environmental protection (environmental protection for short) is caused by the serious environmental pollution problem caused by industrial development, which first attracted the attention of industrialized countries and produced environmental protection
. The whole society pays attention to and deals with the pollution problem by using national laws, regulations and public opinion propaganda. In 1962, American biologist rachel carson published a book called Silent Spring, which explained the pollution and destruction of pesticide DDT to the environment. Due to the warning of this book, the American government began to investigate the problem of highly toxic pesticides, and in 1971, the Environmental Protection Agency was established, and various states successively passed laws prohibiting the production and use of highly toxic pesticides. Because of this, the book is considered as the symbolic starting point of environmental ecology in the 21th century. From June 5th to 6th, 1972, the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment was held in Stockholm, Sweden, initiated by the United Nations, and the famous Declaration on Human Environment was put forward, which was the beginning that environmental protection formally attracted the attention of governments all over the world. The government of China also attended the meeting. The environmental protection cause of the People's Republic of China also started in 1972. The Guanting Reservoir Protection Office was established in Beijing, and the Three Wastes Treatment Office was established in Hebei Province. * * * Together, the problem of polluting Guanting Reservoir in Shacheng pesticide plant, which belongs to Hebei Province, was studied and dealt with, which led to the promulgation of laws in China to formally prohibit the production and use of DDT nationwide. In 1973, the Environmental Protection Office under the State Construction Committee was established, and later it was changed to the Ministry-level State Environmental Protection Administration directly under the State Council. After the "two sessions" in 2118, the State Environmental Protection Administration was upgraded to the "Ministry of Environmental Protection". And implement unified supervision and management of environmental protection throughout the country. Provinces (cities, districts) have also set up environmental protection bureaus (departments). And set up an environmental reporting hotline 12369 and an online center 12369 to accept reports of environmental pollution incidents from the masses. The main responsibility of the environmental protection department of the government is to implement the policies for controlling pollutant discharge formulated by parliaments (people's congresses) at all levels, and encourage the development of pollutant discharge control technologies to control pollution and protect and improve the environment.
1. The soil is destroyed. According to the reference news, the fertility of arable land in 111 countries (* * * 1 billion people) is decreasing. In Africa, Asia and Latin America, soil erosion is very serious due to the disappearance of forest vegetation, over-exploitation of cultivated land and over-grazing of pasture. The bare land has become fragile and cannot resist the erosion of wind and rain for a long time. In some places, the annual loss of soil can reach 111 tons per hectare. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the falling of toxic dust related to air pollution, the spraying of mud everywhere, and the dumping of hazardous wastes everywhere all constitute irreversible pollution to the land. Soil refers to the loose surface layer on the land surface which is fertile and can grow plants, and its thickness is generally about 2 m. Soil not only provides mechanical support for plant growth, but also provides fertility elements such as water, fertilizer, gas and heat for plant growth and development. In recent years, due to the rapid growth of population and the rapid development of industry, solid waste has been piled up and dumped on the soil surface, harmful wastewater has been infiltrated into the soil, and harmful gases and floating dust in the atmosphere have been falling into the soil with rainwater, resulting in soil pollution. Any substance that interferes with the normal function of soil, reduces the yield and quality of crops, and indirectly affects human health through food, vegetables, fruits, etc., is called soil pollutants. 2. Climate change and energy waste The greenhouse effect is a serious threat to all mankind. According to the prediction of 2,511 representative experts, the sea level will rise, and many densely populated areas (such as Bangladeshi, China coastal areas and most islands in the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean) will be flooded. The rising temperature will also have a serious impact on agriculture and ecosystem. It is estimated that energy consumption in Asia and the Pacific will double from 1991 to 2111, and that in Latin America will increase by 51%-71%. Therefore, the process of energy-saving technology transfer between the west and developing countries should be strengthened. In particular, we should use economic incentives to enable industrialists to develop technologies to improve the utilization efficiency of industrial resources. Third, the biodiversity is decreasing. Due to urbanization, agricultural development, forest reduction and environmental pollution, natural areas have become smaller and smaller, which has led to the extinction of thousands of species in the greenhouse effect diagram < P >. Because the extinction of some species will lead to the disappearance of many molecules that can be used to make new drugs, and will also lead to the disappearance of many genes that can help crops overcome bad weather, and even cause plague. Fourth, the reduction of forest area. In recent decades, the reduction of forest area in tropical countries is also very serious. In 1981-1991, 51 million hectares of forests disappeared in the world. At the current rate of forest area reduction, 41 years later, some Southeast Asian countries will never see a tree again. 