Seventh, the water pollution situation in China is shocking. At the same time of rapid economic growth, there have been serious water pollution problems in many areas in China. Due to the over-exploitation of resources, inefficient utilization and serious damage to the ecological environment, not only some water-deficient areas in the north are dry, but also some water-rich areas in the south are polluted.
according to relevant data, the total amount of waste water discharged in China in 2113 was 64 billion tons. Haihe River, Liaohe River, Yellow River and Huaihe River are the most polluted, and the groundwater quality is deteriorating. However, about 63 million people in rural areas in China drink high-fluorine water, 2 million people drink high-arsenic water, 38 million people drink brackish water, and 91 million people drink water with harmful substances exceeding the standard. It is reported that about 51% of the shallow groundwater in China is polluted to some extent, and about half of the urban areas are seriously polluted. In 2113, about 1/3 of industrial wastewater and 2/3 of domestic wastewater were discharged into water without treatment. In some areas in the north, "all rivers stink and all water is polluted". Not only rivers, but also many lakes are seriously polluted.
The monograph on environmental protection analyzes the seven major water systems in China in detail:
The Yangtze River water system is famous for its large amount of water and strong self-purification ability, but now it is beyond recognition. The basin is 1.8 million square kilometers, of which the area of soil erosion is 721,111 square kilometers, which is equivalent to the area of seven Jiangsu provinces. 2.4 billion tons of soil is lost every year, and 21 billion tons of sewage is discharged every year. The Yangtze River receives 51 million cubic meters of sewage every day, and the Yangtze River pollution zone is 811 kilometers long. Relevant data show that the detection of 21 river sections on the Yangtze River shows that phenol is detected in 18 river sections, with the highest exceeding standard of 315 times, and cyanide is detected in 15 river sections, with the highest exceeding standard of 7 times. 8 times, cities discharge 6.3 billion tons of waste water into the Yangtze River every year, so that there are polluted sections ranging from 11 to 31 kilometers near each city, with a total length of more than 511 kilometers;
The Yellow River system, with a total length of 5,461 kilometers and a drainage area of 72. 51,111 square kilometers, the annual sewage discharged into the Yellow River exceeds 1.8 billion tons, and the water quality of the 3,511-kilometer reach is polluted. Among them, the phenol in Lanzhou reach exceeded the standard by 15 times, and the arsenic exceeded the standard by 11 times.
The Pearl River system is composed of Xijiang River, Dongjiang River and Beijiang River. The industries in the basin are relatively concentrated, and the non-ferrous metal industry is relatively developed, which has a significant impact on the water pollution of the Pearl River. According to statistics, the annual sewage discharge of the Pearl River system is more than 2.6 billion tons. .
The Huaihe River system originates from Tongbai Mountain in Henan Province, flows through Anhui Province, and flows into Hongze Lake in Jiangsu Province. This is a river with serious pollution in the whole basin, mainly because the township enterprises in this area have developed rapidly in the past 21 years, especially the "15 small enterprises" with serious pollution (namely, small paper making, small chemical industry, small brewing, small food, small pharmacy, small electroplating, etc.) have mushroomed. Every year, the amount of sewage entering the river is about 2 billion tons, the chromaticity in serious areas is nearly 111, and the ammonia nitrogen exceeds the drinking water standard by dozens of times. One factory pollutes a small tributary, dozens of factories pollute a big tributary, and tens of thousands of enterprises have seriously polluted almost all the branches and main streams of the Huaihe River. Major pollution outbreaks have occurred in succession, which has caused heavy losses to residents on both sides of the strait in agriculture and sideline, and there is no water to drink while guarding the Huaihe River (even the underground is polluted), and disputes between factories and groups continue. It was not until the central government made up its mind to shut down more than 21 thousand factories that it improved slightly.
