At present, the earliest gold, silver and bronze ware we can see is a Luan tree altar with a wrong gold inscription. It was in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, with a height of 48.4 cm, plain face facing the sky, shoulder-to-shoulder neck, and five lines and forty characters in gold. The main idea of the inscription is: In the first month of Ji Chun, Luan Shu made this device to worship ancestors, hoping that future generations would live longer. Luan Shu was a minister of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period and died in 573 BC. At present, we haven't seen any earlier bronzes with wrong gold.
Since the 6th century BC, the inscriptions on Jin Cuo have appeared, and since then they have been imitated and popularized for nearly a thousand years, with the peak period from the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty.
The dislocation of gold and silver itself is a decorative process. In order to pursue decorative beauty, the inscription has been changed from now on. The position of the inscription moved from the inside of the vessel to the surface of the vessel, and it was deliberately managed. Generally, inscriptions on bronze inscriptions use various artistic characters, among which wuyue Bird and Insect Book is the most widely used.
Bird and insect book, also known as insect book, bird seal and bird brush, is a flower in seal script. It is often painted with insects and birds, which is like a book and full of interest. The inscriptions in the book "Birds and Insects in the Golden Chamber" were mostly used on weapons from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, but they were found on pots and other containers in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as the bronze pot with birds and insects in the Golden Chamber collected by Shanghai Museum and the bronze pot with birds and insects in the Golden Chamber unearthed from the Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province.
Although some inscriptions on inscriptions are not books of birds and insects, they also tend to be patterned and artistic. For example, 1957 unearthed in Shouxian County, Anhui Province, the Jin CuO E Qi Jun Festival in the Warring States Period was engraved with three or two characters of Jin CuO. The font is like grass, and the lines are slender and elegant. At the intersection of horizontal pen and vertical pen, dots are often dotted, like little stars, scattered between the lines, which is very beautiful.
2, geometric patterns:
Gold and silver bronzes are decorated with geometric patterns, among which geometric moire is the most common.
The geometric moire of gold and silver is different from that of bronzes in the past. Its main feature is that it not only has the bone method composed of strict rules inherent in geometric patterns, but also seeks changes in rules. If more thin and symmetrical moire vortex lines are used and the rotating thin vortex lines are connected with wider surfaces, this decoration is full of rhythm and rhythmic beauty, which is particularly fresh and lively. The innovation of geometric patterns is an outstanding artistic achievement of the gold and silver interlaced process in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties.
In addition, there are geometric patterns, such as diamond patterns, triangle patterns, thunder patterns and hook patterns, but they are not the main decorative patterns.
3. Animal patterns, hunting patterns and descriptions of eyes, eyebrows, nose, mouth, claws, hair and feathers on various animal-shaped bronzes.
Fourth, the class and its representative works.
1, weapon:
From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, gold and silver interleaving technology was widely used in bronze weapons.
The most important feature of gold and silver weapons from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period is the inscription of gold and silver. Bird seal is the most common inscription font.
The gold fault inscriptions on Ge are generally found in Hu Heyuan and Hu family on Ge surface, such as Song Gongge in China History Museum, which was unearthed in Shouxian County, Anhui Province in 1936. Ge is 2.23 cm long and Hu is 9.7 cm long. There is a glittering bird print inscription in Hu Department: "Song Gongsuo (made) Ge". Song Gong Jingsheng ascended the throne in 15 16 BC. Inside Gege, there is also a set of golden fault Metamormon patterns. Another example is Gago, the son of Cai in the late Spring and Autumn Period collected by Shanghai Museum. There are six characters of Hu's golden bird seal script, with golden double hook lines inside. There is also assistance to the Hu department, such as Wang Zige of the Shanxi Provincial Museum and Ge's assistance to the wrong bird seal of the Prince. Yu may be from the Spring and Autumn Period.
The inscriptions on swords are generally on the surface of swords, not on the ridges of individual swords. For example, the sword made by Cai Hou was collected in Anhui Provincial Museum, and it was unearthed in Huainan, Anhui Province in 1959. The inscription of the golden bird on the surface of the sword was made by Cai Hou, which is a fear of the sword. The sword of Gou Jian, the King of Yue, unearthed from the tomb at the foot of Wang Mountain in Jiangling, Hubei Province, has a close face. Is it a golden bird print? Quot Gou Jian, King of Yue, acted as a sword.
There is also a golden inscription on the spear. For example, in 1983, a spear of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, was unearthed from the Chu tomb in Mashan, Hubei. The spear seat is engraved with two lines and eight gold typos, and the recorder is Fu Cha, the king of Wu.
