Qingdao is located in the southern part of the Shandong Peninsula, is located in the east longitude 119?30 ′ ~ 121? 00 ′, north latitude 35?35 ′ ~ 37?09 ′, east and south of the Yellow

Sea, northeast and Yantai City adjacent to the city of Weifang in the west, and southwest of the city of Rizhao border. The total area of the city is 10654 square kilometers, of which the urban area

(Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Lichang, Laoshan, Chengyang, Huangdao and other seven districts) is 1102 square kilometers, under the jurisdiction of the five cities of Jiaozhou, Jimo, Pindu, Jiaonan,

Leisi is 9552 square kilometers.

Natural Environment

Geology and Geomorphology Qingdao is a hilly city on the seashore, with the terrain high in the east and low in the west, rising in the north and south, and concave in the middle, in which the mountains account for 15.5% of the city's total

area, the hills account for 25.1%, the plains account for 37.7%, and the depressions account for 21.7%. The city's coast is divided into three basic types: the mountainous bedrock coast between headlands and bays, the mountainous harbor

muddy silt coast, and the bedrock gravel coast. The shallow seabed has underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and sea erosion plains.

Qingdao is located in the geotectonic position for the new Huaxia uplift belt secondary tectonic unit - the northeast edge of the Jiaonan uplift area and Jiaolai depression area in the south.

The entire Paleozoic stratum and part of the Mesozoic stratum are missing in the area, but the Cretaceous Qingshan Formation volcanic rocks are well developed and widely exposed in the city.

The magmatic rocks are dominated by Yuejishan gneisses of the Jiao Nan period of the Paleozoic, and Aishan granodiorite and Laoshan granite of the late Yanshan period of the Mesozoic.

The urban area is situated on top of this kind of granite, with excellent building foundation conditions. The tectonic structure of the region is dominated by the fracture structure. Since the Tertiary, the area has been dominated by

integrally stable fault block uplift, and the rise is generally small.

Mountain ranges There are three mountain systems in the city. In the southeast is the Laoshan Mountain Range, a steep mountain, the main peak elevation of 1132.7 meters. From the top of Laoshan to the west and north stretches to

Qingdao city. In the north is Dazhe Mountain (736.7 meters above sea level, all the mountains in Pingdu and some of the peaks in Laixi belong to it). In the south, there is a group of Jiaonan mountains consisting of Dazhu Mountain (486.4

m), Xiaozhushan Mountain (724.9m), and Tiezuo Mountain (595.1m). The mountains in the city include Fushan (384 meters above sea level),

Taiping Mountain (150 meters above sea level), Qingdao Mountain (128.5 meters above sea level), Signal Mountain (99 meters above sea level), Fulong Mountain (86 meters above sea level), and Yushui Mountain (80.6

meters above sea level).

Rivers in the city **** there are 224 large and small rivers, all monsoon rain source type, mostly independent into the sea of the mountain streams of small rivers. There are 33 large rivers with a watershed area of more than 100 square kilometers, which are divided into three water systems: the Dagu River, the North Jialai River, and the coastal rivers.

The Dagu River system consists of the main stream and its tributaries, with the main tributaries being the Xiaogu River, Wugu River, Liuhao River, and South Jialai River. Dagu River is the largest river in the city, originating from Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, flowing into Qingdao from north to south, passing through Laixi, Pindu, Jimo, Jiaozhou and Chengyang, and entering the sea at the South Pier Village of Jiaozhou.

The main stream is 179.9 meters long. The total length of the main stream is 179.9 kilometers, with a watershed area of 6,131.3 square kilometers (including 1,500 square kilometers of the South Jiao Lai River Basin), and it is the largest water

system on the Jiaodong Peninsula. The average annual runoff of the Dagu River is 661 million cubic meters. The river before the 1970s, runoff seasonality is strong, summer flood surge,

year-round water; late 70s, in addition to flood season, the middle and lower reaches have been cut off.