The annual runoff of Hailuan River system is 22.6 billion cubic meters/year, and the discharged waste water is as high as 33. 411 million tons/year, the depth of pollution ranks first among the major rivers in China. Among the 4279 kilometers of major rivers (including major tributaries), 42.6% are below the V-class water standard; Almost all the waterways that flow through towns and suburban industrial areas have become sewage ditches; There is basically no clear water in the vast plains, which can be described as "all rivers stink and all water is polluted". Some people even said, "If you want to know what rivers can be ruined, just look at the downstream of the cities in the Haihe River Basin!"
The water system of Daliaohe River is composed of Hunhe River, Taizi River and Daliaohe River, and the water pollution of the river is very prominent, with an annual sewage discharge of 2 billion tons. Most of the reaches of Liaohe River and Shuangtaizi River are Grade V water quality, among which the water quality of Tieling, Shenyang and Panjin reaches of Liaohe River is worse than Grade V standard all the year round. The urban reach of some tributaries in the lower reaches is also worse than the V level.
the Songhua river system discharges more than 2 billion tons of sewage every year, and fish and shrimp are extinct in the 311-kilometer section below Jilin. According to the investigation conducted by the Water Resources Protection Bureau of Songliao Basin in 1998, the water pollution of the whole Songhua River is very serious, with less than 17.8% of the rivers with Class I and II water, while the rivers with Class IV and V water quality are over 61%. That is to say, except the polluted reaches of Nenjiang River and the Second Songhua River in the upper reaches, the others are over 61%, and the flood season and dry season are almost 111%.
it should be pointed out that in recent years, environmental protection departments at all levels have made positive results in tackling pollution, and the pollution momentum has been contained, but it is hard to say that the pollution situation has improved. Many places are polluted again after pollution control, and some have invested heavily but have little effect. "Washing rice and vegetables in the 1951s, washing clothes and irrigating in the 1961s, deteriorating water quality in the 1971s, and losing fish and shrimp in the 1981s" is a common phenomenon, and the folk songs of ordinary people are an image description of the pollution situation.
fourth, the situation of water shortage must not be blindly optimistic because of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.
In fact, the national South-to-North Water Transfer Project is a last resort project, and it is still difficult to assess the impact of changes in water resources on the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. According to relevant information, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project was completed as early as 2111. As a water resources researcher, the author is not optimistic in four aspects.
the first thing that I am not optimistic about is: although the work of saving water is being done year after year, the water consumption will be huge in the future. How to solve the huge water supply and demand gap? Irrigation water consumption increases, urban domestic water consumption increases, and at the same time, it is accompanied by a variety of luxurious water use methods; Soil erosion makes the available water decrease day by day, the ice and snow at the source of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River melt, and the upstream water inflow becomes less and less. According to relevant statistics, on the premise of fully considering water saving, the total urban water consumption in China will reach 132 billion cubic meters in 2111, an increase of nearly 71 billion cubic meters. Where does so much water come from?
The second thing that I am not optimistic about is: What about the serious pollution of South Water? The current situation has been seriously polluted. Can the polluted water be used? The situation along the Huaihe River has proved once again that polluted water is equal to nothing, or even worse. At present, the pollution of water system in China is so serious, how can we control it? Since 1998, a storm of environmental protection has been set off, which has achieved remarkable results so far, but it is still far from solving the problem, and there are many pollution problems after treatment. It remains to be seen how effective pollution control will be in the next few years.
the third thing that is not optimistic is: the water transfer season in the north is the same as the dry season in the south. Can there always be water to adjust? China is a country where the north and the south belong to a climatic zone. When there is water in the south, the north also enters the rainy season. The water diversion season in the north is also the water shortage season in the south. Will it lead to the imbalance of water resources in the south? At present, the soil erosion area of the Yangtze River is 31% of the basin area. 2%, the annual soil erosion reached 2.4 billion tons, an increase of 51% compared with the 1.6 billion tons of the Yellow River. In recent years, the water volume of the Yangtze River has been decreasing day by day, and navigation is difficult in many cases. The premise of our imagination is that the Yangtze River is inexhaustible, but this premise is becoming more and more inadequate.
