Especially in the Huang-Huai-Hai region where water resources are scarce, the inferior five types of water bodies account for 40% to 50%, which further aggravates the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources. According to the Ministry of Water Resources, there are currently more than 300 water-deficient cities in China, with more than 654.38 billion people affected. More than 300 million people in rural areas have unsafe drinking water, of which about 654.38+0.9 billion people drink harmful substances exceeding the standard, more than 63 million people drink high-fluorine water, more than 2 million people drink high-arsenic water and more than 38 million people drink brackish water. Excessive content of harmful substances in drinking water is a very prominent problem, and it has an increasing trend, which has affected people's drinking safety and threatened people's health. Generally speaking, in some areas and river basins, water pollution shows a trend of extending from tributaries to main streams, spreading from cities to rural areas, infiltrating from surface to underground, and developing from land to sea.
-with the development of economy and the increase of economic aggregate, the total amount of wastewater discharge has increased rapidly, and the total amount of pollutants discharged has exceeded the capacity of water environment, especially in some densely populated areas with dense enterprises or serious pollution, and in some inter-provincial river basins, this problem is particularly prominent, and the task of pollution prevention and control is very arduous:
-The phenomenon of water quality exceeding the standard is widespread, and the problem of water quality deterioration in some key river basins is more prominent; The organic pollution of drinking water sources is becoming more and more serious, which has caused drinking water safety problems and affected people's production and life. The problems in the Huaihe River basin have aroused the concern of the whole society, and we should also pay attention to other key river basin areas. The State Environmental Protection Administration should unite with relevant departments to strengthen environmental management in key river basin areas.
-The water pollution problem in some heavily polluting industries is still serious. In some industries, such as papermaking, printing and dyeing, chemical industry, etc. An enterprise often pollutes an area or even a river, which has a great social impact. Although some regulations have been issued for some industries, how to completely solve the water pollution problem in heavily polluting industries still needs in-depth study.
-environmental accidents occur from time to time, and environmental hidden dangers increase, posing a threat to the safety of people's lives and property. However, the corresponding emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents is still in the process of establishment, and it is difficult to play an effective role in the short term.
-A long-term mechanism for environmental protection and an environmental supervision system have not yet been formed.
The Yellow River is the source of life in northwest and north China. Not long ago, the reporter set out from Qinghai Province, passed through Gansu and Ningxia, and reached Inner Mongolia, with a journey of more than 3,000 kilometers, witnessing the present situation and increasing harm of water pollution in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River. In the investigation, the reporter found that although some pollution control measures have been taken in all parts of the Yellow River Basin, the Yellow River is still facing difficulties in industrial pollution control, and the pollution of domestic sewage and agricultural wastewater is aggravated, and the pollution situation is still very serious.
Main stream of "Bitter Water": Nearly 40% of the river has basically lost its water function, and1.20,000 citizens can only drink bitter water.
At the beginning of this year, the Yellow River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau organized an expert group to quantitatively analyze the situation and harm of water pollution in the Yellow River. It is found that the water quality of nearly 40% of the Yellow River reaches is inferior to the fifth category, and it basically loses its water function. With the development of economy, the wastewater discharge in the Yellow River Basin has doubled from 1980s to 4.4 billion cubic meters, and pollution incidents have occurred continuously. Most tributaries in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are polluted to varying degrees, while the water quality of almost all tributaries in the middle and lower reaches has been in a state of inferior five categories for many years, and tributaries have become "sewage rivers".
The general drainage of Wuliangsuhai is a main drainage channel for diverting water from the Yellow River in Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia. The reporter saw that there are many papermaking and coking enterprises along this main drainage line. These highly polluting enterprises vary in size. Once the environmental protection facilities are shut down or there are no treatment facilities, a large number of pollutants will be directly discharged into the Yellow River, which will affect the downstream water supply safety.
At the beginning of this year, the Baotou section of the Yellow River suffered unprecedented serious pollution represented by volatile phenol, and volatile phenol and ammonia nitrogen exceeded the standard by several times to dozens of times. As the main source of water for production and life in Baotou comes from the Yellow River, more than 654.38+0.2 million citizens have to bite the bullet and drink "bitter water". The reporter saw from the information reported by Baotou Environmental Protection Bureau to the National Bureau that the main source of volatile phenol pollution in the Yellow River is the discharge of Wuliangsuhai, while ammonia nitrogen pollution mainly comes from Ningxia and Baotou.
