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The Chinese scientific name of Huang Huali (pear) is Dalbergia odorifera, also known as Dalbergia hainanensis and Dalbergia hainanensis. Origin China Hainan Island Diaoluoshan Jianfengling low-altitude plains and hilly areas, mostly growing in the sunny place of Diaoluoshan at an altitude of 100 meters. Because of its slow timber, solid wood and beautiful patterns, it has always been one of the five famous trees and is now a national second-class protected plant. According to the Records of China Trees, the wild Huang Huali of Hainan is produced in all cities and counties of Hainan Island except Wanning, Lingshui and Wuzhishan, among which Baisha, Dongfang, Changjiang, Ledong, Sanya and Haikou are the main producing areas. They generally grow on slopes below 350 meters above sea level. The precious Hainan Huang Huali mainly grows in the Li nationality area, especially in the Wang Xia area of the Yangtze River and Baoting.
Huang Huali, Hainan Historical and Cultural Thinking Paper Hainan Huang Huali edited this entry without a business card map. Adding relevant content makes the entry more complete and can be upgraded quickly. Come and edit! The Chinese scientific name of Huang Huali (pear) is Dalbergia odorifera, also known as Dalbergia hainanensis and Dalbergia hainanensis.
Origin China Hainan Island Diaoluoshan Jianfengling low-altitude plains and hilly areas, mostly growing in the sunny place of Diaoluoshan at an altitude of 100 meters. Because of its slow timber, solid wood and beautiful patterns, it has always been one of the five famous trees and is now a national second-class protected plant.
According to the Records of China Trees, the wild Huang Huali of Hainan is produced in all cities and counties of Hainan Island except Wanning, Lingshui and Wuzhishan, among which Baisha, Dongfang, Changjiang, Ledong, Sanya and Haikou are the main producing areas. They generally grow on slopes below 350 meters above sea level.
The precious Hainan Huang Huali mainly grows in the Li nationality area, especially in the Wang Xia area of the Yangtze River and Baoting.
Who knows the history and value of rosewood? In recent years, with the promulgation and implementation of the national standard "Mahogany" (GB/T 18 107-2000), the name of Mahogany as a commodity wood is familiar to mahogany lovers.
However, what is "fragrant branches" and what does it have to do with the precious hardwood that is customarily called "huanghuali" in the furniture industry (including cultural relics collection)? The name "Xiangzhi" first appeared in the wood industry in Guangzhou, and originally referred to the wood of Dalbergia odorifera unique to China. In order to distinguish another kind of imported wood "rosewood", it is also named "earth rosewood". Guangdong furniture industry is usually called Dalbergia odorifera (medicinal name Dalbergia odorifera).
Dalbergia odorifera, produced in the low-altitude plain or hilly area of Hainan Island, China, is one of the two rare redwood species in China (the other is Dalbergia odorifera, commonly known as "hornwood", which used to be called "ebony" and is now classified as "black rosewood" in the national standard of redwood). Hainan is commonly known as "Huali" or "Mother of Huali". Diaoluoshan and Jianfengling are the main forest areas on the island, and they are also cultivated in Guangdong and southern Guangxi.
According to the specimens collected by Mr. San from jeni, Guangdong Province, the wood characteristics are as follows: heartwood is reddish brown to purplish red, with different shades and dark brown stripes; The wood is shiny; There is a pungent aroma (strong aroma after microwave heating), but it disappears after a long time; There is dark colloid in the tube hole (colloid overflows after heating); Axial parenchyma is nearly tubular, banded and winglike; There are ray marks on the radial surface; Wave marks are visible; The dry density of air is less than 1g/cm3, with floating water. (Note: This specimen was obtained by the Forestry Department of Guangdong Province during the Hainan Wood Census in 1960s. This survey was attended by the Institute of Wood Industry of the Chinese Academy of Forestry and other units. )
In the 1960s, Shanghai arts and crafts industries (such as No.4 Art Sculpture Factory) used domestic "rosewood" (Dalbergia odorifera wood produced in Hainan) instead of imported "mahogany" to make handicrafts and high-grade furniture. Because of its fragrance, it is also called "fragrant mahogany" according to custom. (Note: In Shanghai and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, rosewood is called rosewood, fragrant rosewood is called rosewood, including rosewood with the current trade name of rosewood).