the fourth thing that we are not optimistic about is, can we afford such water? Now Beijing is the capital of the country, and all water transfers adopt the planned economy model. The government subsidizes the residents of the capital with taxes, which is not the real water price cost. According to the data, the per capita water resource in Israel is 461 cubic meters, twice as much as that in North China, and its water price is 14 US dollars/cubic meter, equivalent to 116 yuan, 31 times as much as the current water price in China. In China, water is scarce and electricity is abundant, but the expenditure on electricity is often several times or even ten times that of water. In recent years, bottled drinking water sells well. The price of a barrel of 5 gallons of water (11.25 kg) can reach about 6 yuan, which is more than 1.31 times higher than the price of tap water.
it is the inevitable result of the development of market economy to determine the water price according to the cost. The central government demands to control the water use in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and ensure the water use in the capital. However, as a market economy country, the central government's water price subsidy may not be sustainable. Although the water supply unit can't make high profits, the cost price has to be paid.
South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the distance of the nearest route is also 1,211 kilometers, and some of them are even farther, passing through dozens of pumping stations. The daily management, depreciation overhaul, project safety and maintenance of the water diversion project are all huge costs. Tap water has a good pipeline, and there are also 11% to 21% leaks. I don't know how many leaks will be included in the cost of 1211 kilometers. A few years ago, it was said that the cost of South Water was 21 yuan/ton, and later it was heard that it was 11 yuan/ton. I'm afraid the specific cost will not be counted only by the current calculation. The price of a barrel in the world oil market has risen from 18 dollars to 61 dollars now, and no one expected it in the past few years. I'm afraid not many people dare to say how much the water price is and whether the ordinary people can bear it.
v. Questioning experts' interpretation of the causes of water shortage in China
For a long time, there have been many studies on the causes of water shortage in China, and there are also many research results, most of which tend to lead to soil erosion due to deforestation. However, there are great defects in the development after careful study. In the process of studying the subject of water resources in China, I found more and more problems. It is of great significance to find out the causes of water shortage in China, and it is of targeted value to solve the water shortage problem in most areas of China. Because of my work, I went to many places in China. The task of scholars is to be brave in exploration. Now I take the liberty to share my thoughts with you.
the first popular saying is that deforestation, the destruction of surface vegetation, causes soil erosion, and there is no way to conserve water, which leads to water shortage. This theory can explain the reasons of water shortage in the upper reaches, but not in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and Huaihe River basin.
the second popular saying is that economic construction is growing at a high speed and water consumption is increasing. Industrial water, agricultural water, urban domestic water has greatly increased, so there is a shortage of water, but this statement cannot explain the frequent shortage of water in the vast water-rich areas of China south of the Yangtze River.
other popular sayings are not analyzed here one by one. In short, it cannot reasonably explain the major problem of water shortage.
the logic of dialectics tells us that if there are enough facts to prove that the conclusion cannot explain the practice, then the idea of water control is problematic. If the conclusion is incorrect, it is impossible to prescribe the right medicine.
I want to make some interpretations through my own research, and please ask the experts present to correct me.
My hometown is Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, which is located in the north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province. It is the reconstruction headquarters of the New Fourth Army in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period and one of the revolutionary holy places in China. This beautiful and fertile land is located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, and is a part of the Yangtze River Delta. It is near the mouth of the sea, with an area of about 1. 51,111 square kilometers, of which the coastline is 582 kilometers long and the ground elevation is about 2 meters. Yancheng is really the world of water. When I was young, I also dealt with water every day. The water network was dense, the reeds were dense, and the fish and shrimp were rich. I never left the water in this place. But in the last ten years, it's the turn of such a place, where the groundwater is so high, there is also water shortage. Sometimes rice seedlings are just planted, and they are also irrigated without water, and even almost die. Deforestation and vegetation destruction are not the reasons. In fact, if this low-lying place is at the mouth of the lower reaches of the river and it is still short of water, how can other parts of China not be short of water? It is obviously inappropriate to use the theoretical explanation of soil erosion caused by deforestation and vegetation destruction.
therefore, I think the cause of water shortage should be explained at a deeper level.
for thousands of years, we have been studying and summarizing water, but we have not studied water well. Over the past 51 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, we have continued to make the same mistakes.
