To be honest, these countries don't seem to need to restrict food exports. Among them, Vietnam's per capita grain possession has reached the 33rd place in the world, and Kazakhstan is as high as 12, which is higher than many developed countries in Europe and America. Coupled with the huge cultivated land area and grain output capacity, it seems impossible for these countries to have a food crisis without restricting exports.
But in fact, almost all these countries have experienced painful famines, some of which are called famines? What's the damage? Then why can famine occur in big grain-producing countries without any natural disasters? Actually, this really has some doorways.
Above _ Old photos of modern agricultural production
Who ate all the meat from the World Meat Bank? If someone asks, which country can be named the World Meat Bank? Then the answer is probably Argentina.
Speaking of Argentina, apart from football and the Falklands naval battle, it is estimated that few people can remember that this country is a world-famous food exporter. Argentina is a country with very fertile land and rich resources. It is the second largest beef exporter in the world and one of the five largest food exporters in the world. The world meat bank is well deserved. But in Argentina, famine has always been with the country, like a lingering nightmare. So, who has eaten the meat in this world meat bank?
The answer is actually very simple? Export for money.
Argentina, like many South American and African countries, is in? Free colony? The whole country is one of the original raw material suppliers in Europe and America, so it is equivalent to the country. Functionalization? . The country is a big raw material factory with low industrial added value, so the trade is always in deficit and the government is heavily in debt. Because the core commodities are grain and resources, both of which are high value-added industrial products. So all the profits are lost abroad, and once the agricultural output drops slightly, it will immediately become a disaster.
Argentina is located in the lower region.
Because Argentina was greatly influenced by international food prices, during the 1929 world economic crisis, a large amount of milk and beef produced in Argentina were all poured into the sea. There was a severe famine in China. Someone here must say, why don't Argentine officials buy this meat and sell it to the poor?
First of all, there are two things here, western? Neoliberalism? Both economics and Chicago School's theories show that: If you want to be rich, you must be open. ? The focus of this opening-up is financial openness, and the so-called? Shock therapy? . The combination of complete privatization and horrible inflation, after such adjustment, the whole country has become a market economy, is there any gain? A panacea? . You can be resurrected.
Of course, there are two positive examples of this theory, such as Chile and Poland, which are the results of this theory. Did Chilean dictator Pi Nuo ever create checks? Chilean miracle? With the sustained economic growth for more than ten years, Poland's shock therapy after the drastic changes in Eastern Europe has also achieved certain results.
But for more countries, the consequence of this plan is two words? Collapse.
Above _ Argentine peso
Argentina suffers greatly because it has been dominated by the capital market for a long time and has no foreign exchange control; Currency is freely convertible, and capital flows in and out freely. What often happens is that the unemployment rate in Argentina remains high, enterprises often close down, ordinary people can't even afford their own meals, and all profits are taken away by foreign companies.
Moreover, in order to help the poor, Argentina has to reduce the price of meat products, and it is also vulnerable to anti-dumping attacks from other countries. Currency board system? If the Argentine peso is linked to the US dollar, a peso must have a foreign exchange reserve of one dollar, resulting in Argentina having a lot of dollars, but it can't spend them. For example, in the 200 1 Argentina economic crisis, there were international speculators. It can be said that the famine in Argentina is not a meat shortage, but a money shortage.
Above _ Vietnam Famine 1945
Food security is really safe for Kazakhstan, Vietnam and other countries, food security is really safe. For example, the 1945 famine in Vietnam actually caused millions of people to starve to death according to the statistics of historians. At that time, under the rare double blow of flood and drought, Vietnam's grain production decreased wildly, and the turmoil directly caused a terrible death. Although there has never been such a large-scale famine in Vietnam in history.
For another example, Ukraine, known as the granary of Europe, often suffered from famine during the Soviet period. The main reason is not natural disasters, but man-made disasters caused by the scissors difference in the Soviet Union. 1930- 1933, a famine broke out in Kazakhstan for the same reason as in Ukraine. These large grain producers are not self-sufficient, but are forced to transfer food because of exploitation. In the world food security ranking, the top countries are not big grain-producing countries such as Indonesia, but countries such as Singapore, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Above _ 1930 rpm 1933 Kazakh famine
Because compared with ordinary countries, countries such as Singapore have stronger grain import capacity, which can not only absorb the surplus export grain of neighboring countries such as Indonesia, but also transit the export grain of other countries in the world by convenient shipping. Thereby realizing the supply of food. But for big countries, this method cannot be copied. After all, the population superpowers like China and India, importing food from all over the world, may not be able to meet the post-disaster food demand. So such a big country must be self-sufficient and have sufficient reserves.
I have to mention here that neighboring North Korea has experienced a long time? March of suffering? The core of the food crisis is that the closed import and export food trade makes it impossible to obtain effective international food supply. So its domestic famine can't be made up by imports, just like Argentina? Financial disaster? On the contrary, the over-closed country leads to no help even if it helps.
Above _ Old photos of agriculture
At present, the measures taken by major grain-producing countries to reduce exports actually have not only historical basis, but also practical considerations. After all, what really determines the food in their hands is often not the number of people who eat internationally, but internationally. Gold master? Children, and aim at which piece of fat is ready to start. 20 1 1 Thailand, the third largest palm oil producer in the world, suffered from palm oil shortage, the core of which was that international speculators attacked palm oil, which led the Thai government to limit the price of palm oil. As a result, other edible oil manufacturers also took the opportunity to hoard goods and forced the government to raise the price of edible oil, resulting in a serious shortage of palm oil.
Therefore, food safety is a food problem on the surface, but actually a financial problem and the lifeblood of a country.
Text: The sky breaks through the clouds.
References:
1 Neoliberalism and Argentina's economic crisis Cheng Qiufen
2 Three Famines in Ukraine Wen Yi
3 "Vietnam Famine 1945"
4 "Palm Oil Crisis in Thailand"
The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.