Chemistry to Chemistry World Review Outline Unit 1 consists of the study of substances, structure, properties and their changing patterns of science.
Principles of access to medicines
Principles of safety: can not directly touch the drug with your hands, can not come up to the mouth of the container's nostrils to smell the odor of the drug do not taste any of the drug
Principles of preservation: the amount of medicine should be strictly in accordance with the laboratory, if you do not specify the amount of money is generally admitted to a minimum amount of 1 - 2 ml of liquids, solids as long as the bottom of the tube. covered, the bottom of the tube.
Principle: leftover medicines can not be put back in the original bottle, do not be thrown away, can not be taken out of the laboratory, be placed in the designated container.
Experimental drug solution splashed into the eyes, should be immediately washed with water.
Access
Block or dense solid particles of solid drugs in general tweezers holding, "two diagonally two put three slow vertical
Powdered or granular medicines a key (or library) "one horizontal send three upright"
Use tweezers or keys! Should be cleaned immediately with a clean paper towel. Dropper, do not use an unwashed dropper and then suck other reagents (do not cross use the dropper of the drip bottle, and do not need to be rinsed)
From the narrow-necked bottle of test solutions, cork won, placed on a table to pour the liquid, the label toward the palm of the hand, close to the mouth of the bottle of the mouth of the tubular bottle or the instrument to prevent corrosion of the label to stay in the bottle of the liquid flowed down.
Access to a certain amount of liquid medicine, measuring cylinder measuring cylinder to use.
Reading the measuring cylinder must be put stable to keep the line of sight at the liquid crescent surface with the lowest level inside the measuring cylinder. Look down at the high reading and look for the bottom of the reading section.
B. Liquid volume operation: The first pouring liquid measuring cylinder closes the desired scale by adding a drop to the amount marked with a dropper line.
Note: The measuring cylinder is a pressure gauge and can only be used to measure liquids, no drug can be used as a reaction vessel for long-term storage. The amount of hot or cold liquid cannot be used and should not be heated.
C, look at the book, looking up, the reading is lower than the actual volume, if looking down, the reading is higher than the actual volume.
Using an alcohol lamp
1, alcohol lamp flame: in three different outer flame, inner flame, flame center. The highest temperature of the outer flame, the inner flame temperature is the lowest, and therefore should be heated, the outer flame part of the hot material.
Alcohol lamp Note:
A, alcohol in the alcohol lamp not more than 2/3 of the volume;
B, after using the alcohol lamp, the cap cap off, rather than blowing out with the mouth;
C is absolutely prohibited to add alcohol to the burning alcohol lamp;
e is absolutely prohibited to use the burning alcohol lamp to ignite another alcohol lamp, in order to avoid causing a fire.
E, no alcohol lamp cap lamp cap to prevent alcohol volatilization.
Tools that can be heated directly include: tubes, evaporating dishes burning spoons, crucibles, tools that can be heated but must be padded with asbestos mesh beakers, flasks instruments: not heated cylinders, glass rods, collecting cylinders.
Drug heating, put the dry instrument, before preheating, and then fixed at the bottom of the drug heating; heating solid drugs, drug laying, the mouth of the tube should be slightly tilted downward to prevent water from flowing backwards into the tube rupture of the test tube; heating liquid drugs, the volume of the liquid can not exceed the volume of the test tube 1/3, it is necessary to test the tube upward at an angle of inclination of 45 °, themselves or others facing the mouth of the test tube is not to be put
Washing tools, can be heated tools, but must be padded with asbestos net burning spoon, beaker, beaker, glass rod, gas cylinder. /p>
Washing tools:
Washing with a test tube brush, scrubbing rotating or rising and falling tube brush, but the force can not be too fast to prevent tube damage.
Cleaning signs: glassware attached to the inner wall of the water is neither gathered into droplets, rather than shares fall.
Activity to explore
Green chemistry properties <
Candle burning investigation to explore the gases in the air inhalation and exhalation / a>
Unit 2: basic concepts of the contours of the air around us
Physical change: no change to produce a new substance. As in melted paraffin, evaporated water
Chemical change: a change that produces a new substance. Such as the burning of the essential characteristics of the substance of steel rust
Chemical change: to produce a new material. Must be accompanied by physical changes, chemical changes physical changes are not accompanied by chemical changes occur.