5. Freshwater resources are threatened. According to experts' estimation, from the beginning of the next century, a quarter of the world will be short of water for a long time. Please remember that we can't make water, we can only try to protect it. Sixth, chemical pollution. Millions of compounds brought by industry exist in air, soil, water, plants, animals and human body. Even the ice sheet, the last large natural ecosystem on the earth, is polluted. Those organic compounds, heavy metals and toxic products are concentrated in the whole food chain, which will eventually threaten the health of animals and plants, cause cancer and weaken soil fertility. Seven, chaotic urbanization. By the end of this century, there will be 21 big cities in the world, and the living conditions in big cities will further deteriorate: crowding, polluted water, poor sanitation and insecurity-the disorderly expansion of these big cities has also damaged natural areas. Therefore, unrestricted urbanization should be regarded as a new drawback of civilization. Eight, the over-exploitation of the ocean and the pollution of coastal areas. Due to overfishing, the fishery resources of the ocean are decreasing at an alarming rate. Therefore, many poor people living in the polar ozone hole who eat seafood protein are facing the threat of hunger. Heavy metals and organophosphorus compounds concentrated in fish species may bring serious problems to the health of fish eaters. The coastal areas are under great population pressure. 61% of the world's population is squeezed less than 111 kilometers from the sea. This crowded population makes these places, which are often fragile, out of balance. Nine, air pollution. The air in most big cities contains many pollutants from heating, transportation and factory production. These pollutants threaten the health of tens of millions of citizens and cause many people to lose their lives. Toxic gases are mainly carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and inhalable particles. Ten, the polar ozone hole. Although people have signed the Montreal Protocol, every spring, an ozone hole is still formed over the two polar regions of the earth. The ozone layer in the Arctic loses 21% to 31%, and the ozone layer in the Antarctic loses more than 51%.
protect the natural environment
prevent the deterioration of the natural environment. Including: the protection of green mountains, green waters, blue sky and sea. This involves not mining (mining) privately, cutting trees (trees), discharging (sewage) and releasing (polluted gas) indiscriminately, overgrazing, over-exploiting natural resources, destroying the ecological balance of nature and so on. This level is macro, and it can only be solved by governments at all levels exercising their functions and carrying out regulation.
The protection of human habitation and living environment
makes it more suitable for human work and labor. This involves all aspects of people's clothing, food, housing, transportation and play, which must meet the requirements of science, hygiene, health and green. This level belongs to the micro-level, which can be solved only by the conscious actions of citizens, the guarantee of government policies and regulations, the guidance of community organizations and education, and the concerted efforts of workers, peasants, soldiers, academics, businessmen and all walks of life.
protection of life on earth
conservation of species, conservation of plant and vegetation, return of animals, biodiversity, combined protection of genetically modified endangered species
rational and careful use, special and special protection of endangered species, restoration of extinct species, expansion of habitat, harmony between human beings and living things, and not bullying other species. The relationship between these three levels is: you have me and I have you, each with emphasis and unity. The three are not contradictory and even less antagonistic. As citizens, the protection of our living environment is to protect the natural environment indirectly or directly; If we destroy the living environment, we will directly or indirectly destroy the natural environment. As a government, we should not only focus on macro-protection, but also start from micro-level, mobilize and educate the masses, so as to make environmental protection a conscious action of citizens. After the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972, the term "environmental protection" was widely used. For example, the former Soviet Union gradually changed the traditional term of "nature protection" to "environmental protection"; China put forward the policy of "comprehensive utilization" of industrial waste in 1956, put forward the concept of "three wastes" treatment and recycling in the late 1961s, and changed to the scientific concept of "environmental protection" in the 1971s. According to the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, environmental protection includes two aspects: protecting the natural environment and preventing pollution and other public hazards. That is to say, we should use the theories and methods of modern environmental science to better understand and master the roots and harms of pollution and destruction of the environment, protect the environment in a planned way, restore the ecology, prevent the deterioration of environmental quality, control environmental pollution and promote the coordinated development of human beings and the environment. It is still relatively late for China to attach importance to environmental protection, and there is still a gap between governments at all levels, so it is rare to be called an environmental protection government. So it is still too early to talk about environmental protection citizens.
