is the milky white glass spherical lampshade, and other closed lampshades with various shapes of diffusion and light transmission also have similar light distribution. This kind of lamp casts light evenly in all directions, so the utilization rate of light flux is low.

4. Semi-indirect type: the downward light flux of lamps accounts for 11%-41%, and its downward component is often only used to produce brightness commensurate with the ceiling. Too much or improper distribution of this component will also produce some defects such as direct or indirect glare. A translucent cover with an open top falls into this category. They are mainly used as architectural decoration lighting, because most of the light is cast on the ceiling and the upper wall, which increases the indirect light in the room and makes the light softer and more pleasant.

5. indirect type: a small part of the light flux of the lamp (below 11%) is downward. When well designed, all the ceilings become a lighting source, achieving a soft and shadowless lighting effect. As there is little downward light flux of the lamps and lanterns, as long as the layout is reasonable, the direct glare and reflected glare are very small. The light flux utilization rate of this kind of lamps is lower than that of the previous four kinds. Second, according to the structure classification of lamps:

1. Open type: the light source is directly connected with the external space, and there is no inclusion.

2. closed type: it has a closed light-transmitting cover, but the inside and outside of the cover can be naturally ventilated. 3. Closed type: the joint of the light-transmitting cover is generally closed, but limited ventilation can be provided inside and outside the cover.

4. closed type: the joint of the light-transmitting cover is tightly closed, but the air inside and outside the cover is tightly isolated. Such as waterproof and dustproof lamps. 5. Explosion-proof type: the transparent cover and the joint are reinforced with high-strength supports, which can withstand the required pressure. 6. Flameproof type: When an explosion occurs inside the lamp, it will not cause an explosion outside the lamp after passing through the explosion-proof surface with a certain gap.

7. safety type: no sparks or electric arcs are generated during normal operation, or safety measures are adopted on components with dangerous temperatures to improve the safety factor. 8. Shockproof type: It can be installed on vibration facilities. Iii. Classification by installation method:

1. Wall lamp: installed on walls and court columns, mainly used for local lighting, decorative lighting or places that are not suitable for installing lamps on the ceiling or have no ceiling. There are: tube wall lamp, night wall lamp, front wall lamp, pavilion wall lamp, lantern wall lamp, combined wall lamp, projection wall lamp, suction wall fluorescent lamp, hall wall lamp, bedside rocker wall lamp, mural wall lamp, safety instruction wall lamp, etc.

2. Ceiling lamp: Ceiling lamp is to stick lamps on the ceiling surface, which is mainly used in rooms without suspended ceiling. Ceiling lamps mainly include: combined square lamp, crystal cover combined lamp, chip combined lamp, lantern ceiling lamp, He grid lamp and tube lamp. Straight-mouth straight-edge lamp, hypotenuse oblate lamp, pointed oblate lamp, spherical lamp, rectangular lamp, waterproof lamp, ceiling-mounted point source lamp, ceiling-mounted fluorescent lamp, ceiling-mounted luminous belt, ceiling-mounted bare bulb, etc. Ceiling lamps are widely used. The ceiling-mounted luminous belt is suitable for computer rooms, substations, etc. Ceiling fluorescent lamps are suitable for places with high illumination requirements; The enclosed ceiling lamp with hood is suitable for places with low illumination requirements. It can effectively limit glare and has beautiful appearance, but its luminous efficiency is low. Ceiling naked light bulb, suitable for ordinary places, such as toilets, warehouses, etc.

3. Embedded lamps: Embedded lamps are suitable for rooms with suspended ceilings, and the lamps are embedded in the suspended ceilings. This kind of lamps can effectively eliminate glare and form beautiful decorative art effects when combined with the suspended ceilings. Embedded lamps mainly include: round grid lamp, square grid lamp, square lamp, screw cover lamp, embedded grid fluorescent lamp, embedded protective fluorescent lamp, embedded ring fluorescent lamp, square glass ceiling lamp, embedded point source lamp, shallow round embedded flat ceiling lamp, etc.

4. Semi-embedded lamp: Semi-embedded lamp embeds half or part of the lamp into the ceiling, and the other half or part is exposed outside the ceiling, which is between the ceiling lamp and the embedded lamp. This kind of lamp is not as effective as embedded lamp in eliminating glare, but it is suitable for places with insufficient ceiling depth and is widely used in corridors and other places.