Physical properties:, nature does not require chemical changes are mainly manifested. Such as color, state, odor, density, solubility, volatility, hardness, melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility.
Chemical properties: performance (flammability, combustion, oxidation, reduction, stability) in the chemical change in the nature of the substance. Such as rust, oxygen supports combustion.
Pure substance: a substance. Such as N2 O2 CO2 P2O5.
Mixture: a mixture of two or more substances. Air, sucrose water (each component maintains its original properties inside)
Single substance composed of the same elements: a pure substance. N2 O2 S P.
Compounds: pure substances composed of various different elements. CO2 potassium chlorate SO2.
Oxide: to pure substance is composed of two elements, wherein the said oxygen element of a compound of one element. Such as CO2 SO2.
Combination reaction: a reaction in which two or more substances are produced by another substance. A + B AB
In
Decomposition reaction: a reactant produced by two or more other substances in a reaction. AB A + B
Oxidation reaction: the reaction of a substance with oxygen. (Slow oxidation is also an oxidation reaction)
Catalyst: a chemical reaction of other substances in which the rate of chemical reaction, quality and chemical properties can be changed before and after the reaction and does not change the substance. (Also known as a catalyst) should say that the substance is a catalyst, if they can not speak say that the manganese dioxide catalyst is a manganese dioxide catalyst for the decomposition of potassium chlorate]
Catalytic reaction in the presence of a catalyst.
Second, the properties of oxygen
Physical properties of oxygen: colorless, odorless gas density slightly greater than the density of air, soluble in water. Under certain conditions can be liquefied into a light blue liquid, solidified into a light blue solid.
Chemical properties of oxygen: chemically active, oxidizing, common oxidizer.
Support for combustion: wood resuscitation with sparks on a wooden strip of test paper.
Reactions of oxygen substances: (sulfur, carbon, iron wire, phosphorus)
Reaction conditions with oxygen
Phenomena of reaction with oxygen
Names of products and chemicals
Expression of the chemical reaction
Third air
Determination of the oxygen content of the combinations, the combinations are - excessive red phosphorus combustion experiments
The Combination of air: N2: 78% oxygen content: 21% noble gases 0.94% CO2: 0.03% other gases and impurities 0.03%
Oxygen use: supply respiration and support combustion
Nitrogen utilization
Nature and purpose of noble gases
Air Pollution (Air Quality Daily Forecast)
The main sources of pollution are fossil fuels (burning of coal and oil, etc.) and emissions from factories, emissions from automobile exhaust.
(2) pollutants of gas and dust. For example: sulfur dioxide CO oxides of nitrogen, and so on.
Laboratory production of oxygen
Drugs are: hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide or potassium permanganate or potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide
/> Reaction principle:
(1) hydrogen peroxide + oxygen water
(2) potassium permanganate, permanganate + manganese dioxide + oxygen
(3) potassium chlorate potassium chloride + oxygen < /p>
3, the experimental setup
Collection methods:
Density than air - upward air displacement method (conduit opening into the set at the bottom of the cylinder, easy to set up the cylinder to catch up with the best to use)
Insoluble in water or easily soluble in water and water does not react - drainage method (bubbles start container or conduit air can not be collected immediately when bubbles continuously and evenly escape before the start) (Collected; when the edge of the glowing bubbles from the mouth of the group of cylinders, indicating that the gas has been collected). The collected gas is pure.
Steps:
(1) Check the gas tightness of the device.
(2) : The drug is filled in a test tube with a single hole rubber stopper with a catheter inserted into the test tube.
(3): tube stage
(4) fixed on a metal frame lit kerosene lamp, the first test tubes are evenly arranged in vitro heating parts heating.
(5): collection of oxygen by drainage method
(6): after collection, the first tube evacuated the sink. Extinguish the alcohol lamp.
6, test method: spark of the collection of wood in the cylinder, wood recovery, the gas in the bottle is oxygen.