Dalbergia odorifera is also called commercial timber in Woodology (published in 1985) and Woodology of China (published in 1992) edited by Mr. Cheng. In the national standard "Main Wood Names in China" (QB/T16734-1997) promulgated and implemented in 1997, Dalbergia odorifera was officially named as "Wood of Fragrance".
In the furniture industry, the first Shanghai local standard on mahogany furniture, the Provisions on Appraisal of Mahogany Furniture Products (DB 31KLOC-0/865438-1996), defined the name of "mahogany furniture" as "rosewood, beech, ebony, chicken wing wood and rosewood". In the light industry standard "Dark and Precious Hardwood Furniture" (QB/T2385-98) drafted by the National Furniture Standardization Center, Dalbergia odorifera is called "Huanghua rosewood" of dark and precious hardwood furniture, and is also called Dalbergia odorifera, rosewood, rosewood, rosewood and rosewood.
Mr. Yang Jiaju solicited opinions from all sides in the process of drafting the national standard for mahogany. In view of the fact that mahogany has become a kind of commodity wood and Dalbergia wood in Guangdong (such as Guangzhou) can be divided into "sour branches" and "fragrant branches", Mr. Lin Yangsan's suggestion was adopted to change "fragrant rosewood" (Dalbergia odorifera) into "fragrant branches". So far, Dalbergia odorifera is a precious hardwood furniture material in the furniture industry as far as domestic fragrant branches are concerned.
Then, can the imported product "fragrant wood" be called "Huang Huali" in furniture materials? How many kinds of wood belonging to Dalbergia are also included in the "fragrant wood" of commercial wood? 1. As far as the furniture industry (including the collection of old furniture) is concerned, the name "Huang Huali" mainly refers to the cultural relics in the collection of old furniture. Now except a small amount of old materials (such as old doors and windows, beams, etc.). ), there is no commercial timber in the timber market (Dalbergia odorifera is a national protected plant, and logging has long been prohibited). Therefore, in order to standardize the name of "mahogany" commercial material, "Huang Huali" was renamed as "wood of incense".
Second, whether the imported "fragrant branches" can also be called "Huang Huali". In fact, experts in classical furniture and cultural relics have long opposed this issue. A few years ago, in order to draft the appendix of the industry standard "Dark and Precious Hardwood Furniture" (i.e. wood types), the author published an article "Talking about Redwood" in China Wood magazine to solicit the opinions of colleagues and collectors in the industry, and discussed with cultural relics experts such as Mr. Hu Desheng of the Palace Museum in Beijing and Mr. Wang Zhengshu of the Shanghai Museum, and thought that the existence of "Huang Huali" was a historical reason.
Judging from the existing furniture objects, "Huang Huali" is undoubtedly "Hainan Xiangzhi" (Dalbergia odorifera). If the imported "fragrant branches" are collectively referred to as "Huang Huali", it will inevitably cause controversy. 3. According to historical records, "Huali pear tree is a famous palm tree with pear-shaped leaves and delicate texture, which can be used as utensils, tables, chairs and study rooms", and "Huali pear tree is purple in color, slightly fragrant, with ghosts and spots on its face, also known as Huali pear".
However, the author once sent the wood specimens and leaves of Dalbergia odorifera in Indo-China Peninsula to Mr. jeni, Guangdong Province, and came to the conclusion that Dalbergia odorifera is not the same tree species as Dalbergia odorifera in Hainan. Because the botanical tree name (Latin name) is unknown, the species name of Dalbergia is tentatively determined to show the difference. At present, the "Xiangzhi" commercial timber imported from the domestic timber market refers to this kind of timber, namely "Dalbergia odorifera".
4. Dalbergia siso produced in India and Dalbergia parviflora produced in Malaysia are generally used as raw materials for making Buddha incense in Southeast Asian countries because of their rich fragrance, and their commercial materials should belong to the category of "fragrant wood". At present, there is no commercial timber in the domestic timber market.
5. Dalbergia and Dalbergia produced in Central America have some wood characteristics that are very similar to those of "Xiangzhi" produced in Hainan, with spicy fragrance. The author tried to distinguish this kind of wood (trade name Dalbergia Dalbergia) from the experienced master of mahogany furniture factory.
Geographical distribution of the article "Yellow Sea" with huanghuali as its title.
