Question 2: Why is the depreciation of fixed assets counted as administrative expenses? Depreciation of fixed assets used by management departments is included in management expenses. If the depreciation of fixed assets used by the production department is included in the manufacturing expenses or production costs, the depreciation of fixed assets used by the sales department is included in the sales expenses.
Question 3: Can depreciation expenses be directly included in operating costs? Depreciation expense can be included in "main business cost", which includes depreciation of fixed assets.
The main business cost refers to the direct cost that a company must invest to produce and sell products or services related to its main business, mainly including raw materials, labor costs (wages) and depreciation of fixed assets. "Main business cost" is used to calculate the actual cost incurred by an enterprise due to its daily activities such as selling goods, providing services or transferring the right to use assets. Under the subject of "main business cost", a subsidiary ledger should be set up according to the main business type for detailed accounting. At the end of the period, the balance of this account should be transferred to the "profit of this year" account, and there should be no balance in this account after the transfer.
However, the depreciation expense is differentiated according to the income object or using department.
The fixed assets of the comprehensive management office are included in the management expenses;
Fixed assets in the general sales process are included in sales expenses (generally included in management expenses);
Depreciation of equipment and fixed assets in the processing workshop is included in manufacturing expenses.
Question 4: What is the difference between depreciation and amortization? Must depreciation be a fixed asset? Difference:
Depreciation is for fixed assets, while amortization is for intangible assets and expenses.
Calculation methods and differences of depreciation and amortization
I. Depreciation and calculation method
(1) depreciation generally refers to the depreciation of fixed assets. Depreciation of fixed assets refers to the value of fixed assets that gradually wears away during use. This part of the value of the loss of fixed assets shall be shared within the effective service life of fixed assets, forming depreciation expenses and included in the cost of each period.
(2) Depreciation method:
1, the average life method, also known as the straight-line method, is a method to evenly allocate the depreciation of fixed assets to each period.
2. Workload method: it is a method to extract depreciation amount according to actual workload.
3. Double declining balance method: it is a method to calculate the depreciation of fixed assets according to the opening book balance and double straight-line depreciation rate of fixed assets without considering the net residual value of fixed assets.
4. The sum of years method, also known as the sum of years method, is to multiply the net value of fixed assets after deducting the net salvage value by a decreasing score year by year to calculate the annual depreciation. The numerator of this score represents the number of years that fixed assets can still be used, and the denominator represents the sum of the numbers of years of use.
Second, amortization and calculation method
(1) Amortization occurred this month, which should be borne by the product cost of this month and the following months. The amortization period of amortization expenses is one year at the longest. For more than one year, it shall be accounted as long-term deferred expenses.
(2) Amortization includes: amortization of low-value consumables, amortization of intangible assets, amortization of deferred expenses and amortization of long-term deferred expenses.
(3) Amortization methods: one-time amortization method, installment amortization method, 50-50 amortization method, etc.
Question 5: Is the depreciation of fixed assets a cost transfer or a period expense? The Accounting Standards for Small Enterprises stipulates that "the depreciation expense of fixed assets shall be included in the relevant asset cost or current profit and loss according to the beneficiaries of fixed assets."
If the hotel (restaurant) is small in scale, it can be less complicated, and the depreciation expense is uniformly included in the cost or expense.
Depreciation included in costs and expenses is the same, and there is no difference. Both of them affect the current profits and can be deducted before tax (income tax).
If fixed assets are not included and treated as expenses or costs directly, the impact on income tax will be different. If it is directly included in the cost or expense, the profit will be reduced and the income tax will be less.
Question 6: Is the depreciation of fixed assets an expense or an income? Depreciation expenses of fixed assets are regarded as expenses.
Question 7: What does depreciation expense of fixed assets mean? 10. For example, your company bought a piece of equipment and issued a VAT invoice as proof.
Debit: fixed assets (excluding tax equipment)
Borrow: Taxes payable-VAT payable-Input tax (equipment tax)
Loans: bank deposits
Depreciation is accrued in the second month (what do you mean by depreciation of fixed assets, that is, the equipment will age slowly during use, so depreciation should be accrued).
If depreciation is accrued by straight-line method, monthly depreciation amount = original value of fixed assets-residual value of fixed assets/depreciation period/12.
Borrow: manufacturing cost
Credit: accumulated depreciation (monthly depreciation of equipment recorded in the account)
Month-end carry-over: production cost
Credit: Manufacturing expenses
Question 8: Can fixed assets be directly included in the cost without depreciation? 1. VAT ordinary invoice is not allowed to deduct input tax; Such mistakes can be avoided! It should be clearly written in the terms of the order and the sales contract! )
Two, you can ask the seller to re-issue special invoices for value-added tax; The seller opens the red letter first and then the blue letter, with one negative and one positive, and does not pay taxes such as value-added tax (issued during the special invoice deduction period);
Third, it is necessary to issue a special red-ink VAT invoice, and it is found that the invoice is wrong across the month. , recall the original invoice and reopen it. It can be put forward by the seller or the buyer. Operation of red-ink invoice application form: nail 1. After entering the invoicing software, click "Invoice Management" and click "Red-ink Invoice Application Form → Fill in Application Form" in the menu bar at the top of the screen.
2. If you are the seller, please choose 2. The reason for the seller's application is selected according to your situation: if the purchase is rejected because of incorrect invoicing, it means that your invoice has been handed over to the buyer and returned by the buyer (and the buyer is required to issue a buyer's certificate); Non-delivery due to invoicing error: refers to the situation where you find that this invoice is wrongly invoiced and not delivered to the buyer.
If you are a buyer, please select 1. Buyer application. If you select Deducted, you don't need to fill in the invoice code and number, just click OK. If Not Deducted is selected, select the corresponding reason.
3. Invoice according to the actual situation, and enter * * * as the phone number and application reason in the interface of filling in red-ink invoice application form.
4. Print the application form into a paper document in duplicate and affix the official seal of the company.
5. Export the electronic application form to the root directory of the U disk: operation method (invoice management → red-ink invoice application form → application form export), select the month in which the red-ink invoice application form is filled, select the application form to be exported, click the "Export" button above, and select the path of the U disk according to the prompts.
6. Bring two paper application forms with official seals, a USB flash drive for storing electronic application forms and related materials (please consult the local taxation bureau for details) to the local taxation bureau for review.
7. If approved, you can issue a negative invoice after getting the red-ink invoice notice issued by the tax bureau (the specific operation is as follows):
Operation of issuing negative invoices: after entering the invoicing software, click Invoice Management → Invoice Filling and Opening to call out blank invoices, click Negative on the ticket face, select direct invoices, enter the notification number 16 twice (in the upper right corner of the notification), enter the code and number of the corresponding blue invoice according to the actual situation of the notification (if there is no notification, you can leave it blank), and click Next.
Question 9: Should the depreciation of fixed assets be borrowed: manufacturing expenses or management expenses: manufacturing expenses (depreciation of fixed assets in basic production workshops)
Chicken expenses (depreciation of fixed assets of management department)
Sales expenses (depreciation of fixed assets of special sales department)
Other business costs (depreciation of fixed assets leased from operation)
Construction in progress (depreciation of fixed assets used in the process of self-built fixed assets)
R&D expenditure (depreciation of fixed assets used in R&D)
Credit: accumulated depreciation
Question 10: Is the depreciation of fixed assets directly included in the production cost? Theoretically, the depreciation of production equipment is first included in the manufacturing cost and then transferred to the production cost.
However, in practice, in order to omit the steps, some may skip the transfer to the production cost, and depreciation is directly included in the production cost. Remember not to skip the exam, or you may lose points.