7, full experience:
(1) upward exhaust air collection with sparks in the wooden bottle, wood revived, the bottle is full of oxygen.
(2) collection of drainage method: when bubbles emerge from the edge of the cylinder mouth group, indicating that the oxygen cylinder is full.
8, Notes:
(1) The mouth of the test tube is slightly tilted downward (solid medicines heated) to prevent the heat of the drug in the water is converted into vapor, and then condensed page returned to the bottom of the tube, leaving the test tube ruptured into water droplets.
(2) the catheter can not be inserted into the test tube is too long, just a little bit of exposed rubber stopper can promote the discharge of gas.
(3) In vitro drug tiles at the bottom of the tube, evenly heated.
(4) Iron clips to the folder in the upper part of the test tube (about 1/3 from the mouth of the test tube).
(5) The lower part of the test tube was moved back and forth in the alcohol lamp first test tube heated evenly hot then aligned drug parts in using the outer flame of the alcohol lamp to heat the aligned drug parts; heated test tube.
(6) drainage collection method collection bottle filled with water, poured into the sink (under the bottle water), the catheter reaches into the bottle can be used to exhaust the air collection cylinder to put the catheter opening near the bottom of the collection bottle.
(7) row? Water collection method, it should be noted that when the bubbles from the mouth of the conduit continuously and uniformly released in the collection when mixed with air or gas collection. The bubbles are proved to be intact when the mouth of the collecting cylinder.
(8) To bring the reaction to a halt, the first withdrawal in the catheter, after displacement of the alcohol lamp (to prevent water from pouring into the test tube in the sink and cause the embassy to rupture) BR/>
(9) Set up for collection of the complete oxygen cylinder was the mouth of the bottle, covered with a glass plate.
(10) The mouth of the oxygen tube with potassium permanganate system, a small group of cotton to be plugged.
5 Oxygen Industrial Method - Separation of liquid air method
Pressure at low temperatures, the air is fed into the liquid air, which is then evaporated. Since the boiling point of nitrogen in liquid form is lower than the boiling point of liquid oxygen, the nitrogen first evaporates from the liquid air, leaving the main liquid nitrogen.
Water Review Syllabus Properties of Water in Composites
Electrolysis of Water Unit 3: Experiment: Electrolysis of water is a chemical reaction that occurs as a result of the action of direct current. Water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, two atoms, respectively, for the two components into hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules, hydrogen molecules specific, oxygen molecules gathered into hydrogen, oxygen.
Cathodic oxygen, negative hydrogen
The volume ratio of positive and negative gases is 1:2. Negative gases burn wood cathodic gases can be resuscitated with sparks.
Water Oxygen + Hydrogen (decomposition reaction)
2H2O O2 +2 H2
Water composition: water is a pure substance is a chemical compound.
From a macroscopic analysis, water is a combination that consists of compounds of hydrogen, oxygen, and water.
Microscopic analysis, water consists of water molecules, water molecules formed as hydrogen atoms, oxygen atoms. Properties of water
Physical properties: colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid, boiling point of 100 ℃, freezing point of 0 ℃, density of 1g/cm3, can dissolve to form a solution of substances.
Chemical properties: decomposition into hydrogen and oxygen, water can also be with many monomers (metals, non-metals), oxides (metal oxides, non-metal oxides) of water, under energized conditions, salt and other substances react.
Hydrogen
Physical properties: colorless, odorless gas, is insoluble in water, less dense than air, the least dense gas under the same conditions. 2, chemical properties - flammability.
Release a lot of heat burning air (or oxygen), light blue flame, and the only product is water.
Note: fire hydrogen and air (or oxygen) in the case of a mixture of gases may explode, so be sure to ignite the hydrogen gas before testing pure. (Experience pure method: collect hydrogen in a test tube, block the mouth of the bottle with your thumb, the alcohol lamp flame down to, release the thumb to ignite, a sharp popping sound, hydrogen is impure, need to collect retesting; said loudly enough than pure hydrogen.)
Molecule
Definition: the smallest particle of molecular material and chemical properties.
Characteristics of molecules:
Molecules are very small, very small weight and volume
Molecules are constantly moving, the larger the temperature on the higher the energy of the molecules, the faster they move.
