1. Basic knowledge of automobiles \r\n 1. The bus types are 1 1. \ r \ n \ r \ nIn terms of design and technical features, buses are mainly used to carry passengers and their carry-on luggage and/or temporary articles, including the driver's seat, with a maximum of 9 seats. Passenger cars are divided into the following 1 1 models. \ r \ n \ r \ mainly includes: ordinary passenger cars, open-top passenger cars, advanced passenger cars, small passenger cars, convertible cars, hatchbacks, station wagons, multi-purpose passenger cars, short-headed passenger cars, off-road passenger cars and special passenger cars. 2. The originator of automobile-karl benz 1879 German engineer karl benz successfully tested the two-stroke experimental engine for the first time. \r\n\r\n 1883 10 He founded "Ben Ci Company and Rheinland Gas Engine Factory" and applied for a patent for his motor vehicle on June 29th 1886 1886. In June165438+1October of the same year, Karl Benz's three-wheeled motor vehicle obtained the German patent right. \ r \ n \ r \ This is considered to be the first modern car in the world. 3. Engine Engine is the power device of automobile, which consists of crank-connecting rod mechanism, valve train, cooling system, oil supply system, lubrication system, ignition system and starting system and five systems, but diesel engine has one less ignition system than gasoline engine. \r\n\r\n4。 Chassis Chassis consists of transmission system, running system, steering system and braking system. The function of the chassis is to support and install the assembly of the automobile engine and its components, form the overall shape of the automobile, and accept the power of the engine to make the automobile move and ensure the normal running. \ r \ n \ r \ The chassis consists of five parts: transmission system, running system, steering system, suspension system and braking system. 5. The working volume of the displacement cylinder refers to the gas volume swept by the piston from the top dead center to the bottom dead center, also known as the single-cylinder displacement, which depends on the cylinder diameter and piston stroke. \ r \ n \ r \ Engine displacement is the sum of working volumes of each cylinder, usually expressed in milliliters (CC). The engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, which can represent the size of the engine better than the cylinder diameter and the number of cylinders. Many indexes of the engine are closely related to the displacement. \ r \ n \ r \ Baidu Encyclopedia-Cars. \r\n2。 Common sense of cars \ r \ Many people often say that the battery in the car is dead, and it won't start after stopping for one night! Actually, it has a lot to do with the weather Automobile batteries are generated by the ionization of lead acid, however, at low temperature, the ionization activity will decrease, and many long-life batteries are easy to "fake" in this case. The solution is to buy a can of battery activator (only a few dozen pieces in a can) and add it to the water inlet of the battery, so it may be "revived" on the spot. If the maintenance-free battery has no water injection hole, try to wrap the battery with a hot towel to "warm up" and there should be a chance of "regeneration"! On the contrary, there is nothing to lose by trying to replace the battery! ! When the generator car is turned on, the headlights suddenly flash, and the idle speed of the engine becomes unstable. This is probably the fault that the car generator can't generate electricity for a long time! When this kind of problem comes to the garage, it usually tells you to replace the whole one, and the price is about eight or nine thousand to eleven thousand, so expensive! In fact, the generator is only composed of a coil rotor and an electromagnet. It is unlikely that this kind of thing will break with an iron. How can it break down in normal use? Therefore, more than 90% of the fault points of the generator are with rectifier crystals on them. This thing will really break down if it is used for a long time under high heat, but it will cost two or three thousand yuan to replace it with a new one. \ r \ n \ r \ Next time, if the generator of your car breaks down, you can ask the mechanic to replace only the crystal, which will definitely cure the disease and save a lot of money! It must be hard to imagine that the engine computer will break down, right? In fact, that's because the computer power supply is protected by many fuses; However, the weather is unpredictable. Unfortunately, if a sensor feeds back too many hump signals to the computer, it is not impossible to hang up on the spot! In fact, the oil supply computer is not easy to break down. If it breaks down, the guarantee is a big problem: the engine will never start, and it will definitely cost a lot of money to replace it! Unless soaked in water, the computer supplies a bunch of IC boards, crystals and capacitors. \ r \ n \ r \ Don't fail together, just burn one capacitor at most. So just because it is not cost-effective to spend 20,000 to 30,000 yuan on a new computer for a capacitor, there is now an electronic store specializing in selling car computers, and how to repair it is cheaper than replacing it with a new computer! The