The "culprit" is along the Yellow River: the illegal discharge of pollutants from key pollution sources is still serious. The "Tenth Five-Year Plan" and "New Five-Year Plan" enterprises cover a wide range and are difficult to eradicate.
Industrial pollution has always been the "culprit" of water pollution in the Yellow River. From Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia to Inner Mongolia, there are many highly polluting industrial enterprises along the Yellow River, such as energy, heavy chemicals, non-ferrous metals and paper making, which produce a large number of pollutants including COD (chemical oxygen demand), ammonia nitrogen, heavy metals, permanganate index and volatile phenol. Due to the large investment and high operating cost of environmental protection facilities, the illegal discharge of pollutants from key pollution sources along the Yellow River is still serious, and some enterprises in the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the New Five-Year Plan are difficult to eradicate.
During an interview in Baiyin City, Gansu Province, the cadres of the local environmental protection department guided the reporter to see Dongdagou, which runs across the urban area and goes straight into the Yellow River. This natural flood drainage ditch has now become a sewage drainage ditch. Before people got off the bus, the sewage in the ditch smelled pungent, the red acid wastewater in the river slowly flowed, and green water was injected into the small branch ditch next to it from time to time. The soil on the river ditch beach was eroded by sewage and showed a metallic copper color. The cadre of Baiyin Environmental Protection Bureau said that there are eight or nine polluting enterprises along Dongdagou, including domestic sewage, and nearly 50,000 cubic meters of wastewater is discharged into the Yellow River every day. The biggest pollution source comes from the smelter of Baiyin Nonferrous Metals Company, an old copper smelting enterprise that has been operating for more than 40 years. Although the state and the relevant departments of Gansu Province have repeatedly managed it within a time limit, it has not achieved results so far. Now more than 8,000 cubic meters of acidic wastewater are discharged directly into the Yellow River every day, and there are copper and lead in the wastewater. "The original main drinking water source of residents in Baiyin District is located in the lower reaches of Dongdagou, only more than 200 meters away from the Yellow River estuary. Now the water here has stopped supplying water to the city because it is difficult to reach the standard after purification. " Environmental protection cadres said gloomily.
Extinction status: Domestic sewage and "agricultural pollution" are increasing day by day, and Wuliangsuhai is on the verge of extinction.
In the investigation along the way, the reporter found that in addition to industrial pollution, "agricultural pollution" caused by domestic sewage and excessive application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is also increasing, and the proportion is rising. At the same time, some cities along the Yellow River littered and dumped domestic garbage, which aggravated the pollution of the Yellow River.
The increasingly serious water pollution in the Yellow River has seriously damaged the ecosystem of the Yellow River and led to the extinction of aquatic life in the Yellow River. In the 1950s, there were more than a dozen waterfowl such as red willow, reed, striped geese and plateau partridge in Yantan, Lanzhou, but now these bird species have disappeared. In the early 1960s, the fish in Gansu section of the Yellow River decreased greatly, and some of them were extinct. Even the Lanzhou specialty Qingbaishi Bailangua, which Lanzhou people are proud of, has lost its quality in recent years because of the pollution of the Yellow River water.
According to the statistics of Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, the Yellow River in Gansu Province discharges 237 million tons of wastewater every year, of which the domestic sewage discharge has reached 1.4 1 10,000 tons, accounting for 59.5% of the total wastewater discharge. The Yellow River flows through four cities in Gansu. At present, there are only four sewage treatment plants in Lanzhou, with a daily treatment capacity of only1580,000 tons. Moreover, the sewage treatment fee charged by Lanzhou City is only 0.2 yuan per cubic meter, and the sewage treatment fee charged by the whole city can only maintain the operation of a sewage treatment plant with a daily treatment capacity of 6,543,800 tons. Zhao Weimin, director of Gansu Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau, said that as the only provincial capital city where the Yellow River passes through the city, the current sewage pipe network penetration rate in Lanzhou is only 12.2%. Small sewage treatment and collection capacity is far from enough to cope with the increasing urban sewage discharge, resulting in dense sewage pipelines and ditches along the Yellow River, and a large amount of domestic sewage is directly discharged into the Yellow River. The reporter found that this problem is widespread in many cities along the Yellow River.