5. chandelier: chandelier is the most common way to install lamps, and it is also the most widely used one. It mainly uses suspenders, chains, pipes and chandeliers to hoist lamps and lanterns to achieve different effects. In shopping malls, business halls and other places, using boom fluorescent lamps to form certain regular patterns can not only meet the requirements of lighting function, but also form a certain decorative art effect. The chandeliers mainly include: spherical straight rod lamp, bowl-shaped chandelier, umbrella chandelier, bright moon chandelier, waist-girdled chandelier, lantern chandelier, combined crystal chandelier, three-ring chandelier, magnolia chandelier, basket chandelier, prism chandelier, chandelier point source lamp, etc. The chandelier with reflector has good light distribution curve and concentrated illumination, which is suitable for places with high ceilings, classrooms, offices and design rooms. Hanging wire lamp is suitable for residence, bedroom, lounge, small warehouse, common room, etc. Hanging pipes and hanging chain lanterns are suitable for rooms with decorative requirements, such as hotels, restaurants, conference halls and large exhibition halls.

6. Floor lamp: Floor lamp is mainly used in hospital wards, hotel rooms, public corridors, bedrooms and other places. The main function of the floor lamp is to illuminate the walkway, which is convenient for people to walk. Its advantage is to avoid dazzling light, especially turning on the light when you get up at night, which can not only reduce the influence of the light on yourself, but also can not reduce the influence of the light on others. The footlights are concealed in the wall, and the height from the ground is generally 1.2-1.4. The light source of the floor lamp is incandescent lamp, and the shell is made of transparent or translucent glass or plastic, and some of them are covered with metal protective net.

% {- a( [! \6 K! N# `7. Desk lamp: Desk lamp is mainly placed on writing desk, workbench and reading desk for writing and reading. There are many kinds of desk lamps. At present, there are mainly dimming desk lamps and fluorescent desk lamps on the market. At present, a kind of decorative desk lamp is also popular. If it is placed on a decorative shelf or a telephone table, it can have a good decorative effect. Generally, the desk lamp is not marked on the design drawing, and only one or two power sockets are arranged beside the desk and workbench.

/ n% e2 ~7 I: g H8. Floor lamps: Floor lamps are mostly used in superior rooms, hotels, rooms with sofas with coffee tables, and bedside or bookcases at home. Some floor lamps are used alone, some are combined with floor fans, and some are combined with clothes hangers. Generally, it is installed in the space where local lighting or decorative lighting is needed. Generally, only sockets are left, not marked in the design drawings.

. `4 M: B3 B3 a& C* q$ o6 P8 ? ) O9. Courtyard lights: Most of the courtyard lights or lampshades are installed upward, and most of the lamp tubes and lamp holders are installed on the courtyards and courtyards; It is especially suitable for parks, street gardens, hotels, industrial and mining enterprises, courtyards of government schools and other places. Garden lights mainly include: pot round garden lights, jade altar cover garden lights, flower flat column lights, quad square cover garden lights, amber garden lights, flower bed column lights, hexagonal garden lights, polished round cover garden lights and so on. Some garden lights are installed in the lawn, and some are set according to the twists and turns of park roads and Woods, which has certain artistic effects.

11. Road square lights: Road square lights are mainly used for lighting at night. Road lamps include high-pole spherical street lamps, high-pressure mercury lamp street lamps, double-tube fluorescent lamp street lamps, high-pressure sodium lamp street lamps, double waist drum street lamps and floating high-pressure mercury lamps. Square lights include square tower lights, hexagonal square lights, iodine tungsten reflective lights, spherical column lights, high-pressure sodium column lights, high-pressure sodium projection lights, deep-illuminated tungsten halogen lights, enamel oblique-illuminated tungsten halogen lights, etc. High-pressure sodium lamps and high-pressure fluorescent lamps are used in road lighting to provide necessary visual conditions for vehicles and pedestrians and prevent traffic accidents. Square lights are used in the square in front of the station, airport, port, wharf, bus station square, overpass, parking lot, assembly square, outdoor stadium, etc. Square lights should be selected according to the shape and area of the square.

11. Portable lamps: Portable lamps are often used in indoor and outdoor mobile workplaces, outdoor TV, film photography and other places. Mobile lamps mainly include: deep-illuminated special hanging lamps, text-illuminated waterproof and dustproof lamps with protective nets, flat lamps, mobile projection lamps, etc. Mobile lamps and lanterns have metal protective net cover or plastic protective cover.

12, automatic emergency lighting: automatic emergency lighting is suitable for hotels, restaurants, hospitals, theaters, shopping malls, banks, posts and telecommunications, basements, conference rooms, computer rooms, power stations, civil air defense fortifications, tunnels and other public places. Emergency lights are used for emergency lighting, and can also be used in emergency evacuation, safety and disaster prevention and other important places. The circuit of automatic emergency lighting is advanced, with stable performance, safety and reliability. When alternating current is connected, the power supply is normal, and the battery in the emergency light is slowly charged; When the AC power supply fails for some reason, the automatic switching system in the emergency light will automatically turn on the battery power supply for lighting, and some lamps will play sound at the same time, giving instructions for evacuation. The types of automatic emergency lights are: lighting type, playback instruction type, character pattern sign type and so on. According to its installation method, it can be artificial: chandelier, wall lamp, hanging lamp, ceiling lamp, downlight, projection lamp, turning instruction lamp and other styles.

