abstract: wine glasses are to fine wine what bowls and chopsticks are to delicacies. Without wine, I always feel a little less artistic conception when I drink wine. A good wine set can also improve the taste of wine invisibly. As far as the common liquor on the dining table in China is concerned, the choice of liquor utensils seems to be more casual, but liquor utensils are also particular. Let's share with you how to choose liquor utensils and hurry to have a look. What's the best wine utensil for drinking white wine? 1. Crystal white wine glasses

The high-standard crystal white wine glasses are made of high-purity silicon dioxide without residue. Generally speaking, it is more elegant, and some glasses have a capacity of 111ml. This kind of glass is suitable for elegant drinking-a little bit!

2. Glass

Generally, hotel restaurants are most commonly used, with large or small capacities, including one or two cups, two or two cups, and even beer cups. Generally speaking, large glasses are more common in the north, which shows the boldness of drinkers. Nowadays, some hotels also use some thick-bottomed glasses, which look quite high, but the glasses are very thick, some of which are more than 3 cm. The picture shows an imposing manner, but the capacity is not much. This kind of wine glass is suitable for booze-no matter how many receptions there will be, it can compete with Qiao Feng in imposing manner anyway, playing with heroism.

3. Ceramic cups

Generally, ceramic cups are rare in restaurants, and they are often found in some clubs or private kitchens, which shows the mood. Of course, this kind of cup was very common in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. Good porcelain cups were white in color, with thin walls and traditional patterns on the outside. The author thinks that in the past, because glass was still a luxury, porcelain cups were more common. Older friends may have the impression that ceramic cups were also common before and after the reform and opening up. This kind of glass is suitable for literary drinking-it's as if I'm sorry for this glass if I don't say a few words about talented people and beautiful women and make love to the moon!

4. Pottery cups

This kind of cups can still be seen in rural areas and towns of China. The texture is rough, the color is not as white as porcelain cups, and it is often taupe. This kind of cups is often the standard configuration for villagers to gather and drink alone, with side dishes and peanuts, which is full of the characteristics of the times. Up to now, in some towns and local restaurants in Hunan, Sichuan and Chongqing, Jianghu restaurants can still find traces of it. This kind of wine glass pursues local drinking-what it wants is the taste of returning to nature.

5. Standard tasting cups

With the progress of the times, cups have begun to be colorful. Influenced by the systematization and standardization of western wine tasting, domestic liquor professionals have also begun to have standard cups. Look at the examination site of liquor national judges, and there are more and more standard white cups. This kind of cup can gather the aroma of liquor, and the material of the cup is good, which is convenient for light transmission and observation of liquor color during tasting, which can make it easier for drinkers to judge the "white" of liquor. This wine glass is suitable for tasting wine-this is the real thing!

How to choose a white wine glass that suits you

Because the quality of liquor is not affected by wine utensils, when buying white wine glasses, drinkers only need to choose according to their own aesthetics and drinking habits. For those who have just come into contact with liquor, it is recommended that you buy San Qian or two-dollar glasses, because careful drinking will help you avoid getting drunk when you are not familiar with your capacity for liquor.

1. How many white wine glasses are there

White wine glasses come in different sizes and all kinds of shapes. Large glasses can hold two or three glasses of wine, which is suitable for those who are addicted to alcohol, and there are some white wine glasses with a few dollars, which is quite elegant.

2. Capacity of white wine glasses

There are some capacities of white wine glasses, such as Korean white wine glasses with a capacity of about 32 ml, thickened glass glasses with a capacity of less than 51 ml, and glass white wine glasses with a capacity of 111 ml -211 ml.

3. What is the appropriate size of white wine glasses?

Generally speaking, white wine glasses with a size of about 2 ounces will be chosen for both home use and hotels.

4. Material of white wine glasses

The choice of material for white wine glasses depends on personal consumption level. The common ceramic white wine glasses are affordable, while the jade wine glasses are relatively expensive. However, the collection value of jade wine glasses is also quite high!