In recent years, readers have been asking us this question: Why are the Huang Huali furniture collected in Shanghai Museum, the Huang Huali furniture collected in Beijing Forbidden City (Weibo) and Summer Palace, and even the large Huang Huali furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties that has appeared in many large auctions at home and abroad in recent years mostly pale yellow or golden yellow? And why are there relatively few mahogany or dark chestnuts (so-called avocados) in Huang Huali? In fact, this is inseparable from the geographical distribution of "sea yellow" and the order of being cut down.
According to historical records, the geographical distribution of "sea yellow" in Hainan Island is extremely extensive. In many areas of Hainan Island, including Sanya, Lingshui, Wanning, Wenchang, Qionghai, Qiongshan, Ding 'an, Chengmai, Lingao and Danzhou, as well as Lidong in the west and southwest, sea yellow once grew. The regional distribution map of the "Yellow Sea" in Hainan Island is the same as the topography of Hainan Island, which is high in the west and low in the east. At present, people admire the "sea yellow" growing in the western mountainous area, and its forest is mostly brown-red soil, so that the "sea yellow" in the west and southwest is generally light brown-red, dark brown-red and dark chestnut, and its different shades of brown stripes are very obvious. Due to the uneven distribution of melanin, some will also produce almost black irregular stripes and plaques, commonly known as "grimaces." However, the "sea yellow" in the eastern plain of Hainan Island is all gentle slopes and plains of Wuzhishan due to abundant sunshine and rain, and its soil is mostly thick volcanic rocks and volcanic ash left after volcanic eruption. Due to the fertile soil and rich nutrition, Huang Huali grown in this area is mostly light yellow or golden yellow, with straight texture and little or no "grimace".
Because of the gentle slopes and large plains in the east and northeast of Hainan Island, it is especially suitable for the harvesting and transportation of Huanghua pear. In the western region, the hillside is steep and the traffic is extremely inconvenient. Therefore, the cutting order of "sea yellow" in Ming and Qing dynasties is plain first, then mountainous area; First, the eastern and northeastern regions, and then the western and southwestern regions. It can be seen that the light yellow or golden yellow appeared in Huang Huali furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties earlier than the reddish brown or dark chestnut (so-called avocado). Huang Huali's large-scale furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties was mostly light yellow or golden yellow, more than Huang Huali's reddish brown or dark chestnut (so-called avocado) furniture, which had historical reasons.
Why is the "sea yellow" divided into chaff grids?
In the eyes of Li people in Hainan Island, wood can be divided into intentional and unintentional categories. Deliberately called plaid wood, unintentionally called miscellaneous wood. They call the heartwood part of wood "lattice" and the sapwood part "loose". Therefore, in the eyes of local Li people, wood is divided into "chaff lattice" and "oil lattice"
As mentioned above, the distribution of Huang Huali wood in Hainan Island is very regular. Generally speaking, "Furuge Huang Huali" is mostly produced in the fertile plains in the eastern and northeastern regions; However, "Ge You Huang Huali" mainly grows in mountainous or hilly areas in the west of Hainan Island. The heartwood of the former is characterized by light yellow color, poor oiliness and light specific gravity. The latter is not only dark in heartwood color, but also heavy and greasy. In fact, in recent years, people planted Huang Huali in front of houses, around farmland or other forest areas with superior soil conditions, mostly belonging to "chaff Huang Huali".
So, what causes the same tree species to form such obvious differences in different positions? Baidu explains the formation of "chaff lattice" and "oil lattice" of Huang Huali wood in Hainan in this way: the eastern part of Hainan Island is open, with plenty of rain and sunshine, and the "sea yellow" here grows rapidly, so the material is loose, the pattern is large and the pores are large; The western mountainous areas are mostly mountains and forests because of their high terrain. Because the dense forests compete for nutrients, the growth of "sea yellow" is slow, so the material is delicate, most of them are submerged, and the patterns are extremely rich and delicate. In fact, this is just the appearance, and it doesn't touch the essence of the problem. However, Mr. Zhou Mo put forward an idea, which the author thinks is quite innovative.