The North Jialai River system includes the mainstream North Jialai River and its tributaries, the main tributaries in Qingdao are Ze River, Longwang River, Now River and Baisha River,

with a total basin area of 1914.0 square kilometers. The North Jialai River originates from the northern foot of the watershed in Yaojia Village, Wanjia Town, Pingdu City, and flows into Laizhou Bay along the border between Pingdu City and Changyi City

and exits from Daimiaojia Village, Xinhe Town, Pingdu City. The total length of the main stream is 100 kilometers, with a watershed area of 3978.6 square kilometers. The average runoff of the river is 253 million cubic meters, and the average sand content is 0.24 kilograms per cubic meter.

The coastal rivers refer to the rivers that flow into the sea alone, and the larger ones are Baisha River, Mushui River, Wanggezhuang River, Baima River, Jili River, Zhoutong River, Yang

River, etc.

The city's sea area is the largest in the world, and it is the largest in the world.

Sea area The city's coastline (including the coastline of the islands) is 862.64 kilometers long, of which the mainland coastline is 730.64 kilometers, accounting for the coastline of Shandong Province

1/4 strong. The coastline zigzag, cape and bay, an area of more than 0.5 square kilometers of the bay, from north to south distribution of Dingzhi Bay, Quebrai Bay, Yanshui Bay

(also known as the Bay of Hengmen), Laoshan Bay (also known as the North Bay), the Bay of small islands, Wanggoshuang Bay, Castle Peak Bay, the Bay of Waishima Island, the mouth of the Taichenggong, Liuching River Bay, the mouth of the Laoshan

Shazikou Bay, the Bay of Maidao, the Bay of Fushan, the Bay of Taiping, the Bay of Huichan, the front of the Sea Bay (also known as the Bay of Trestles). Bay (also known as Jiaoqiao Bay), Jiaozhou Bay, Tangdao Bay, Lingshan Bay, Liguan Bay

and Guzhen Bay, Jaitang Bay, Dongjiakou Bay, Muguan Island Bay, etc.; Jiaozhou Bay and the Haixi Bay (including the small fork of the Bay, Xuejiajiajiao Bay), Huangdao Bay, Yin

Island Bay, the mouth of the female Gou, Cangkou Bay and other 32 bays.

Qingdao City, the original 70 islands. 1987, Jaitang former island and Jaitang island after the artificial connection for Jaitang Island. Existing 69 islands. Among them,

Small Qingdao, Wheat Island, Tuan Island, Tuan Island Nose, Huangdao and Jidao is an artificial island, only 63 islands surrounded by the sea on all sides. 69 islands have a total area of

21.2 square kilometers, the total length of the coastline of 132 kilometers. Most of these islands are less than 20 kilometers away from the mainland, and the furthest one, Qianliyan Island, is about 64 kilometers away from the land

. Of these 69 islands, only 10 have permanent residents.

Tides Qingdao is a regular semi-diurnal tidal harbor, with two high tides and two low tides on each Taiyin day (24:48). The tidal range is 1.9-3.5 meters, with a large

tidal range occurring 2-3 days after the solstice or wang (upper or lower) day, and the tide level in August is generally 0.5 meters higher than that in January. Qingdao tide gauge station 1950 ~

1956 observation of the average tide level is named "Yellow Sea mean sea surface", the height of the Qingdao Guanxiangshan national level origin of 72.289 meters below.

China

Since 1957, the physical elevation of the mainland has been calculated from this zero point.

Climate Qingdao is located in the north temperate monsoon region and has a temperate monsoon climate. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment, the city is affected by the east

south monsoon from the ocean surface and the influence of the sea current and water masses, so it has a significant oceanic climate characteristics. The air is humid, the rainfall is abundant, the temperature is moderate, and the four seasons are

clear. Spring temperatures rise slowly, 1 month later than inland; summer is hot and humid and rainy, but no scorching heat; fall is high and cool, with little precipitation and strong evaporation; winter

windy and cold, lasting for a long time. According to 1898 since more than a hundred years of meteorological data check, the city's average annual temperature of 12.7 ℃, extreme high temperature 38.9

℃ (July 15, 2002), extreme low temperature -16.9 ℃ (January 10, 1931). The hottest month of the year is August, with an average temperature of 25.3℃; January

is the coldest, with an average temperature of -0.5℃. The average number of days with daily maximum temperature higher than 30℃ is 11.4 days per year; the average number of days with daily minimum temperature lower than -5℃ is 22 days per year.