The history of China wine utensils

In different historical periods, due to the continuous development of social economy, the production technology, materials and appearance of wine utensils will naturally change accordingly; Therefore, a wide variety of wine vessels have been produced, which are dizzying for people today. According to the materials of wine vessels, they can be divided into: natural wine vessels (wood, bamboo products, animal horns, conch and cucurbit mushrooms), pottery wine vessels (Yi people's five-mouth rescue wine vessels), bronze wine vessels, lacquer wine vessels, porcelain wine vessels, jade articles, crystal products (Tang Dynasty jade square cups, jade synthetic cups and jade bamboo cylindrical cups) and gold and silver wine vessels (Tang Dynasty gold cups).

1. Wine vessels in ancient times

In ancient times, people ate their hair and drank blood, and the use of fire made people end this primitive way of life. With the rise of agriculture, people not only had food to live on, but also could make wine with grains as raw materials at any time. With the appearance of pottery, people began to have cookers; Starting with cookware, special drinking utensils were differentiated. It is still difficult to determine when the earliest special wine utensils originated. Because in ancient times, it should be very common to use one device for multiple purposes. In ancient times, wine was unfiltered mash (which is still very popular now), and it was pasty and semi-liquid. For this kind of wine, it was not suitable for drinking, but for eating. Therefore, the edible wine utensils should be general utensils, such as bowls, bowls and other large-mouthed utensils. In ancient times, the main materials for making wine vessels were pottery, horn, bamboo and wood products.

As early as 6,111 years ago in the Neolithic culture period, pottery similar in shape to later generations' wine vessels appeared, such as those in the Peiligang culture period.

Pottery in Hemudu culture period in the south can also remind people that wine utensils in Shang Dynasty should have a long history.

The development of wine-making industry and the noble status of drinkers make it possible for wine utensils to be differentiated from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of wine utensils often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Full-time wine makers came into being. A large number of wine vessels (wine-making vessels and drinking vessels) have been unearthed in a tomb during the Dawenkou culture period in Shandong Province. According to the analysis of archaeologists, the deceased may have been a full-time wine vessel maker before his death. In the late Neolithic period, especially in the Longshan culture period, the types of wine vessels increased and their uses were clear, which was quite similar to those of later generations. These wine vessels are: jars, urns, pots, bowls, cups and so on. There are many kinds of wine glasses, including: flat bottom cup, round foot cup, high round foot cup, high handle cup, inclined wall cup, curved belly cup, shaped cup and so on.

2. Bronze wine vessels of Shang and Zhou Dynasties

In Shang Dynasty, due to the development of wine-making industry and the improvement of bronze ware-making technology, China's wine vessels reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, there were also clans, such as "Long Spoon Clan" and "Wei Spoon Clan", which specialized in making wine sets for a living. Although the drinking atmosphere in Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that in Shang Dynasty, the wine vessels basically followed the style of Shang Dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, there were also "Zi people" who specialized in making wine sets.

Bronze ware dates back to the summer, and the earliest bronze wine vessel found now is Jue in the Erlitou culture period in the summer (Figure 5). Bronze reached its peak in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, but declined in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was basically single-minded. According to < < General Theory of Bronzes in Yin and Zhou Dynasties > > Bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are divided into four parts: food containers, wine containers, water containers and musical instruments, and there are fifty categories of * * *, among which wine containers account for twenty-four categories. According to the use, it can be divided into wine boiler, wine container, wine drinking device and wine storage device. There are also ritual vessels. Rich in shape and variety. However, there are also basic combinations, the basic combination of which is mainly Jue and Qian, or jia, the same shape, its appearance and style are also branded with different historical periods.

A wine container is a container for holding wine for drinking. There are many types, mainly: Zun, Hu, Qu, Yi, Dish, Jian, Hu, Yi, Urn, Bu.

There are many styles of each kind of wine vessel, some are ordinary, others are animal-shaped. Take Zun as an example, there are Xiang Zun, Xi Zun, Niu Zun, Yang Zun and Hu Zun.