IV. Classification by light source type

1. Lamps can be divided into lamps using self-ballasted bulbs. Self-ballasted light bulb is a device that contains lamp cap, light source combined with it and additional components necessary for the light source to start and work stably. It cannot be disassembled without being damaged. Common self-ballasted light bulbs such as energy-saving lamps.

2. Use tungsten lamp lamps. Such as ordinary desk lamps and spotlights used on the shelves of shopping malls.

3. lamps using tubular fluorescent lamps. Such as the common fluorescent eye protection lamp.

4. lamps using gas discharge lamps. Such as lamps using high-pressure sodium lamps and HID lamps.

5. lamps with other light sources. With the continuous development of lighting industry, new lighting devices are constantly invented, and the light source used by lamps has also broken through the traditional restrictions, and lamps such as LED light-emitting elements have emerged.

5. Classification according to the protection level of the shell

According to IEC standard IEC 529-598 and national standard GB 7111-96, it is classified according to the degree of protection of foreign bodies and water intrusion, and the protection level of appliances is indicated by IPXX internationally.

the first x represents the level of preventing solid foreign objects, which is divided into 1-7 levels:

1: no protection (no special protection requirements)

1: preventing foreign objects larger than 51mm from entering-preventing large-area objects such as palms

2: preventing foreign objects larger than 12mm from entering-preventing objects such as fingers from entering

3: preventing objects larger than 2.

4: prevent foreign objects larger than 1.1mm from entering-prevent wires, strips and other objects from entering

5: prevent dust (prevent foreign objects smaller than 1.1mm from entering)-do not allow excessive dust to enter, resulting in unsatisfactory operation of the equipment

6: Dust-tight (completely dust-proof)-do not allow dust to enter

The second X stands for waterproof grade. It is divided into 1 ~ 8 grades:

1: no protection-no special protection requirements

1: prevent water droplets from entering-water droplets falling vertically should be harmless

2: prevent water droplets inclined at 15-the normal position of lamps and lanterns and vertical water droplets should be harmless until inclined at 15

3: prevent water droplets from entering-at the angle of 61 vertical.

6: preventing waves from entering-the amount of water that enters the lamp shell after strong water spraying will not damage the lamp

7: soaking the lamp under certain pressure and time, and the amount of water that enters should be harmless

8: preventing diving-the lamp can be continuously submerged in water without being hurt under specified conditions

6. Classification of lamps according to electric shock protection

. Lamps with rated voltage exceeding 251V should not be classified as Class 1, and lamps used in harsh conditions should not be classified as Class 1. The lamps installed on the track shall not be classified into category 1.

class 1 luminaires

lamps that rely on basic insulation as protection against electric shock. In case the basic insulation fails, the protection against electric shock will have to depend on the environment. Generally, it is used in occasions with high safety and convenient installation and maintenance of lamps, such as chandeliers and ceiling lamps under the conditions of dry air, less dust and wooden floors.

2. Class I luminaires

The protection against electric shock of lamps not only depends on the basic insulation, but also includes additional safety measures, that is, the accessible conductive parts are connected to the protective grounding conductor in the fixed line, so that the accessible conductive parts will not be charged in case the basic insulation fails. Generally used for metal shell lamps, such as projection lamps, street lamps, courtyard lamps, etc., to improve the safety.

3. Class II luminaires

The protection against electric shock not only depends on basic insulation, but also has additional safety measures, such as double insulation or enhanced insulation, but there is no grounding protection measure or depends on installation conditions. It has good insulation and high safety, and is suitable for lamps with poor environment and frequent touch by people, such as desk lamps and portable lamps.

class iii luminaires

the power supply used is a safety extra-low voltage (SELV), and the voltage inside the luminaires will not be higher than SELV. Lamps have the highest degree of safety and are used in harsh environments, such as machine tool working lamp, where children use lamps.

from the point of view of electrical safety, the safety degree of Class 1 lamps is the lowest, Class I and II lamps are higher and Class III lamps are the highest. Some countries have not allowed the production of Class 1 lamps, but there is no such regulation in China at present. In the lighting design, we should comprehensively consider the environmental operating object, frequency of use, installation and use location of the use site and other factors, and select appropriate types of lamps. Class III lamps should be used in places with harsh use conditions or methods, and class I or II lamps can be used in general.