The average annual precipitation is 662 days. The annual average precipitation is 662.1 mm, with spring, summer, fall and winter rainfall accounting for 17%, 57%, 21% and

5% of the annual precipitation respectively. The maximum annual precipitation is 1272.7 mm (1911) and the minimum is only 308.2 mm (1981), and the annual variability of precipitation is 62%. The average number of snow days per year is only 10 days.

The average annual air pressure is 1008.7 mm. The average annual air pressure is 1008.6 mbar. The average annual wind speed is 5.2 meters per second, with the south-east wind as the dominant direction. The average annual relative humidity is 73%, with a high of 89% in July and a low of 68% in December. Qingdao Sea fog, frequent, annual average of 51.3 days of dense fog, light fog

108.2 days.

Soil According to the land classification system of the Second National Soil Census, Qingdao's soil mainly consists of brown loam, sand, ginger and black soil, tidal soil, brown soil, salt soil and so on

5 soil categories.

Brown soil covers an area of 493,700 hectares, accounting for 59.8% of the total soil area, and is the most widely distributed and largest soil type in the city. It is mainly distributed

in the mountainous hills and pre-mountainous plains, and the degree of soil development is affected by the topographic parts, and is divided into 3

soil genera, such as brown loamy soil, brown loam, and tidal brown loam, in ascending order, and the brown loamy soil is high in terms of topographic parts, The brown loamy soil is mostly used for forestry and animal husbandry because of its high topographic area, large slope, thin soil layer, heavy erosion and low fertility. Brown soil and tidal brown soil are

Qingdao's main food and cash crop cultivation soil.

The area of sand ginger black soil is 176,900 hectares, accounting for 21.42% of the total soil area. It is mainly distributed in the south of Laisinan, the southwest of Pingdu, the northwest of Jimo

part, and the shallow flat depressions in the north of Jiaozhou. This type of soil layer is deep, the soil quality is sticky, the topsoil is light to heavy loam, the physical properties are poor, the water, gas and heat conditions

are not coordinated enough, and the quick-acting nutrients are low.

The area of tidal soil is 144,900 hectares, accounting for 17.55% of the total soil area. It is mainly distributed in the river plains along the lower reaches of the Dagu River, Wugu River and Jialai River

. Due to the different distance from the river, the soil texture and soil configuration vary greatly. The near-sea area is often affected by sea salt to form salinized tidal soil, soil fertility

and the direction of utilization varies greatly.

Brown soil covers an area of 6333.33 hectares, accounting for 0.77% of the total soil area. It is sporadically distributed in the upper and middle limestone residual hills of Pingdu, Laixi and Jiaonan.

Salt soil area 3666.67 hectares, accounting for 0.44% of the total soil area, distributed in the coastal lowlands and coastal beach.

History

Qingdao area used to be called Jiao'ao, in 1891 (Qing Guangxu 17 years) the Qing government stationed troops and set up Yamen, which became the beginning of Qingdao's establishment. 1897,

Germany sent troops to occupy Jiao'ao on the pretext of the "Jiuye Case", and after the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Japan replaced Germany in the occupation of Jiao'ao. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Japan replaced Germany in the military

colonization of Jiaoao, and in 1919, the issue of Qingdao's sovereignty triggered the famous "May Fourth" movement, forcing Japan to sign the Treaty of Settlement of the Outstanding Cases in Shandong with the Chinese government in 1922, and in the same year, China reclaimed Jiaoao, which came under the direct control of the Beiyang government. In 1929, the Nanjing government took over the commercial port of Jiaoao and established the Qingdao Special Municipality in July of the same year, which was renamed Qingdao City in 1930. 1938, the Japanese invaded Qingdao again, and in 1945, the Kuomintang government, supported by the United States, took over Qingdao, which was still a special municipality. 1949, Qingdao was liberated on June 2, 1949, and became a municipality in Shandong Province. 1981, Qingdao was listed as one of the most important cities in the whole country. In 1994, it was listed as one of the 15

vice-provincial cities.

