According to the status of landlords, the manors in Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into royal manors, official manors, bureaucratic landlord manors and temple manors. Royal manor, also known as Huangzhuang, is the management form of all land owned by the emperor and the royal family. In fact, a part of the commons, that is, the most fertile farmland in the state-owned land, or the most fertile farmland confiscated from criminals, is directly occupied by the royal family, managed by an ambassador of the inner villa, the ambassador of the inner garden or the ambassador of the inner palace, and most of them are filled by bureaucrats. The marquis of Wu set up the ambassador of Zhuang Zhai. Gao Cheng's "Shi Ji Zhuang Yuan Zhai" contains: "Li Jifu's" Bai Si Yao Ju "said: Only people will buy manor envoys. He also said, "The four peasants have no gardens, gardens, villas and residence envoys." Feng Jian's Continuation was written by Xuanzong. Ambassador Zhuang Zhai, then Ambassador Neizhuang Zhai. There were many royal estates in the Tang Dynasty, all over the country. Tang Daizong Dali period (AD 766-779), The Inner Village House Envoy: The State House Lost Land and Rent Hook More than 14,000 (2). When Tang Shunzong ascended the throne (AD 805), the ambassador of Neizhuang said, "In October of the 21st year (Zhenyuan), all kinds of taxes, levies, money and silks owed by the ancestors had been paid, and 526,840 stones, horses and bundles should be exempted." It can be seen that the royal manor covers a lot of land and is profitable. The land of the royal manor is rented or rented, and tenants are recruited to farm and rent grain; Or work with official handmaiden, hooligans and criminals; Or hire someone to farm. For example, in Don Yao Hui, Yan Ying wrote: "Please plant rice in the inner garden, which is fertile in Qin, so it is the first.
The gardeners in it are all Jingzhao people, so it is easy to see that they are in the field and the moon has been replaced. But everyone is 8 thousand a month, the food is outside, and the gardener still raises money. "(4) Here, we can see that there are" gardeners "working in the Royal Manor in Beijing.
Guanzhuang, also known as Guanzhuang, is a feudal manor. Under the guidance of the agricultural ambassador and the doctor of the Ministry of Industry, it includes the public and professional fields of the lawsuit, as well as many wasteland and farmland cultivation. After the Anshi Rebellion, many manors were established on these lands. The Jingguan Village was managed by Zhuang Zhai and Gong Yuan, while the local official fields in various counties were directly managed by local officials. For example, many fields managed by Changchun Palace during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty were called Zhuangzhai in Tang Jingzong's letters. Many official manor lands were confiscated from private houses. For example, after Tang Jun recovered Chang 'an in the Anshi Rebellion, Tang Suzong wrote: "It is advisable to be immediately responsible for his recent disobedience and isolation of the people's manor." (1) These former private manors were all owned by the government and changed to official estates. Except for a few government-run manors, servants and criminals, most government-run manors are rented to tenants for farming, but in fact most of them are restricted, that is, farmers are forced to rent seeds and the government collects fixed rent grain. For example, "Centennial field, located in counties of Gyeonggi, is often occupied by local governments, and poor households are forced to eat Artemisia shortage" (2), and "Centennial field in Beijing is scattered in counties of Gyeonggi, and the old system divides fields. Year after year, the tenant farmers went into exile, and the official Cao was an imaginary number "(3), which shows that the official land was rented to farmers for farming. As for the rent of tenants in Guanzhuang, as Yuan Zhen said, "Its various fields cost about three tons of millet, three bundles of grass and one hundred and twenty pence per mu. If the boss of a Beijing official works in a foreign country, the people have to change rice and hire a car and a boat to deliver it, and the tax will be more than four times. Due to the heavy tax difference, counties and counties have suppressed private rents year by year. . . Its public farmland, official farmland, post farmland, etc. Taxation is similar to professional farmland, and it also inhibits private rent, which makes people tired and bitter, so there is no fault. Tang * * * mastered a large area of wasteland reclamation and farmland reclamation. For example, the farmland reclamation in Chuzhou, known as "Hongzetun" in the canon, is led by the Prime Minister, and there are hundreds of officials working in the fields, which should not be less (5). Another example is the period of Yuanhe in Tang Xianzong (806-820 AD), when Zhenwu reclaimed land. "Zhenwu started from the east and crossed Yunzhou in the west, and was extremely surrendered to the city, covering an area of more than 600 miles, with 20 rows of fences, 3,800 miles of cultivated land and an annual harvest of 200,000 stones" (1), covering an extremely wide area. In addition, if Bi Cheng is in Ning wasteland, he will also get 300,000 yuan a year. There are many such cases. After Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, most of our envoys were engaged in farming or reclamation. Bureaucratic landlord manor is the private manor of nobles, bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen. These manors were built on a large amount of public and private land annexed and occupied by bureaucratic landlords. The big bureaucratic landlords in the Tang Dynasty owned many manors. For example, Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, occupied a lot of land. "Since returning to Hechi Pass (now south of D County, Shaanxi Province), there are hundreds of miles in the middle, so the king of Fenyang has private fields." .