Environmental protection also means that human beings consciously protect natural resources and make rational use of them to prevent the natural environment from being polluted and destroyed; The polluted and destroyed environment must be comprehensively treated to create an environment suitable for human life and work. Environmental protection refers to all kinds of actions taken by human beings to solve real or potential environmental problems, coordinate the relationship between human beings and the environment and ensure the sustainable development of economy and society. Its methods and means include engineering technology, administrative management, law, economy, publicity and education, etc. Its contents mainly include: (1) prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by production and living activities, including prevention and control of "three wastes" (waste water, waste gas and waste residues < P >), dust, radioactive substances, noise, vibration, odor and electromagnetic microwave radiation, harmful gases, liquids and noises generated by transportation activities, pollutants discharged by ships at sea, and toxic and harmful chemicals used in industrial and agricultural production and people's lives. (2) Prevention of environmental damage caused by construction and development activities, including prevention of environmental pollution and damage caused by large-scale water conservancy projects, railways, highway trunk lines, large-scale port terminals, airports and large-scale industrial projects, environmental damage, pollution and impact caused by land reclamation and land reclamation activities around lakes, development of offshore oil fields, coastal zones and swamps, and development of forests and mineral resources, and the establishment and construction of new industrial zones and new towns; (3) Protect the natural environment with special value, including providing effective protection for rare species and their living environment, special natural development history relics, geological phenomena, landforms and landscapes, etc. In addition, urban and rural planning, control of soil erosion and desertification, afforestation, control of population growth and distribution, and rational allocation of productive forces also belong to environmental protection. Environmental protection has become one of the common actions and main tasks of governments and people all over the world. China declared environmental protection as a basic national policy of China, and formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations on environmental protection to ensure the implementation of this basic national policy.
main responsibilities
1) prevention and control of environmental pollution caused by production and living activities, including prevention and control of "three wastes" (waste water, waste gas and waste residue), dust, radioactive substances, noise, vibration, odor and electromagnetic microwave radiation, harmful gases, waste liquid and noise generated by transportation activities, pollutants discharged by marine ships, toxic and harmful chemicals used in industrial and agricultural production and people's life. 2) Prevention of environmental damage caused by construction and development activities, including prevention of environmental pollution and damage caused by large-scale water conservancy projects, railways, highway trunk lines, large-scale port terminals, airports and large-scale industrial projects, environmental damage, pollution and impact caused by land reclamation and land reclamation activities around lakes, development of offshore oil fields, coastal zones and marshes, and development of forests and mineral resources, and the establishment and construction of new industrial zones and new towns; 3) Protect the natural environment with special value, including providing effective protection for rare species and their living environment, special natural development history relics, geological phenomena, landforms and landscapes. In addition, urban and rural planning, control of soil erosion and desertification, afforestation, control of population growth and distribution, and rational allocation of productive forces also belong to environmental protection. Environmental protection has become one of the common actions and main tasks of governments and people all over the world. China declared environmental protection as a basic national policy of China, and formulated and promulgated a series of laws and regulations on environmental protection to ensure the implementation of this basic national policy.
Governance and protection of the earth
The reason why governance is put ahead and protection is put behind is that the land has been polluted, so it is necessary to emphasize governance and protection at the same time. Strengthen the management of the polluted land (land, mountains and continental shelf), restore the original
control and protection of the atmosphere
restrictions, reduce emissions, purify the atmosphere, and use natural+artificial methods
water control
because social production and life are closely related to water, water hunger, water shortage, water shortage and water pollution are entangled as follows. There is a tendency to exceed "natural water". Water treatment methods include: (1) sediment filtration, (2) hard water softening, (3) activated carbon adsorption, (4) deionization, (5) reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis; (6) Ultrafiltration method, (7) distillation method, (8) ultraviolet disinfection method, (9) biochemical method, etc., and the most novel (11) forward osmosis method, a new human creation of natural purification method. The natural "forward osmosis method" reduces secondary and tertiary pollution, consumes energy and warms up a promising future. Promote the negative growth of environmental water cost.
1. Air-conditioning is 26 degrees in summer in 2118, and the air-conditioning temperature in winter is adjusted to 18 degrees or below. If you feel a little cold, you can put on more clothes. Such a simple measure will do.