The main types of drinking vessels are: water bottle, water bottle, horn, cup and boat. People with different identities use different drinking devices, such as <: < The Book of Rites (ritual vessels) clearly stipulates: "When offering sacrifices in ancestral temples, the honorable person raises the banner, while the humble person raises the horn.".

a wine warmer, which is used to heat the wine before drinking, is equipped with a ladle, which is convenient for taking the wine. Some wine warmers are called bottles, which were popular in Han Dynasty.

The bronze inscriptions in Zeng Houyi's tomb in Suizhou, Hubei Province, can be placed in ice to store wine, so they are also called ice inscriptions.

3. Lacquered wine vessels in the Han Dynasty

Since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze wine vessels gradually declined, and during the Qin and Han Dynasties, lacquered wine vessels became popular in the south of China. Lacquerware became the main type in Han and Wei Jin dynasties.

The shape of lacquered wine vessels basically inherits the shape of bronze wine vessels. There are wine containers and drinking utensils. Lacquered ear cups are common in drinking utensils. Among the 11 Qin tombs in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province, 114 lacquer ear cups were unearthed, and 91 ear cups were also unearthed in Mawangdui No.1 tomb in Changsha.

in the Han dynasty, people usually sat on the floor when drinking, and the wine bottle was placed in the middle of the floor, with a spoon in it and drinking utensils on the ground, so they were short and fat.

Bed-sitting became popular in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and wine utensils became more slender.

4. Porcelain wine-making vessels

Porcelain generally appeared around the Eastern Han Dynasty. Compared with pottery, the performance of porcelain surpasses that of pottery, whether it is a wine-making vessel or a wine-holding or drinking vessel. The wine glasses in the Tang Dynasty were much smaller than in the past, so some people thought that distilled liquor appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Tables appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and some wine utensils suitable for use on the table appeared, such as the note, which was called "Pianti" in the Tang Dynasty. Its shape is like today's hip flask, with a beak and a handle, which can not only hold wine, but also inject wine into a glass. So it replaced the old bottles and spoons. The Song Dynasty was the heyday of ceramic production, and there were many exquisite wine vessels. People in Song Dynasty liked to warm yellow rice wine and drink it. Therefore, the matching combination of the note and the note bowl was invented. When in use, the wine can be warmed by placing the note with wine in the note bowl and injecting hot water into the note bowl. Porcelain wine makers have been used to this day. In the Ming Dynasty, blue and white porcelain wine vessels were the most distinctive, while in the Qing Dynasty, porcelain wine vessels had the characteristics of the Qing Dynasty, such as Fa Lang Cai, Su San Cai, blue and white exquisite porcelain and various antique porcelain.

5. Other wine vessels

In the history of our country, there are some wine vessels with unique materials or unique shapes, which are not very popular, but have high appreciation value, such as wine vessels made of gold, silver, ivory, jade, cloisonne and other materials.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even after liberation, tin wine warmers were widely used. Mainly a wine warmer.

luminous cup Wang Han, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, famously said, "The luminous cup of grape wine", which is made of jade, has been successfully imitated in modern times.

Reflux Pot There is a backflow porcelain pot produced by Yaozhou Kiln in Northern Song Dynasty in Shaanxi Provincial Museum. The pot is 19cm in height and 14.3cm in abdominal diameter. Its lid is dummy and cannot be opened. There is a small hole in the center of the pot bottom, and the pot bottom is upward, and the wine is injected from the small hole. The small hole is communicated with the central riser, and the upper hole of the central riser is higher than the highest wine level. When the hip flask is placed directly, the lower hole does not leak wine. There is also a riser under the spout, so the wine can not overflow when entering the wine. The design is quite ingenious.