Topography

Qingdao is a hilly city on the seashore, with the terrain high in the east, low in the west, rising in the north and south, and low in the center, with mountains accounting for 15.5% of the city's total area,

hills accounting for 25.1%, plains accounting for 37.7%, and depressions accounting for 21.7%. The city's coast is divided into three basic types: the mountainous bedrock coast between headlands and bays, the muddy silt coast of mountainous harbors

and the bedrock gravel coast. The shallow seabed has underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas, and sea erosion plains. The city has

3 mountain systems. In the southeast is the Laoshan Mountain Range, steep mountains, the main peak elevation of 1132.7 meters, from the top of the Laoshan to the west and north stretches to Qingdao city. In the north are the Dazhe Mountains, and in the south are the Jiaonan Mountain Group consisting of Dazhu Mountain, Xiaozhushan Mountain, and Tiezhu Mountain. The mountains in the city include Fushan, Taiping Mountain, Qingdao Mountain, Signal Mountain,

Fulong Mountain, and Storing Water Mountain. There are 224 rivers of various sizes in the city, all of which are monsoon rain source type, and most of them are mountain streams and small rivers that enter the sea independently. Basin area

There are 33 large rivers with an area of 100 square kilometers or more, and they are divided into three water systems: the Dagu River, the North Jialai River, and the coastal rivers.

The city's coastline (including the coastline of its islands) is 862.64 kilometers long, of which 730.64 kilometers is mainland coastline, accounting for more than a quarter of the coastline of Shandong Province.

Administrative divisions

Since the founding of the PRC, Qingdao's administrative divisions have changed considerably: at the end of 1949, it was divided into the Shinan District, the Shibei District, the Taixi District, the Taidong District, the Sicang District, the Licun District, and the Fushan District; in June 1951, the Laoshan Office of the Jiaozhou Prefecture was transferred to Qingdao and renamed the Laoshan Suburban Office; and in August, the Sicang District, the Fushan District, and the Sifang District were abolished. In June 1953, the Laoshan Suburban Office was renamed the Laoshan Suburban People's Government. 1958, the end of the year,

Changwei Prefecture of Jiao County, Jiaonan County and Laiyang Prefecture of Jimo County to Qingdao City. 1961, May, Jimo, Jiaonan, Jiao County out of; October,

Laoshan County was established in the former Laoshan Suburban administrative area, to the Qingdao City. In December 1962, Taixi District was abolished, and its jurisdiction was incorporated into Shinan and Shiyan

North Districts respectively. In November 1978, Jimo County of Yantai District, and Jiao and Jiaonan Counties of Changwei District were transferred to Qingdao City; and Huangdao District of Qingdao City was newly established,

with the jurisdiction of Huangdao, Xuejiajiao, and Xin'an Commune which had been transferred out of Jiao'nan County.

At the same time, the Laixi County and Weixi County of Yantai District were transferred to Qingdao City, and their jurisdictions were transferred to Qingdao City. In August 1983, Laixi County in Yantai and Pingdu County in Weifang were transferred to Qingdao City; in April 1987, Jiao County was abolished and Jiaozhou City (county level) was established; in November 1988, Laoshan County was abolished and Laoshan District was established; in July 1989, Pingdu and Jimo Counties were abolished and Pingdu City (county level) and Jimo City (county level) were established; and in December 1990, Jiao'nan and Laixi Counties were abolished and Laoshan District (county level) was established; in August 1983, Huangdao and Xuejiadao Commune were transferred from Jiaonan County. In December 1990, the abolition of Jiao Nan County and Laixi County, the establishment of

Jiao Nan City (county-level) and Laixi City (county-level). 1994, the first half of the city's administrative division of the city made major adjustments in the city's total number of jurisdictions remain unchanged under the premise of

Taitung District, the Shibei District, and Sifang District, Wujiacun Street Office, wrong port Ridge Street Office, the entire unit merger, to set up the new Shibei District; the Laoshan District

make major adjustments. Part of the establishment of the new Laoshan District, part of the establishment of Chengyang District, part of the merger with Cangkou District to establish the Lichang District. The city administration

After the adjustment of the district, district-level organizations: Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Lichang, Laoshan, Chengyang, Huangdao and other seven districts. 2003, the end of the jurisdiction of the above seven districts

And Jimo, Jiaozhou, JiaoNan, PingDu, LaiXi and other five cities (county-level).