In Mr. Zhou Mo's view, Huang Huali wood in Hainan can be divided into "chaff Huang Huali" and "oil Huang Huali", which is inseparable from the unique soil composition of Hainan Island. Geological knowledge tells us that the soil composition of Hainan Island is obviously different from east, west, north and south. For example, qionghai city, located in the east and northeast of Hainan Island, is surrounded by red soil formed by basalt weathering. Because this area is located in the northeast of Hainan Island, facing the sea, it is a place where typhoons haunt all the year round; Volcanic eruption left a lot of volcanic ash, although the soil is thin, but the organic matter is extremely rich; Coupled with abundant rain, it is very suitable for the growth of Huanghua pear. The heartwood of Huanghuali produced is mostly light yellow or golden yellow, which is called "Huang Huali of chaff". In addition, the area is relatively flat and convenient for logging and transportation, so it has become one of the earliest areas where Huanghuali trees in Hainan suffered devastating damage. It is precisely because the wood used in Huang Huali furniture in the early Ming or Qing Dynasty was mostly produced in this area, so most of the Ming-style Huang Huali furniture we can see now is yellow or golden yellow. Dongfang City, located in the west and northwest of Hainan Island, and its surrounding areas are just the distribution areas of ferrous metals such as iron and manganese (only the Shilu iron ore reserves in Changjiang account for about 7 1% of the country's rich iron ore reserves, with an average grade of 5 1. 15% and the highest grade of 68%), which provides a unique growth for the dark heartwood "Ge You Huang Huali". This is why "Ge You Huang Huali" appeared in this area.
How to understand rosewood rosewood can be divided into seven types: Vietnamese rosewood, Andaman rosewood, hedgehog rosewood, Indian rosewood, big fruit rosewood, capsule rosewood and black-footed rosewood.
Identification of redwood:
Look at the banded stripes
Pear has thick wood grain, straight and many textures, red, yellow-brown and reddish-brown heartwood, and obvious long stripes on the longitudinal section.
Second, look at the staggered texture.
The texture of huali is cyan, gray and brownish red, and several colors are interlaced.
Third, look at polarization.
Seen from the section of rosewood, only one angle can present the brightest and most obvious refracted light, and other angles are not obvious, which is a kind of polarization.
Look at the face
Huali also made a face. According to the records in Guangzhou, "... its lines are like ghost faces and raccoon spots ...". A circular halo is like money, but the size is wrong.
Five look at the cow hair pattern
The wood of rosewood varies from place to place, some are thin and some are loose, but from the section, you can clearly see the wood grain similar to cow hair.
Six look at fluorescence
There is a faint fluorescence in the pear. If you put a small pear in water, you will find a green substance floating in the water, which can emit a kind of fluorescence. If the piled rosewood is wet when it rains, this fluorescence can also be seen in the rainwater flowing out.
Seven smells of sandalwood
Smell rosewood with your nose, and you can smell rosewood also has sandalwood smell, which is very fragrant, but it is weaker than Dalbergia odorifera.
Purchase method:
First, observe the paint surface of mahogany furniture to see if it is flat. There will be a layer of paint on the surface of mahogany furniture. To a certain extent, paint is the face of furniture, so the paint of real high-quality furniture should be smooth and bright. Therefore, when choosing mahogany furniture, we should pay special attention to the quality of paint.
Secondly, observe the surface of mahogany furniture and pay great attention to whether the surface of mahogany furniture is smooth. The smoothness of furniture surface is one of the important criteria to judge whether the furniture is of high quality, so we should first pay attention to whether the surface is smooth when purchasing mahogany furniture. If you see some tiny cracks on the surface of mahogany furniture, it means that the manufacturing process of the manufacturer is not skilled enough, so don't choose cracked furniture when buying mahogany furniture.
Thirdly, observe the wood grain of mahogany furniture, especially pay attention to whether the wood grain of mahogany furniture is exquisite. At present, there are many chaotic phenomena in mahogany furniture on the market. In order to avoid buying fake and shoddy goods, when buying mahogany furniture, we should pay great attention to observing whether the wood grain is exquisite. Real rosewood furniture has a uniform pattern with black spots. Consumers should pay attention to distinguish the patterns of mahogany furniture when buying.
What makes Huang Huali, Hainan 1 and Huang Huali, Hainan, endangered? Wild Huang Huali has been completely cut down.