air conditioner compressor is not cold. Send the car to the garage for inspection to make sure that the air conditioning pipeline is not leaking and the amount of refrigerant is not reduced. However, when the air conditioner switch is turned on, the compressor does not work. At this time, the problem is focused on the air conditioning compressor! A brand-new air-conditioning compressor costs at least tens of thousands of dollars, which is really expensive! However, sometimes it is not a physical problem that the compressor does not act; If the compressor is removed and the rotating pulley is not stuck, the repair shop can try to energize the electromagnetic clutch on the pulley (the wire is connected to the positive pole and the compressor body is connected to the negative pole). If it doesn't work, it's simply an electromagnet failure. Just spend two or three thousand dollars to change this thing! The peripheral running parts of the belt idler engine all rely on the connection of the belt to obtain the running power of the engine, and the belt must maintain a certain tightness to completely transmit the power, which depends on the related belt idlers. \ r \ n \ r \ The belt idler has been worn for a long time, and it will make a "squeaky" screeching sound. When we arrive at the repair shop, the factory will call it "replacement"! Don't worry! Unless it is an idler assembly crushed by a machine, the fault lies entirely in the bearing of the idler! As long as it costs 10 yuan and 100 yuan to replace the new bearing, why spend thousands of dollars to replace the whole set of idlers? Automatic gearbox relies on ATF as the power transmission medium, and losing some power is a congenital defect. In addition, the internal oil circuit is complex and the clutch plates and brake pads are constantly rubbed and wet. High temperature and high oil pressure make the life of automatic transmission not as long as manual transmission. \ r \ n \ r \ Once the time is up, the automatic transmission usually produces a lot of running noise, and even some gears will be gone, so please replace them! ? A brand-new product costs at least 100 thousand, which is really expensive! In fact, the automatic transmission will also be damaged and worn, just clutch plates and brake pads. Replace these two parts and add an ATF oil filter, then the overhaul package of an automatic transmission will cost several thousand yuan, even if the salary is expensive! It's just that there are not many garages that can repair automatic gears. You can also find out from the manufacturer whether the gearbox repair shop has refurbished automatic gears of the same type. There are only two or three completely classified ones. It may be cheaper to change a broken one, which is also a good secret to save money! The water in the tank engine suddenly disappeared. The water tank engine will produce high temperature when it is running, so it must be cooled by water circulation! But one day the car was driving, and the engine suddenly smoked halfway. -Oh, my God! The water is gone, and it has become a burst of steam! This situation is usually caused by only two reasons, one is the failure of the cooling fan, and the other is the water leakage of the water circulation pipeline. If it is found that the culprit of water leakage is a broken water tank under the diagnosis of the garage, the factory will generally ask you to replace it with a new water tank; However, the cracked water tank can actually be repaired! The water tank is made of aluminum. If no damage is found, it can actually be repaired by aluminum welding or brazing. You can get a salary of only 100 yuan, and you can save thousands of new water tanks on the spot! When the transmission shaft is driving, have you ever heard the sound of "clicking" when the chassis turns next? The crux of the problem mostly occurs in the wear of the universal joint of the transmission shaft, which is common in front-wheel drive vehicles! When you drive to the garage for maintenance, most manufacturers will tell you to replace the whole one, but the relative price is only several thousand yuan. \ r \ n \ r \ nIn fact, the universal joint will be worn because the dust cover connected to the universal joint is broken, which causes the grease in the dust cover to leak out and the dust to run in. In this case of lack of oil and dirty, the wear of universal joints will of course accelerate! So if the wear is not serious, in fact, you can simply replace the dust cover (only one or two hundred yuan each) and replenish the lubricating oil, and this transmission shaft can still be used for a long time! If the universal joint is worn too much, only the universal joint part can be replaced; Anyway, there is absolutely no need to change the whole transmission shaft! In order to seek beauty, suspended aluminum alloy wheels are almost one of the key points for all car owners to change cars at present! However, it is difficult for the aluminum ring not to deform under the ravages of the Rally Highway in Taiwan Province Province, which will cause the steering wheel and the car body to shake when driving. Don't rush to replace the modified aluminum ring at this time! At present, there are many tire companies specializing in modified aluminum rings on the market, and one aluminum ring is repaired. \r\n3. Some basic knowledge about automobiles \ r \ n 1. A car is a trolley bus, which has four or more wheels and is driven by its own power device. \ r \ n \ r \ Second, the design and technical features of buses are mainly used to carry passengers, their carry-on luggage and/or temporary articles, including the driver's seat. There are at most 9 buses. Thirdly, the engine is the power device of the automobile, which consists of two mechanisms and five systems: crank-connecting rod mechanism, valve train, cooling system, oil supply system, lubrication system, ignition system and starting system, but the diesel engine has one less ignition system than the gasoline engine. \r\n\r\n 1。 