Population and ethnicity

Qingdao now governs seven districts of Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Lichang, Laoshan, Huangdao, Chengyang, and five cities of Jimo, Jiaozhou, Jiaonan, Pingdu, Laixi,

A total area of 106,548 square kilometers, the city's total household population of 7,629,200 people, in addition to Han Chinese people, there are more than 50 minority ethnic groups of Manchurians, Hui, Koreans, etc.

More than 39,600 people. The municipal party committee and city government are located in the southern district of the city.

Economic Development

Preliminary estimates, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2009 amounted to 489.033 billion yuan, an increase of 12.2% over the previous year at comparable prices.

The ratio of the three industries was adjusted from 5.1:50.8:44.1 in the previous year to 4.7:50.1:45.2. In 2009, the city's total fiscal revenue amounted to 146.36 billion yuan, an increase of 16.9%; the local general budget revenue amounted to 37.7 billion yuan, an increase of 10.1%; and the local general budget expenditure amounted to 43.36 billion yuan, an increase of 10.1%.

Rising 17.4%. Taxation maintained steady growth, the national tax system organized tax revenue (including customs levy) 79.261 billion yuan, an increase of 11.0%;

Local tax revenue 22.399 billion yuan, an increase of 8.7%. Grain production grew, with the city sowing 529,200 hectares of grain, an increase of 3.6%,

and the total output reaching 3,539,100 tons, an increase of 6.1%.

The city's total arable land at the end of 2009 amounted to 418,700 hectares, an increase of 0.2%.

The added value of industries above the city's scale amounted to 233.813 billion yuan, an increase of 14.9%. The city's fixed-asset investment above scale was 245.89 billion yuan, an increase of 25.3 percent. Qingdao

Region (including the central and provincial companies) to achieve total foreign trade imports and exports 44.851 billion U.S. dollars, a decline of 16.4%. At the end of the year, the balance of local and foreign currency deposits of financial institutions

650.454 billion yuan, an increase of 161.946 billion yuan over the beginning of the year; the balance of RMB deposits 630.198 billion yuan, an increase of 157.787 billion yuan over the beginning of the year,

the balance of loans of financial institutions in both local and foreign currencies was 526.858 billion yuan, an increase of 120.553 billion yuan over the beginning of the year, and the balance of loans of 487.353 billion yuan in RMB. The balance of RMB loans was 487.353 billion yuan, an increase of 112.976 billion yuan over the beginning of the year.

Sports and Health

The rapid development of sports. Successfully hosted part of the 11th National Games, and was awarded the title of the best district of the 11th National Games by the organizing committee of the 11th National Games.

The city's athletes in various competitions *** won 233 gold medals, 166.5 silver medals, 180 bronze medals. ***The city's athletes won 233 gold medals, 166.5 silver medals and 180 bronze medals in various competitions. The city***

has six professional sports teams, seven key sports schools with 1,858 students, and 12 operational sports schools. Mass sports and sports industry has made great progress.

Health care service system continues to improve. At the end of the year, the city *** there are 2019 health institutions (including clinics), of which 252 hospitals, health centers, health

epidemiological institutions 24, maternal and child health care institutions 12, outpatient clinics (offices), health clinics, infirmaries 1577. At the end of the year, there were 48,000 health workers of various types, including 16,700 doctors. The city has 32,800 medical beds, of which 26,600 are in hospitals and 0.62 million are in health centers and community

health service organizations.

Science and Technology Education

Further development of science and technology. 2009, the city's high-tech industry output value of 442,753,000,000 yuan, an increase of 17.8%, accounting for 46.51% of the total output value of industrial output value of the scale of

Above the proportion of the city's R&D investment is expected to reach 10,500,000,000 yuan, accounting for about 2.1% of the ratio of GDP; The city's R&D investment is expected to reach 10.5 billion yuan, accounting for about 2.1% of GDP; the annual competition for

775 million yuan of national scientific and technological funding support; the city's patent applications 8754, up 4.6% year-on-year, 4,432 patents authorized, of which 2,197 invention patents

2197 patent applications, authorized 552, an increase of 6.1% and 36.6%; won the national science and technology awards, of which the national first-class prize for technological invention 1

, First Prize for National Scientific and Technological Progress, 5 Second Prizes for National Scientific and Technological Progress, and 88 Provincial Scientific and Technological Awards. Education is developing steadily.