Yuanyang turned into a fragrant pot, which was used in the imperial palace of the Song Dynasty. It can pour out two kinds of wine in a pot.

fair mug, Kowloon was produced in the Song Dynasty, with a cup on it, a carved dragon with its head held high, and eight dragons painted on the wine set, hence the name kowloon cup. Below is a disc and a hollow base. When pouring wine, if it is moderate, it will not leak. If it exceeds a certain limit, the wine will be sucked into the base through the siphon effect of the "dragon body", so it is called fair mug.

The jade urn specially used for storing wine in the Jade Sea of Dushan Mountain is made of a whole piece of mottled black jade, with a circumference of 5 meters, surrounded by sea dragons and sea animals carved in waves, which is vivid and magnificent, weighing 3,511 kilograms and can store 31 stones of wine. It is said that this big jade urn was shipped from other places by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of Yuan Dynasty, in the second year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1256), and was placed on Qionghua Island to hold wine and give a banquet to the heroes. Now it is kept in the former Tuancheng of Beijing Beihai Park.

6. Contemporary wine vessels (after Qing Dynasty)

Modern wine-making technology and lifestyle have had a significant impact on wine vessels. After entering the 21th century, due to the rapid development of the brewing industry, the way of self-brewing which has been passed down for thousands of years is gradually being eliminated. In modern brewery, the packaging methods of white wine and yellow wine are mainly: bottled, jar, and for beer, there are bottled, barreled and canned. Before the 1971s and 1981s, when the living standard was low, the vast rural areas and some urban areas generally had to bring their own containers if they sold wine in jars. However, bottled wine has been popularized in a relatively short period of time, so the wine containers and containers commonly used in people's families have disappeared, and drinking utensils are eternal. Of course, in some areas, the way of self-brewing is still preserved, but it is no longer the mainstream of society.

Great changes have taken place in the varieties of alcoholic beverages consumed by the people in recent decades. More than a decade ago, the consumption of high-alcohol liquor was the largest in both rural and urban areas, and yellow wine was common in the southeast. Before the 1981s, the output of beer was very small. But after the 1981s, the output of beer developed by leaps and bounds, and it became the largest variety of alcohol. The consumption of wine, brandy and whisky is generally small. The consumption characteristics of liquor determine that liquor in this period has the following characteristics:

Small wine glasses are more popular. This kind of wine glass is mainly used for drinking white wine. Wine glasses are mainly made of glass, porcelain, etc. In recent years, they are also made of jade, stainless steel and other materials.

medium-sized wine glasses, which can be used as both tea sets and drinking utensils, such as beer and wine. The material is mainly transparent glass.

In order to promote the sales of wine, some factories design wine containers into wine glasses, which are popular with consumers. After drinking the wine, it can also be used as a cup. Due to the improvement of living standards, canned beer is becoming more and more popular, which is also a typical example of the combination of packaging containers and drinking devices.

foreign wine was introduced to China in the late Qing dynasty, and drinking methods and drinking utensils were also introduced to China. Westerners drink different kinds of wine on different occasions, so they should choose appropriate wine glasses and not use them casually.

foreign wine utensils have been applied in some high-end dining places. Dining places are divided into high, medium and low grades. Because most of the wines sold in high-end restaurants are foreign wines, the drinking apparatus has the characteristics of westernization. With the improvement of people's living standards, the drinking utensils used in these high-end places are gradually recognized by the people, but they are not popular.

star hotels or restaurants are more standard for drinking utensils in dining places. In places above two-star hotels, you must have a bar. The higher the star rating, the larger the bar, the more complete and luxurious the facilities, and the higher the price of wine. Of course, its wine utensils are more complete and standardized.

At present, most of the wines sold in bars are foreign wines, and the main varieties are brandy, whisky, rum, gin, Odek, champagne, liqueur and so on. Cocktails are also more common. Different wines, different glasses, this is the basic common sense of bar staff.

There are many kinds of wine glasses with different shapes, which have historical and geographical reasons, and at the same time, they also reflect certain scientific and artistic qualities. It is very important to use wine glasses correctly in foreign communication.

drink different wines, and choose different wine glasses and cups.