Cooling system: generally composed of water tank, water pump, radiator, fan, thermostat, water thermometer and drain switch. There are two cooling methods for automobile engines, namely air cooling and water cooling. \ r \ n \ r \ Generally speaking, automobile engines are mostly cooled by water. 2. Lubrication system: The engine lubrication system consists of oil pump, filter screen, oil filter, oil circuit, pressure limiting valve, oil gauge, pressure sensitive plug and dipstick. \r\n\r\n3. Fuel supply system: The fuel system of a gasoline engine includes a gasoline tank, a gasoline meter, a gasoline pipe, a gasoline filter, a gasoline pump, a carburetor and an air filter. The fuel system of diesel engine includes main components such as fuel injection pump, fuel injector and governor, and auxiliary devices such as diesel tank, fuel transfer pump, oil-water separator, diesel filter, fuel injection advance device, high and low pressure oil pipes, etc. \r\n\r\n4。 Starting system: starter, battery, etc. 5. Ignition system: spark plug, high voltage wire, high voltage coil, distributor, ignition switch, etc. \r\n\r\n6。 Crank-connecting rod mechanism: connecting rod, crankshaft, bearing bush, flywheel, piston, piston ring, piston pin, crankshaft oil seal, etc. 7. Valve mechanism: cylinder head, valve cover camshaft, valve intake manifold, exhaust manifold, air filter, muffler, three-way catalytic supercharger, etc. \ r \ n \ r \ Fourthly, automobile braking system can be divided into hand braking system, dynamic braking system and servo braking system. The braking system with the driver's body as the only braking energy source is called hand braking system; A system that brakes completely by converting the engine power into potential energy in the form of air pressure or hydraulic pressure is called a dynamic braking system. \ r \ n \ r \ nV。 The electrical equipment of automobile consists of power supply and electrical equipment. The power supply includes storage battery and generator; Electrical equipment includes the starting system of engine, the ignition system of gasoline engine and other electrical equipment. \ r \ n \ r \ nVI。 The torque of the engine refers to the torque output by the engine from the crankshaft end. Under the condition of constant power, it is inversely proportional to the engine speed. The faster the engine speed, the smaller the torque, and vice versa, which reflects the load capacity of the car in a certain range. \ r \ n \ r \ nVII。 Automobile starter is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, drive the crankshaft to rotate and start the engine. When using the starter, it should be noted that the starting time should not exceed 5 seconds each time, the interval between each use should not be less than 10- 15 seconds, and it should be used continuously for no more than 3 times. \ r \ n \ r \ Extended data:

1, automobile body structure mainly includes: body shell (body in white), doors, windows, front panel parts, interior and exterior decorative parts and body accessories, seats, ventilation, heating, air conditioning, air conditioning devices, etc. Trucks and special vehicles also include trucks and other equipment. \r\n\r\n2。 The car body is installed on the frame of the chassis for drivers and passengers to ride or load goods. The body of passenger cars and buses is generally a whole structure, and the body of freight cars is generally composed of cab and cargo box. \r\n\r\n3. Components that generate a force (braking force) that hinders the movement or movement trend of the vehicle. The brake commonly used in the history of automobile development is called friction brake, which generates braking torque by using the friction between the working surface of fixed parts and rotating parts. \ r \ n \ r \ nIt has two structural types: drum brake and disc brake. 4, the tire is one of the important parts of the car, it is in direct contact with the road surface, and together with the automobile suspension * * * reduces the impact of the car when driving, ensuring the car has good ride comfort and ride comfort; Ensure the good adhesion between the wheels and the road surface, and improve the traction, braking and passability of the car; Bearing the weight of the car, people pay more and more attention to the important role of tires in the car. \r\n\r\n5。 The cylinder working volume of an automobile refers to the gas volume swept by the piston from the top dead center to the bottom dead center, also known as the single cylinder displacement, which depends on the cylinder diameter and piston stroke. Engine displacement is the sum of the working volumes of each cylinder, which is generally expressed in milliliters (CC). \ r \ n \ r \ Engine displacement is one of the most important structural parameters, which can better represent the size of the engine than the diameter and number of cylinders, and many indexes of the engine are closely related to the displacement. References:

Baidu encyclopedia-cars. \r\n4。 Common sense of automobile \r\nCommon sense of automobile maintenance in winter \r\n\r\nI. Appearance maintenance: \ r \ n \ r \ n (1) Wash the car in time after the snow, remove the snow water with acidic and corrosive substances, and avoid damage to the paint and premature rust. \r\n\r\n (2) Warm water should be used for car washing in winter, and cold water should not be used for direct washing. Especially after the engine is warmed up, the cold water cleaning will quickly cool down, resulting in the paint on the hood surface cracking. After washing, open the door in time to dry the water, prevent the water left at the crack of the door from freezing, freeze the door, and don't forcibly open and close the window when it is frozen. \r\n\r\nII。 Oil maintenance \ r \ n \ r \ n (1) Special oil should be replaced in winter. Prevent the viscosity of ordinary lubricating oil from getting worse due to the temperature drop, which will lead to the difficulty of cold start of the car, and in serious cases, it will cause accidents such as tile burning and axle locking. \r\n\r\n (2) The freezing point of antifreeze should be lower than the lowest temperature in this area 10℃, and it should be replaced at least once every two years. If water is added to the antifreeze, the antifreeze must be replaced. \r\n\r\nIII。 Maintenance of electrical appliances: \ r \ n \ r \ n (1) Cars consume a lot of electricity in winter, so the batteries should be maintained in time. Remove the oxide on the battery pile head and replenish distilled water. Too low temperature will greatly reduce the capacity of the battery, so it is best to charge it thoroughly. The service life of general batteries is two to three years. If the battery is close to its service life, especially the automatic transmission, it is best to replace it in advance to prevent accidents. \r\n\r\n (2) When it is difficult to start a cold car, it should be restarted every 30 seconds, and continuous ignition is prohibited to avoid damage to the starter and battery exhaustion. (3) In winter, the temperature difference between the inside and outside of the car is large, and the window is prone to fog, which affects the line of sight. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the heating wires of the windshield, the air outlet of the side window and the rear window in good condition. (four) in winter, the vehicle should be ignited first, and then the headlamp and other electrical equipment should be turned on after the engine works normally; When parking, turn off the electric appliance first, and then turn off the engine; When parking, try not to consume a lot of electricity, especially electric windows, headlights, stereos and other devices that consume a lot of electricity \ r \ n \ r \ nFourth, the automobile chassis \ r \ n \ r \ n (1) In rainy and snowy weather in winter, the road surface is sprinkled with salt water, and the automobile chassis is always in direct contact with rain and snow, which makes it easy to rust. Flying tires will throw high-salt snow water on the car chassis, making the car chassis easy to rust. Therefore, before entering the winter, it is necessary to give the chassis a rust-proof care, so that you are not afraid of damaging the chassis when you travel in snowy days. \ r \ n \ r \ nV。 Car cushions \ r \ n \ r \ n nThe temperature is getting lower and lower in winter, so many car owners can't stand the cold of cowhide and are eager to change the cab. As the saying goes, "A good horse should have a good saddle". It is essential to choose a warm car cushion (especially one with a backrest) in winter, and the sheep shearing car cushion is one of the optional products. \ r \ n \ r \ The so-called sheep shearing means that the wool skin left after shearing cashmere is processed into sheep shearing carpets, cushions, cushions and other indoor products after antiseptic treatment and dyeing. \ r \ n \ r \ Logo and price; From the origin, the source of genuine wool cushion sheepskin is mainly Australia, Inner Mongolia and other regions, and the cheapest wool is also superior. Therefore, the real sheep shearing cushions on the market are more than 1,000 yuan, and the average price of the most popular sheep shearing cushions is around 1400 yuan. \ r \ n \ r \ From the product point of view, it is not easy to distinguish with the naked eye. Just pull out a few hairs and burn them. Real hair will turn gray like hair, and artificial hair will turn gray into particles. \ r \ n \ r \ Maintenance; At present, all retailers are not responsible for cleaning the sheared sheep cushions, and even if the general dry cleaners use dry cleaning, it is difficult to restore the original luster. The more cushions are used, the higher the gloss. Often use a comb to arrange fur, which can keep the original color and shape. Tap the surface of fur with a stick to knock off the dust on the surface of fur. If it is a slight dust, dip a clean cotton cloth in a small amount of neutral detergent melted by warm water, or gently wipe it with volatile oil. The water temperature should not be too high. If the stain is too serious, it should be sent to a special dry cleaner for cleaning. During storage, if insect repellent or mothballs are used, they should be wrapped with breathable tissue paper to avoid direct contact with fur. \ r \ n \ r \ nVI。 