Culture and art

The coordinated development of cultural publishing, radio and television. The city **** all kinds of cultural institutions 458. Among them, 33 theaters, cultural centers (stations) 182,

museums 8, public **** library 13, 12 performing arts groups, 1 radio station, 12 sets of programs, 1 television station, 15 sets of programs

programs, the city's cable TV subscribers to 2.425 million households, digital TV subscribers to 1.595 million households. The city publishes 21.25 million magazines and 659.5 million newspapers. The city **** has 13 archives.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure construction is constantly improving. Highway mileage reached 16,223.9 kilometers, of which, highways and primary roads reached 702.6

km and 1,000km respectively, which continues to keep the first place in the province and 15 sub-provincial cities in the country. New progress has been made in port construction, with 66 berths above 10,000 tons in the city, and port throughput, foreign trade throughput and container throughput of 320 million tons, 220 million tons and 10.28 million TEUs, ranking the fifth, third and fifth in the whole

country. The capacity of air transportation has been improving continuously, and in 2009, the annual throughput of air passengers and cargo and mail amounted to 9.66 million passengers and 135,400 tons, an increase of 17.8% and 3.75% year-on-year. The postal and telecommunication industry is growing rapidly.

Tourism resources

Qingdao mountains by the sea, beautiful scenery, warm winters and cool summers, pleasant climate, is a national historical and cultural city, the first batch of China's outstanding tourist cities, the first

batch of national civilized cities and the 2008 Olympic Games sailing competition host city. The old town of "red tiles and green trees, blue sea and blue sky" and the modernized

new town in the east reflect each other. The coastal walkway that runs through the east and west of the city connects the main tourist attractions such as the Trestle Bridge, Little Qingdao, Little Fish Hill, Underwater World, the First Sea Bathing Beach, the Eight

Daguan Scenic Area, the Wusi Square, the Olympic Sailing Center, the Yinhai Yacht Club, the Polar Ocean World, and the Santa Claus Sea Bathing Beach, and so on, and it has become a unique gallery of the seashore scenery. In the old town, the former site of the German Governor's Office, Zhongshan Road, Tsingtao Beer Museum

museum, Red Wine Factory, and the German-style street are all attractions that are crowded with tourists. In Qingdao, there are national Laoshan Scenic Spot, Seaside Scenic Area and other scenic

areas, and the Badaguan Complex is known as the "Architecture Expo of All Nations". Qingdao's suburbs are rich and colorful in natural and ecological landscapes, humanistic landscapes, and scenic spots and monuments.

The ancient attractions of Langya Terrace, the ancient platform to watch the moon, Longwan surging waves, Qin Shi Huang three times east to forget to return to the East, Xufu East Japan from the sailing; Tian Heng Island, the West

Han five hundred righteous collective martyrdom, heroic, can be sung; and is known as the treasure of the stone carvings of the national key cultural relics protection unit of the Tianzhushan cliffs

Stone carvings, the national nature reserve Mashan stone forests and Qi Great Wall ruins of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. In recent years, Qingdao has also developed and built a number of new attractions,

such as Canopy City, Phoenix Island Tourist Resort, Tangdao Bay Seaside Park, Wildlife World in Development Zone, Zhushan National Forest Park, Jiaonan Langyatai

Scenic Spot, Jimo Hot Springs Resort, Chengyang Baolong Plaza, and the International Handicrafts City, etc. In addition, Qingdao has a well-developed convention and exhibition industry. In addition, Qingdao has a well-developed exhibition industry, with the China International

Consumer Electronics Expo, China International Fisheries Expo, Qingdao International Fashion Week, and Asia-Pacific Tourism Expo, which have developed into internationally renowned exhibitions every year.

In 2009, the annual **** received 40,034,700 domestic and foreign tourists, and the total tourism revenue reached 48,910 million yuan.