The polluted Yellow River not only affects the industrial and agricultural production along the river, but also directly endangers the ecological environment along the Yellow River and people's drinking water safety. Wuliangsuhai in Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia is the largest freshwater lake in the Yellow River Basin. At present, 500 million cubic meters of wastewater is injected into the lake area every year, of which 500 million cubic meters is discharged into the Yellow River. The reporter saw in Wuliangsuhai that the water body was black with sauce. With the industrial wastewater, especially the agricultural backwater with high content of pesticides and fertilizers, injected into the lake area, the eutrophication of the water area has intensified, aquatic plants and reeds have grown wildly, the open water surface of the lake area has shrunk, and the rising speed of the lake bottom has accelerated.
Yang, director of Bayannaoer Environmental Protection Bureau, said: "At present, the water quality of Wuliangsuhai Lake is basically in the inferior five categories, and 19 species of fish have been extinct in the original fishing ground. In 2002, the largest fish found was less than three times its weight. If measures are not taken as soon as possible, not only will the Yellow River be endangered, but this important wetland will die out in 20 to 40 years. "
"Poisonous water" water quality: nearly 100 mu of wheat was burned to death after being irrigated by sewage. Villagers often have diarrhea after drinking water.
Huangshui River is an important tributary of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is about 300 kilometers long in Qinghai Province, and the basin concentrates more than 60% of the population in Qinghai Province and most of the agricultural production is divided. However, due to the increasing discharge of industrial wastewater and urban domestic wastewater in recent years, the annual discharge has reached nearly 200 million cubic meters, and the water pollution of Huangshui River has deteriorated sharply. Especially after entering Xining city, the water quality in dry season is basically in category 5 or worse. In 2002, nearly 100 mu of wheat in Dongzhuang Village, Ping 'an County, Haidong District, Qinghai Province was burned alive after being irrigated with polluted yellow water. Wang Chengfa, a villager in Dongzhuang Village who is irrigating the land in Tiantou, told reporters: "Now, we must first look at the water in the river. There is more water before we dare to pour it. If there is less water, pour it into the ground and burn the seedlings. "
In Mitan Township, Jingyuan County, Gansu Province, villagers have been drinking the Yellow River water after simple precipitation for a long time. The villagers said that there are often white sediments in the pot, and they often have diarrhea after drinking water, and the skin is cracked and peeled after washing. "This water is too salty for people to eat, and the brewed tea is too salty to drink. There are dark things floating in the river, which look like oil. " Villager Tao said.
In an interview with the Yellow River Water Plant in Shizuishan City, Ningxia, the reporter learned that since 200 1, due to the sharp decline of the water quality of the Yellow River, the treatment difficulty of the water plant has been increasing. The content of ammonia nitrogen and volatile phenol in water is too high, which consumes a lot of chlorine used for sterilization. Water plants should increase the chlorine consumption from 0.15mg per liter of water to about 4mg, and the medicinal materials used to clarify and treat organic matter are also increasing exponentially. Last year and this spring, the water plant was forced to stop processing twice. Zhang said, deputy director of the water plant: "At the worst of the dry season, it feels like sewage treatment. Even the treated water tastes bad, and sometimes it has a strange smell. About 70,000 people are drinking such water now, and the water supply scope of water plants will continue to expand in the future. "
Qian Zengping, director of Ningmeng Hydrology and Water Resources Administration of the Yellow River Committee, said that the pollution problem of the Yellow River has reached the point where relevant state departments and localities should attach great importance to it.
The management of "three rivers and three lakes" during the Ninth Five-Year Plan only opened the prelude to the prevention and control of water pollution in China. While treating "three rivers and three lakes" on a large scale, it must be noted that the pollution problems of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River have reached the point where they must be treated. The Yellow River, the cradle of the Chinese nation, has nurtured mankind and brought countless disasters to mankind. Nowadays, due to the influence of human activities, the environmental problems of the Yellow River are becoming more and more serious. 1999, on the key monitoring section of the Yellow River Basin 1 14, 70% of the water bodies are classified as Class V and 56.2% are inferior to Class V, respectively. The main tributaries of the Yellow River are seriously polluted, and the pollution of the Yellow River mainly comes from tributaries. At present, the Yellow River has little water, weak self-purification ability and water environment crisis. In the western development, the economic development of the Yellow River basin will enter a period of rapid growth. The water pollution of the Yellow River will inevitably make the shortage of water resources along the coast "worse".