Sabre and sabre were popular in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty records the sabre system of Han officials: "Sabre, riding jade and gold, makes the whole body wrong ... the prince and the king are wrong." This kind of gold-encrusted sabre was then called "Jin Cuodao". For example, there is a sentence in Zhang Heng's poem "Four Sorrow" in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "The beauty gave me Jin Cuodao, why should I repay her?" . Xie Cheng's Book of the Later Han Dynasty also records: "I gave you a wrong knife." However, archaeological discoveries show that the swords in Qin and Han dynasties were mostly iron weapons, while the spears in Ge and He were made of gold, silver and copper. In addition, bronze crossbows and bow frames in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties also have inscriptions and geometric moires. Such as Mawangdui No.2 Han Tomb in Changsha and Mancheng Han Tomb in Hebei.
2, horses and chariots:
The bronze components of the cars of the royal family, the royal family and senior officials in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties are often decorated with gold and silver geometry. According to the records of the later Han Dynasty, both the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager's cars were painted with moire and gold. Five ends refer to the head end of the axle, the two ends of the scale and the halters at both ends of the axle. Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Wrong, gold painting is also", and "Five-end gold painting" is the wrong decoration of five-end gold. The records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty have been confirmed by archaeological excavations. Hundreds of pieces of gold staggered five ends have been unearthed in the tombs of the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties: bronze head, shaft head and balance end.
Among the hundreds of gold, silver, bronze chariots and horses found in archaeology, I would like to introduce a bicycle umbrella collar, which was unearthed from the Han tomb in Sanpanshan, Dingxian County, Hebei Province in 1965. It is 26.4 cm long and 3.5 cm in diameter. The hunting pattern of gold and silver on the collar. Decorative patterns are extremely rich in content, vivid in image, intense in tension and huge in momentum. It not only depicts the beauty of nature, but also reflects the hunting activities of people in Han Dynasty. It is a bright pearl in China bronze gold and silver craft treasure house!
3. Daily life and other supplies:
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were few daily utensils for gold and silver. But in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, it was widely popular. Many high-grade daily bronzes used by nobles are covered with beautiful gold and silver coats. At present, archaeological discoveries include: ding, Zun, pot, cup, bean, boat, basin, plate, jar, ear cup, dagger, jar, spoon, lamp, fuming stove, mirror, hook and dice.
At present, a large number of bronzes with staggered gold and silver in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties have been discovered in archaeology, among which there are many fine products: staggered golden cloud beans unearthed in Changzhi watershed, Shanxi Province in the Warring States period, 1965, winged beasts, dragon and phoenix patterns, and tiger and deer eaters unearthed in Zhongshan king's tomb in Pingshan, Hebei Province in 1977. 1966 moire tripod unearthed in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, 1979 cirrus four-petal tripod unearthed in Xiaotun Village, Luoyang, Henan Province, 1965 moire sacrificial statue unearthed in Sanlidun, Lianshui, Jiangsu Province, 1966 moire sheep jar unearthed in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, 1972. The moire boat unearthed in Changzhi watershed, Shanxi Province in 1955, the moire bow frame unearthed in Zhongzhou Road, Luoyang, Henan Province in 1996, the moire hook unearthed in Changsha, Hunan Province, the geometric hook pot and hunting bronze mirror unearthed in Jincun Village, Luoyang, Henan Province in 1954, the rhinoceros hook unearthed in Sichuan in 1954, the moire bean-shaped lamp tiger hidden in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the dragon beast unearthed in Qufu Road, Shandong Province in 1977. In the Qin Dynasty, there were Yangling Tiger Symbols unearthed in Lincheng, Shandong Province, and Yuefu Bell unearthed in 1977 from Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi Province. In the Han Dynasty, there were Panlong Pot, Bird-sealed Pot, Ruding Pot, Suzaku Ring Cup, Bei Bo Furnace, Meibao Town and 1968 bronze dice unearthed from the Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province. The bird in Shanghai Museum seals the pot, the bronze chime with hook pattern unearthed in Xi, Shaanxi Province in 1964, the car umbrella collar unearthed in Dingxian, Hebei Province in/965, the cow lamp unearthed in Hanjiang, Jiangsu Province in 1980, the four gods with hook unearthed in Sichuan in 1950, and1950. Because there are too many fine bronzes in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, just like the stars in the sky, we can't count them. We can only select the above representative works and introduce them to readers.