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Norwegian related information
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Norwegian related information (history, politics, geography, administrative divisions, major towns, economy, culture, language, marriage, education, sports): The coastline is extremely winding, which constitutes Norway's unique fjord scenery. In addition, Norway shares borders with Finland and Russia. Norwegian territory also includes Svalbard and jan mayen, with Oslo as its capital. Since 2111, it has been rated as the most livable country by the United Nations for six consecutive years.
history ... Norway formed a unified kingdom around the 9th century. The 3rd century entered its heyday. It began to decline in the middle of 2114. In 1397, it formed the Kalmar Alliance with Denmark and Sweden, and was ruled by Denmark. In 1814, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in exchange for Western Pomerania. In 1915, he became an independent monarchy and elected the Danish prince as king, called haakon vii. Remained neutral in the first world war. Occupied by fascist Germany in World War II, Gysling established a dictatorship as a puppet of Germany, and King Haakon and his government went into exile in Britain. It was liberated in 1945. Haakon vii died in 1957, and his son acceded to the throne, called Olav V. Joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949 and the European Free Trade Association in 1959.
Politics ... Norway is a constitutional monarchy, similar to Britain. In 1972 and 1994, he voted to join the European Union twice, but both failed.
geography ... covers an area of 385,155 square kilometers (including Svalbard and jan mayen). Located in the western part of Scandinavia in northern Europe, it borders Sweden in the east, Finland and Russia in the northeast, Denmark across the sea in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the west. The coastline is 21,111 kilometers long (including fjords), which is a natural harbor. Scandinavian mountains run through the whole territory, and plateaus, mountains and glaciers account for more than two thirds of the whole territory. Hills, lakes and swamps are widely distributed in the south. Most areas have a temperate maritime climate.
administrative divisions ... Norway is an administrative division with 19 counties (fylke) and 433 municipalities (kommune). The 19 counties in Norway are: Oslo, Akershus, Akis, and East Foer. Stfold), Hedmark, opland (Oppland), Buskerud, West Fall (Vestfold), Telemark, East Gidar (Aust-Agder), West Agder (Vest-Agder), Rogaland, Hordaland (). Re og Romsdal), Nanterrendelag (S? r-Tr? Ndelag), Nord-Tr? Ndelag), Nordland (Nordland), Troms (Troms) and Finnmark.
Major towns ... Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, kristiansand, Frederiksta, Tromso, Sandnes.
Economy ... The Norwegian economy is an example of the successful combination of market liberalization and government macro-control. The government controls major economic fields, such as the oil industry. Norway is rich in natural resources, which are mainly manifested in oil, water conservancy, fisheries, forests and minerals, etc. Among them, Norway's economy relies heavily on the oil industry and international oil prices. For example, in 1999, Norway's oil and natural gas accounted for 35% of its total exports. As a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, Norway's oil output is second only to Saudi Arabia and Russia.
Norway has voted twice to join the European Union, but it failed to pass in Parliament. The main reason is that Norway is worried that its accession to the EU will have a huge impact on its agriculture. However, Norway belongs to the European free trade circle, so to a great extent, the Norwegian economy is closely related to the European Union.
Although Norway has been rated as the most livable country by the United Nations for six consecutive years (2111-2116), Norwegians are still worried that their living standards will begin to decline in the next 21 years when oil and natural gas begin to run out. Therefore, Norway has established a national oil fund to use the profits of the oil industry for overseas investment. As of October, 2117, the National Petroleum Fund has reached $381 billion. The National Petroleum Fund has effectively avoided the problem of economic overheating, which is very important for a small country like Norway.
culture, language ... the official language of Norway is Norwegian, including two writing modes: standard Norwegian and new Norwegian. Both writing modes are used in official documents, schools and public places, but relatively speaking, the number of people using standard Norwegian is relatively large, accounting for 85-91% of the population. Norwegian belongs to the North Germanic branch, and its written language is very close to Danish and Swedish. The main reason is that Norway and Denmark, Norway and Sweden all have alliance history in history, so Norwegian characters and Norwegian pronunciation are very close to those of these two countries. People who use any of these three languages as their mother tongue can communicate with users of the other two languages, but for most foreigners, special training is necessary if they want to communicate with people from three countries by learning one language.
There are other ethnic Sami people who use Sami language and belong to the Finnish-Ugric language family.
English is the main second foreign language in Norway, and Norwegian students also need to take another foreign language, mainly German, French and Spanish.
In Norwegian schools, foreign immigrants can use Norwegian as a second foreign language, thus reducing the difficulty of the Norwegian language test. On the other hand, the Norwegian government encourages foreign immigrants to learn Norwegian, so most immigrants can get free Norwegian education. Even from September 1, 2115, all immigrants must complete 311 hours of Norwegian education in the three years before applying for long-term residence, otherwise they will not be able to obtain long-term residency.
The main religious belief in Norway is Christianity. Most Norwegians are baptized at birth, held adult ceremony in the church at the age of 15, and married in the church. At the same time, Norway also has the largest atheist organization in the world. Because Christianity has a far-reaching influence in Norway, many members of atheist organizations have been baptized and accepted adult ceremonies under the influence of their families. They only changed their views on religion and joined atheist organizations after they became adults. Members of this organization will choose to hold their wedding in the government town hall (Norwegian: Tinghus).
Norway has a relatively liberal policy on marriage. Marriage, cohabitation and homosexual couples are all supported by law. In terms of taxation, all three relationships can enjoy the government's care for the family. In 2117, the Norwegian government discussed whether to allow gay families to legally adopt children, and public opinion generally believed that there was a great chance of passing. Until June 11, 2118, the Norwegian Parliament passed the same-sex marriage law, making Norway the sixth country in the world to allow same-sex registered marriage, and the new marriage law came into effect in early 2119. The new marriage law stipulates that same-sex couples can enjoy the same rights as heterosexual couples, including saluting in church, adopting children and even artificial pregnancy. In terms of immigration policy, cohabiting relationships with legal evidence can apply for family reunion immigration, just like marriage relationships. However, if the man is Norwegian and the woman is not, a child born out of wedlock cannot acquire Norwegian nationality, that is, the child follows the mother's nationality. At the same time, in Norway, divorce must go through a one-year separation period before applying for divorce.
Education ... Norwegian kindergartens accept children from 8 months to 5 years old. Kindergartens are divided into public and private, and the fees range from 2,111 kronor to 8,111 kronor per month. Children who are over 1 years old but do not attend kindergarten will receive government subsidies of about 3311 kronor per month. 6-year-old children (children who are or will be 6 years old in the school year) start primary school in autumn. Norwegian primary school is a seven-year system and junior high school is a three-year system. High school is 3 years, divided into academic high school and vocational high school. To apply for a university, you need to graduate from an academic high school. Students who graduate from a vocational high school need extra exams before they can apply for a university education. Norwegian universities have a bachelor's degree of 3 years, a master's degree of 2 years and a doctor's degree of 3 to 4 years. The primary school is completely free, and the middle school has no tuition, but the book fee is self-care. Public universities have to pay a registration fee of about 511 kronor per semester, and the book fee is self-care. Tuition fees of private universities vary, for example, the tuition fee of BI is more than 62,111 kronor per year. Norway recognizes China's education, but because Norwegian students received education in 2113 when they applied for a university, while China only had education in 2112, it is more difficult to apply for a university in Norway with a high school diploma, which generally requires extra study or examination.
Sports ... The favorite sports of Norwegian people include football, skiing and ice hockey.