2. Five disasters of Huang Huali extinction:
Tracing back to history, Hainan Huang Huali began to appreciate after it appeared as a tribute in the Tang Dynasty. Especially in the Ming Dynasty, China's economic and cultural growth was ahead of the world, and Zheng He's seven voyages to the West showed his national prestige. At that time, it was the peak of "making a name for yourself" in Huang Huali. At that time, a Huang Huali bed was worth 12 taels, while a maid was less than 12 taels. It is equivalent to saying that a Huang Huali bed can already reach the value of more than a dozen people, which shows that the price is expensive. It was precisely because of the royal family's special liking for Huang Huali that dignitaries competed to regard it as a treasure, which led to a large number of logs from Huang Huali, Hainan, being transported to Beijing for royal use, which led to the first catastrophe in Huang Huali, Hainan.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the two dynasties changed. Due to the turmoil, a large number of royal hardwood furniture flowed into the people from the palace. When western missionaries in China saw this strange Huang Huali furniture, they were very tempted, so they bought it in large quantities and shipped it to Europe. Chinese classical furniture entered the European market on a large scale for the first time, which was the second catastrophe in Huang Huali.
In the Qing Dynasty, the raw materials in Huang Huali became less and less, the varieties of mahogany from Southeast Asia entered China, and the hobbies of the royal family began to shift from Indian to mahogany, which undoubtedly gave Huang Huali a good breathing space. However, the good times did not last long. Shortly after the Opium War broke out, China was massacred by western powers, and its precious articles were looted, with Huang Huali bearing the brunt. This is the third catastrophe of Huanghua pear.
During the period of the Republic of China, domestic turmoil, whether Huang Huali furniture or mahogany furniture, had to go through the suffering of prosperity and decline, and "lived in the homes of ordinary people" through various channels. Some foreign businessmen took the opportunity to buy a large number of hardwood furniture from the Ming and Qing Dynasties in mainland China. At that time, people in China were down and out. In order to support the family, Hainan Huang Huali was sold to foreign businessmen at a very low price. This is the fourth bad luck of Huang Huali.
For a period of time after the founding of New China, although the country banned the export of expensive furniture and Huang Huali was protected to a certain extent, a large number of Huang Huali furniture was destroyed as feudal relics due to the subsequent political movement. During the Great Leap Forward from 65438 to 0958, it was a disaster for Huang Huali to make steel by indigenous method. Huanghua pear became a good firewood for steelmaking at that time because of its strong firepower and long duration. In the 1960s and 1970s, agricultural reclamation troops and young intellectuals cut down forests and planted gum in Hainan Island. In addition, the local people still keep the traditional custom of slash-and-burn cultivation, and burning mountains destroys the growing environment of Huanghua pear, which is the fifth persecution of Huanghua pear in China.
Since then, huanghuali, as a "Dalbergia odorifera", has been developed into a large number of Chinese herbal medicines and excellent raw materials for Buddha incense, and it has been destroyed. In 1930s, the authorities claimed that Huang Huali had disappeared in China. In the next 30 years, people in the industry are convinced of this conclusion. It was not until 1963 that a batch of Hainan Dalbergia odorifera appeared at the Shanghai material exchange meeting that this statement was overthrown. 1in the spring of 964, dozens of cubic meters of Huang Huali wood were transported from Hainan to Beijing. This is the final appearance of Huang Huali.
Only by thinking deeply about history can we better move towards the future. The role of understanding history is to see regular and instructive things from past experiences and lessons, and learning history is not to remember the past.
Specific affairs are varied and varied. Just as there are no two leaves in the world, all the leaves are similar in composition.
The mastery and rational analysis of past events enable us to jump out of the circle of events and make an objective and comprehensive analysis from the perspective of a bystander, which means that we have a strategic position. When we have a certain understanding and accumulation of history, we will find that most of the troubles and worries in this world are so small.
From the perspective of self-cultivation, we can transcend the secular and stay away from the short-sighted pain. From the perspective of dealing with things, we can better grasp the overall situation and solve problems from a higher angle than ordinary people.
I have always said that studying history can't guide you to get rich, but it can better guide your life. In this pluralistic world, it is easy to make money, but difficult to cultivate one's morality.
Without good cultivation, you will suffer all your life. The inner pain can't be made up by material things.
This is the greatest help for learning history. In addition, people who want to do great things must understand history. This is what all leaders have in common, and they are encouraged by you.