He also has a "Southern Villa" in Beijing. Another example is the "Wuqiao Mountain Villa" in Luoyang, where Liang Xiangpei lived. Li Deyu has a "Pingquan Village" in Luoyang, with more than ten miles around, more than 100 pavilions and numerous fertile fields. These famous officials are all like this, not to mention the general dignitaries. Yuan Zai is in the capital. "There are dozens of fertile villas in the south of the city, which are connected with Xinjiang." Sikongtu's "Sikongzhuang" said that "Sikongtu's assistant minister came from the old hidden three peaks and moved to the Wangguan Valley in Zhongtiaoshan. Weeks back to more than ten miles, the beauty of the spring stone, crown in a mountain. Above Beiyan, there are waterfall springs flowing into the valley, irrigating dozens of hectares of fertile land. " Today, future generations are still alive and are the ears of ordinary people. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Jiang, the prime minister, was also a famous manor. According to "Tai Ping Guang Ji", "Guo Xiang Wei Zhou is good at treating students, and there are other businesses in the east of Jiangling Prefecture, fertile land and fertile soil, all of which are depressed. At the beginning of Xian Tong, Lingnan was granted our time, and Zong Yi took Panyu as the land of pearl and green, and hung the ring of greedy springs. Zhou calmly said, "There are still 7,000 heaps of valleys in Jiangling Village, so don't be greedy." The emperor said,' This is the so-called full valley Weng.' In addition, Lantian Villa in Song Dynasty and Wangkou Village in Wang Wei are also famous. Others, such as "Judge li miao, Zhuang is in Gaoling, Zhuangke delayed paying the rent for a total of five or six years, Miao Yingui Zhuangguan went on strike and wanted to be held accountable" 6. And "Sue's special envoy, Jiangnan army, has a villa, and he has been giving me a visit to die in the summer". The manor set up by these big bureaucrats and landlords is not only large in area, but also has beautiful manor houses or courtyards, pavilions, clear springs and strange rocks dotted among them. Their manor is often managed by Zhuang officials or villa officials, such as Zheng Guangzhe, "uncle of Xuanzong, villa officials are quite arrogant, suffering from serious internal problems, and can not rent for years." In the Tang Dynasty, small and medium-sized officials, ordinary landlords and industrial and commercial owners also owned manors. For example, there is a scholar in Dengfeng, Henan Province, "The manor is in Dengfeng County"; During the Dali period (766-779 AD), some scholars "lived in Weinan"; Gan Zhao, the mother of Shu people, said: "There is a village in Shehong County, because I went to the village to collect crops." Liu Jizhong "lived in a village near Gyeonggi", and at the end of Taihe (827-835 AD), "there were scholars in Songzi County in the south of Beijing who lived in the village and left school". This modest manor is generally managed by the owner himself. Ganzhao's mother's manor is managed by herself. It is also common for small landlords or literati to own small manors in the Tang Dynasty.
Temple manor is a manor jointly owned by monks and landlords. Because the land equalization system in the Tang Dynasty stipulated that monks and nuns could receive land, monks and nuns and landlords also actively participated in land annexation and accepted land gifts, and both occupied a large amount of land. Like secular landlords, monk landlords also set up manors on the land they occupied. Some of these manors are privately owned by monks and some belong to monasteries. The manor owned by the temple is usually called a permanent farm. For example, Qi Jie Temple in Yichun County, "its temple often lives in fields and has a lot of livestock" (5), and another example is Zhenyangguan in Xinxi County, "it often lives in fields and acres" (6). Temples occupy a considerable number of fields, such as Gubai Village in Shaolin Temple, covering an area of 40 hectares. Ayurveda Temple in Yuezhou has a field of 10 hectare, which is a fertile ground for "real soil and rich water". Longzhou Daxiang Temple has seven official houses with a total area of 536 hectares, five acres of triangle and firewood waves. James Li Temple in Changbai Mountain, Changshan County, Shandong Province also has the "Tenth Five-Year Manor". Temple gardens are all managed by Taoist priests who know Zhuang or Shu. For example, there is "knowing the village and benefiting the marsh" in Bordet in Songling (4). At the end of each year, monks who know Zhuang or Shu have to declare the income of the manor to the temple. Buddhism and Taoism prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and the temple economy developed greatly in the early Tang Dynasty. In the ninth year of Wude (AD 626), (4) New Book of the South.
Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu "The temples in the capital are not very clean" (5), once wrote a letter saying: "There are despicable monkeys there. . Going in and out of the alley, dealing with a_, rushing to the ground and accumulating goods. " Farming and weaving for a living, it is estimated that businessmen will also become useful, and things are the same as mending households and mending traces. "It can be seen that its economic strength has been quite developed. Later, with the prevalence of Buddhism and Taoism, the temple manor economy grew stronger and stronger. It not only manages agricultural production, but also opens houses, shops and water conservancy facilities, runs businesses, lends usury and shelters the population for its own use. Because the temple occupied too much land, which seriously affected the income of the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong ordered: "The temple occupied too much land and milled too much water, which invaded the people. It is advisable to ask the governor of this state to check it. If the officials and the people give alms to the manor house, the farmers in Beijing should take them and give them to poor students from other States. "However, due to the failure to fundamentally solve the problem of the annexation of land and population by the temple manor economy, the temple manor economy continued to develop, and the contradiction between feudal countries and feudal countries for financial resources and labor was increasingly intensified. When Wu Zongshi arrived, it finally evolved into a large-scale movement to destroy Buddha. In the fifth year of Huichang (AD 845), more than 4,600 monasteries and 260,500 secular monks and nuns were destroyed. There are more than 40,000 courtyards in Lanruo Temple, tens of millions of hectares of farmland, and 150,000 handmaids from two-tax households. " (1) It can be seen that temples occupy as much land as farmlands.
There are many economic management projects in the manor. Besides agricultural production, it is also engaged in handicraft production and commercial activities. In agricultural production, in addition to planting all kinds of crops, we also plant all kinds of fruit trees and bamboo, as well as raising livestock and poultry and fish. There are vegetable gardens, tea gardens and orchards in the manor. For example, Wangkou Village of Wang Wei has fertile fields and cultivates grains; Various crops are also planted in bamboo forests, orchards, melon orchards and vegetable gardens. Liu Mou is a medium-sized manor in Jiangling, and "there is a house, surrounded by mulberry trees, 300 people, 500 acres of fields, a valley of trees, artistic hemp, animals and cars, and there is no requirement for others" (3). In handicraft industry, it is mainly the processing of agricultural products such as textile, oil extraction and wine making. For example, the owner of Xizhuang village in Huaiyin, Chuzhou said, "There are meters, and a guest of Zhuangke is the winner; Many silks are produced by domestic machines. . "④ Silk is produced by the manor. Another example is Yuan Zhen, who has a village in Qianjia, Xiangzhou, Jiangxia. . Zhuang passenger transport six or seven cans of oil "(5); Yuan's village also "sent oil" to him. It can be seen that many manors have oil extraction points. In business, such as opening a shop, a hotel, a garage and a cowshed, selling the grain, vegetables, tea, fruits and textiles produced by this manor.
Due to a certain degree of division of labor and intensive management in the manor, the manor economy and the market also have certain connections. After the Anshi Rebellion, not only the agricultural economy further developed, but also the industry and commerce developed on the basis of the developed manor economy.
Except for a small part of the fields of the manor, which are directly operated by the manor owners themselves, most of the rest are rented out to farmers for cultivation. The labor force used in the manor directly operated by the manor owner is filled by the official handmaiden, official pawn, criminal, servant, civilian worker and employee in the imperial manor and the official manor. Bureaucratic landlords and wealthy businessmen also use handmaiden and servants in their private estates. Temple manor is cultivated by monk slaves and inferior monks. Because it is laborious to directly manage farmland, all manor owners are willing to lease most of their land to farmers, which led to the prevalence of tenancy system in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Tenants who cultivated farmland lost their land, and they attached the owner's book "Old Tang Shu Gao Zu Ji".
Farmers have many names, such as Zhuangke, Zhuanghu, Tenant and Customer. They were severely exploited. In the official village, they have to pay three buckets of millet, three bundles of grass and120p rent per mu, while in the private village, they have to pay one stone or five buckets per mu. Although the exploitation of private villages is more important than official villages, many bankrupt farmers are still attached to private villages because they are sheltered by manor owners and can avoid the chores of feudal countries.