(3) Intermolecular forces and spacing. After mixing the liquid volumes in several different liquids, the total volume will usually be unequal simply add up because of intermolecular forces and spacing. (Expansion and contraction)
Atom
Definition: the smallest particle in a chemical change of atoms
Substance of a chemical change: the differentiation of molecules and the recombination of atoms.
Molecules vs. atoms:
Atoms and molecules
Similarities: microscopic particles in the form of particles of matter that have ****ness. Differences:
Molecules can be divided into chemical changes and chemical changes in which atoms cannot be subdivided.
Contact: molecules can be split into atoms and atoms form molecules.
Classification of substances, composition
Substance elements that make up the particles of matter: molecules, atoms, ions
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Substances classified as pure substances (monomers, compounds) mixtures
Water
Water purification and refinement, the addition of flocculants adsorption of impurities adsorption of sedimentation
Disinfection (plus chlorine) Carbon monoxide dichloride)
Role of activated carbon water purifier filter
: has a porous structure, gas, vapor or colloidal solids, has a strong adsorption capacity. Adsorption of pigments leaving the liquid becomes colorless and deodorized.
Substance classification filter separates mixtures of soluble and insoluble substances (Note: "low", "dependent")
Distillation: separates mixtures of substances with different boiling points
Care of water resources
Human-owned water resources
China's water resources and pollution of water resources: sources of water pollution: industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, domestic pollution.
3, take care of water resources
- Water conservation logo to save water, improve water utilization, on the one hand, saving water, preventing the waste of water, through the use of new technologies on the other hand, the reform process and change their habits to reduce the large amount of water used for industry, agriculture and domestic use, and to improve the utilization of water.
Prevention of water pollution:
Reduce the production of pollutants
B treatment of polluted water discharge standards to bring them into line with
Promote the use of agricultural fertilizers and the rational use of fertilizers and pesticidesD, centralized sewage treatment before discharge.
Unit, chemical equation review outline
Definition: chemical change in a formula, chemical equation
1 , 2 H 2 022 H 2 O combustion of hydrogen in air into H 2 O water
↑ the left side is the right side of the reactant is the product of the above reaction conditions equals sign
> identification of the resulting chemical change to see if the New material
Laboratory chemical reactions within
Potassium chlorate to produce oxygen: 2KCl032KCl +3 O2↑<br/Hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen 2H202 2H20 + 02↑
Chemical equations written
(1) Write out the reactants and products
2 Each fine-tuning around the equal sign is the left side of the atoms are equal rights
List of generated water and hydrogen combustion air in the formula H20H2↑ + O2↑ clearly know that does not end if the number of all the atoms in the reactants inside the number of only one O left, but the right side there are two
Decorated in front of the water plus 2 plus 2 become backward generated H2 before 2H202H2 + O2
Please Note that there is no gas gas behind, if you want to add ↑ should be the final equation 2H202H2↑ + O2↑
Four types of reactions, the most basic type
The decomposition of compounds by substitution of compound decomposition
(1) the decomposition of two compounds by the material of two or more substances in order to produce a substance, such as CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
< p>(2) decomposition of the material reaction to produce two or more substances of the kind of two or more substances, such as: 2KmnO4K2Mn04 + MN02 + 02↑
3 replacement of a simple monomer with other substances of the material replacement of iron + H2SO4 ferrous sulphate + H2↑
Calculation of the BR / & gt;
1) the establishment of things that you asked X
② column decorative equation
③ not write his request, already know the following chemical formula relative molecular mass gate
④ actually know
⑤ in the equations listed in the results
⑥ a
/> of the example of the subject 4G of hydrogen gas combustion in air, how many grams of water produced?
Solution: let's produce XG of water
= 4G ÷ 2g/mol = for 2 mol2H2 + O2 2H2O
2 1 2
for 2 mol Xmol / a>
X = for 2 mol
M = for 2 mol x 18g/mol = 36 g <
One: 4G hydrogen burns in air and produces 36 grams of water.