Other precautions \ r \ n \ r \ n nBesides keeping the engine warm in winter, you should also prevent the door from freezing to avoid opening when using it. To this end, a little lubricating oil can be injected into the lock hole of the car door in advance, and a thin layer of grease can be coated on the sealing strip around the car door. \r\n5。 Knowledge of all aspects of automobiles \ r \ nIn English, hatchbacks and cars are called two boxes and three boxes. \ r \ n \ r \ n nThis is a description of the body model. The engine compartment is a compartment, the trunk is a compartment, and the cockpit is also a compartment. \ r \ n \ r \ For a car like Jetta, the three cars are obviously separated, which is the so-called sedan. Like Fukang, the cockpit and the rear cabin are integrated into a hatchback. \ r \ n \ r \ Like Picasso, the hood, cockpit roof and rear hatch cover run through like a line, and there is no obvious distinction among the three cabins. This is a single-compartment car. Like Citroen Senna, a car with a short trunk is also called a hatchback. \ r \ n \ r \ n nGenerally speaking, the so-called sedan refers to Santana, Jetta and Audi A6, which are usually ordinary cars with a "nose" (engine compartment) in front and a "* * *" (luggage compartment) in the back; The hatchback refers to cars with less prominent "* * *", such as Furuis, Fukang, POLO and other models that can often be seen on the street; People's understanding of single-compartment cars refers to MPV models such as Renault Scenery, Shenlong Picasso and Toyota Overlord. Structurally speaking, if the engine compartment, passenger compartment and trunk of the whole vehicle are separated, and this separation is fixed and irreversible, then it should be regarded as a car. \ r \ n \ r \ nA hatchback refers to a body with a spare luggage compartment but not protruding from the body. In this case, the passenger compartment and the backup luggage compartment are actually integrated, only separated by the rear seats. Of course, a car without a spare luggage compartment is also an ordinary hatchback. \ r \ n \ r \ A so-called single-compartment car like Picasso is actually separated from the passenger compartment, so strictly speaking, it still belongs to the test drive evaluation column of the hatchback, which contains automobile technology and a relatively basic explanation of automobile technology. \r\n6。 Seek the basics of automobiles \ r \ First of all, you should know which common automobile companies are, such as Volkswagen (which owns Audi, Porsche and Seat), General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Mazda, Fuji Heavy Industries (which produces Lexus) and Suzuki. British Lotus and so on (many British car brands have been acquired by other car companies), French Renault, French logo, French Citroen (now logo has been merged with Citroen), Italian Fiat (many luxury sports cars have been acquired by this company, such as Lamborghini and Ferrari), Swedish Volvo (20 10 was acquired by China Geely Group), Swedish Saab, Czech Skoda and so on. Many, but these are relatively ordinary car companies. I don't need to say much about China. There are three central enterprises: FAW in Changchun, No.2 Automobile in Shiyan, Hubei (Dongfeng Motor, whose headquarters moved to Wuhan in 2006) and Changan Automobile in Chongqing; There are also many local state-owned enterprises: GAC, SAIC, Chery, BAIC and so on. \ r \ n \ r \ Then, you need to know which brands of automobile products are put into the market by some automobile companies. For example, the joint venture brands of FAW and Volkswagen include Audi, Golf and so on. The joint venture brands of SAIC and GM include Buick (LaCrosse is one of its models) and Chevrolet (New Sail is one of Chevrolet models). Let me sum up for you, that is, the products of an automobile company (generally speaking, a brand) are divided into many series, and there are many models in the series. For example, Buick belongs to Shanghai GM and is a series, and LaCrosse belongs to Buick series. Finally, you need to know what the technical parameters of a car are: roughly the displacement (for example, 3.0L means the displacement is 3 liters, which means the sum of all cylinder volumes), torque, speed, power and fuel consumption. Of course, some necessary and commonly used technologies should also be known, such as DSI (Direct Injection in Cylinder), TSI (Turbocharging), DSG (Double Clutch) and so on. I typed all the words on it word by word. I'm in a hurry to get your wealth points, so you can give them to me. Thank you.