In my opinion, China people's thinking on water control has damaged their lungs that absorb and conserve water. Even so far, the importance of lungs has not been fully realized. Without lungs, how can the water problem in China be solved? !
still use my experience to speak. When I was a child, there were ditches and ponds everywhere in my hometown, and the ditches and ponds were connected with rivers. Build a dam and drain the pond water to get a few pounds of fish and shrimp. In autumn, the river mud is used as the basic fertilizer for planting wheat. In winter, during the slack season, people fish and touch shrimp, and then scoop up the mud from the ditch and pond to cover the wheat seedlings for the winter. Therefore, a mud pond is always naturally silted up and constantly cleaned up by people. Mud contains a lot of humus, which is a good farm fertilizer. Mud ponds are constantly silted up and cleaned up, and they can also be put into aquatic plants, such as lotus coupling. When the dry season comes, there is a considerable amount of water to replenish in the ditch and pond, and it will not be dry anywhere. In the rainy season, sometimes it rains for a day or two for tens of millimeters without causing disasters. Thanks to this thousand acres of farmland and a hundred acres of ponds, the whole earth is like a water-absorbing sponge. Although there are very few serious floods, the water level usually drops after a day or two. So many ditches, ponds and lakes have stored the water, and it will be all right.
However, since the 1971s and 1981s, there has been a comprehensive change. First, the fields have been leveled and the land has been prepared, and the ditches and ponds have been filled to grow crops. Previously, there may be one acre of ponds on three acres of land. There are no ditches and ponds, and at the same time, there are more and more chemical fertilizers, so no one will dig river mud any more. There is only one narrow drainage channel for hundreds of acres and thousands of acres of land. In the process of continuous soil siltation caused by natural forces, the small drainage channel becomes shallower and shallower, and there is almost no water capacity. Over time, more than 11 years have passed, and more than 21 years have passed. Small water is a disaster, and when it comes, a large area is available. Without water, it will become a drought, forming a dilemma of drought and water shortage year after year. As a city near the mouth of the sea, and in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, the canals often bottom out due to drought, and crops cannot grow normally. At the same time, there is a little more than a hundred millimeters of water, which is the year of catastrophe, and the flood is terrible. Compared with the previous decades, I think there was a lung on our land to absorb and accumulate water, and we cut it off ourselves. When we think back to the losses of hundreds of billions of yuan caused by the floods in the Yangtze River and Pearl River Basin in 1998, and when we think back to the floods that have caused disasters year after year in the past decade or so, I think that our country has always neglected to build a "lung" that can hold and receive water.
China people have been trying to control water for thousands of years. At first, they blocked water. Later, they learned to be "smart" and focused on dredging. Although there is Li Bing's Dujiangyan, the upper reaches of Dujiangyan are mountainous areas, and Dujiangyan is not a carrier for receiving water.
China people have been managing water for thousands of years. Dayu managed water from blocking to dredging, and then regarded dredging as a universal law and the Bible. The first big mistake of water control for thousands of years is that it only dredges, dredges and dredges for thousands of years, and fails to realize the importance of acceptance and compatibility. Water-holding and water-receiving are not taken seriously. Precious fresh water resources are always put into the sea by all means. The absolutization and dogmatism of the correct measures under a specific condition led to the bitter wine made by ourselves, but in ancient times with a small population, the seriousness of this problem was not fully exposed.
since the founding of the people's Republic of China, although our principles and policies have been to dredge and accumulate * * *, the main thing is to dredge and run through, but the accumulation is more empty than real. Dig drains everywhere, for fear that water can't get away when it comes. In terms of water storage, huge financial and material resources have been spent to build a number of reservoirs, but the limited number of reservoirs is really nine Niu Yi hairs compared with thousands of gullies and ponds scattered all over the fields. Besides, with the change of farming methods