Unit 5, Chemical Properties of Carbon and Oxides of Carbon Review Outline
Carbon
Physical Properties
Physical Properties of Graphite, Diamond, and Carbon 60
Use of each substance. Chemical Properties
Stable
Flammable
Carbon all burns in oxygen: C + O2 CO2
BR /> Reduction of charcoal to reduce oxygen? Copper: C + 2CuO 2CU + CO2↑
Coke reduction of iron oxide: 3C + 2Fe2O3 4FE + 3CO2↑
Coal stove in three reactions: (a number of chemosynthetic reactions)
Coal stove bottom: C + O2, CO2
Coal stove in: CO2 + C 2CO
Coal stove on the production of blue flame : 2CO + O2 2CO2
Legal and properties of the carbon dioxide system:
Principle of the legal system: the reaction of marble with dilute hydrochloric acid (homemade carbon dioxide in the laboratory): calcium carbonate + 2HCl of calcium chloride + H2O + CO2↑
Properties
Physical Properties: colorless, odorless gas is denser than that of the air, easily soluble in In water
Chemical properties
Carbon dioxide soluble in water: H2O + CO2 H2CO3
High-temperature calcination of limestone (industrial production of carbon dioxide): Calcium CaCO3 + CO2 ↑
Lime water reaction with carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) identified as Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
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</Uses: photosynthesis, natural gas, fertilizers, chemical raw materials
Properties of carbon monoxide:
Copper oxide reduction by carbon monoxide: CO + CO2 + CuO copper
BR />/Carbon monoxide flammability: 2CO + O2 2CO2
Uses: fuels, smelting of metals
Other reactions: sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid reaction (fire extinguisher principle) sodium carbonate + 2HCl of 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
Unit 6,
Combustion and Fire Extinguishing Substances Fuel combustion using review syllabus conditions
, combustible
Oxygen
reaches the point of ignition
Principles and methods of extinguishing fire
BR />Energy changes in fossil fuels and chemical reactions
Environmental impact of fuels
Methane combustion in air: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
Effects
Alcohol combustion in air: C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
Hydrogen combustion in air: 2H2 + O2 2H2O
Unit 7, Outline of Review of Substance Dissolution
Solution Characteristics: homogeneous, stable mixtures.
Basic properties of solutions: (1) small amounts of solids dissolved in water solutions (proportion of water) boiling point increases, freezing point decreases;
so that you can sprinkle salt to melt the snow
② acids, bases, and salts dissolved in water, the conductivity of the solution (because of ionization of ions generated). Sucrose, alcohol dissolved in aqueous solution is not conductive;
③ sodium hydroxide solid, concentrated sulfuric acid dissolved in water solution temperature increases (CaO and water reaction solution temperature rises), dissolved in aqueous solution of
NH4 NO3 solid temperature decreases.
Emulsification: initially, two immiscible substances, some substances under the action of the formation of emulsion phenomenon. Detergents, cooking oil emulsified in water, so you can use the oil to wash the clothes.
① ② with the water temperature
Cool solute ② ③ evaporation solvent
① ① temperature abnormally increased by three saturated solution unsaturated solution in the saturated solution unsaturated solution to slaked lime solvent evaporation method to increase the mass fraction of the solute to increase the mass fraction of the solute, and constantly cooled solute.
The method of saturated lime water unsaturated lime water is:
① water is added ② solution with the solute is cooled, at the same temperature, a certain proportion of the saturated solution of unsaturated solution is concentrated.
20 ℃, the solubility of soluble substances in the solubility & gt; 10g in the solubility of water-soluble substances in the solubility of insoluble substances of insoluble substances of 0.01g 1g, insoluble substances in the solubility of & lt; 0.01g 1g - 10g in.
3, the solubility of solid substances and temperature can be divided into three main categories: (1) the solubility of most solid substances (2) the solubility of a small number of substances with the increase in temperature and increase, such as potassium nitrate; by the temperature is not much affected by the NaCl; (3) a very small number of substances with the increase in temperature and the solubility of Ca (OH) 2 and decrease.
4, KCl and manganese dioxide separation and filtration, as well as the following steps: dissolution, filtration, and evaporation,
Separation of NaCl and potassium nitrate is crystallized, the steps are: dissolution, cooling and crystallization. (Cooling hot saturated solution method)
Small temperature changes in the solubility of the substance in the solvent used, evaporate, and get crystals (such as NaCl).
Comparatively large changes in temperature cooling of the solubility in hot saturated solution, to get crystals (such as KNO3 and CuSO4)
Cooling of saturated copper sulfate solution of the substance precipitates crystals of the chemical formula CuSO4-5H2O.
5, the solute is iodine, iodine, alcohol solvent. Hydrochloric acid, the solute is HCl gas, a solute of lime is Ca (OH) 2, brine solute NaCl, calcium oxide solute in water when dissolved in Ca (OH) 2, sulfur trioxide dissolved in water solute H 2 SO 4, water cholecalciferol CuSO4-5H2O solute dissolved in water solute of copper sulfate, medical alcohol solute C2H5OH. brine is a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride.
6, the mass fraction of solute = mass of solute ÷ mass of solution × 100% = mass of solute ÷ (solute + solvent mass) × 100%
Solution diluted in water or water evaporation to concentrate the solute remains unchanged: minutes before × % = (M ± water) × b %
method: In order to make the mass fraction of the solute in the solution is doubled when the water evaporates so that the solution is equal to half the mass of the original solution; the mass fraction of solute is halved by adding water is equal to the mass of the original solution.
7, Notes: (1) solute, when the solute is added to the solution solution mass; ② plus the ability of solids to dissolve completely (solubility size); ③ water reaction (such as CaO copper sulfate, will react to the consumption of water),
, the solubility of saturated solutions (S) and (C%) of the mass fraction (independent of the unsaturated solution of solute mass fraction and solubility) of the relationship between the solute (S) and (C%). solubility) of the solute in a saturated solution
1) S & gt; C ② C% = S ÷ (100 + S) × 100%
9, A grams of water 100 grams of the formation of the substance dissolved in that solution and the mass fraction of solute in it: equal to and may be greater than the A% A%, or it can be less than the A%.
Unit 8 Miraculous Outlines of the Composition of Matter
Atomic Composition
1, there are three particles that make up an atom: protons, neutrons, and electrons. However, not all atoms are made up of particles of all 3. If there is a hydrogen atom, there are only protons and electrons, and neutrons.
In an atom, the number of positive charges brought (nuclear charge) is the number of nuclear charges protons (neutrons without charge), each proton carries a unit of positive charge, such that the number of nuclear charges = the number of nuclear protons in the ER number of electrons outside the nucleus atomic nuclear charge = number of protons = number of electrons outside the nucleus is equal.
There are charged particles, in the atom, so the whole atom is not significantly charged?
The atom consists of living in the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons consisting of protons and neutrons of the nucleus in turn, positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons outside the nucleus of the nucleus with a positive charge (nuclear charge of the atomic center) and the electrons outside the nucleus with a negative charge is equal but in the opposite direction of the electrical appliances so the whole atom is not significantly power.
Relative atomic mass: - the ratio of the atomic mass of a standard carbon atom to 1/12 of the mass of other atoms compared to the resulting statement of the relative atomic mass of such atoms.
Relative atomic mass of an atom of an element = actual mass/atom of the element (actual mass of the carbon atom x 1/12)
Please note:
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Relative atomic mass is only a ratio, not the actual atomic mass. Its units are omitted.
In relative atomic mass calculations, a carbon atom is chosen as carbon atom 12 containing 6 protons and 6 neutrons, and its 1/12th of its mass equals about 1.66 x 10-27 kilograms.
Element:
Definition: a general term for a class of atoms that have the same number of protons (nuclei) with the same nuclear charge.
Elements of the earth's crust in order of content:
O silicon aluminum iron
The most abundant nonmetallic elements, molecules, the difference and connection between atoms
/>Elements and
Atomic concepts the collective of a class of atoms with the same number of nuclear charges. Chemical changes in the smallest particles.
Talking about the difference between types does not allow the significance of counting. That is, emphasize the meaning of the number of the number of species speak.
Use the description of the substance to which the macrocomposition is applied. This.